The characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and the variation of the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs near two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) located in southern Taiwan were investigated. In order to better understand the mechanism of dry deposition, the atmospheric dry deposition flux and velocity of PCDD/Fs were calculated. It was found that the mean atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations (0.0348-0.106 pg I-TEQ/Nm3) were comparable to those detected in the vicinity of MSWIs in Taiwan, but significantly lower than those in a highly industrialized urban area (0.150 pg I-TEQ/Nm3) located in southern Taiwan. The relatively higher atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations was found in winter than in summer. The calculated total dry deposition flux of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.0274-0.718 ng I-TEQ/m2-month, and the atmospheric deposition flux in winter tended to be higher than those in summer. The results also indicated that dry deposition velocities of atmospheric particles for each month ranged from 0.52-0.91 cm/s (mean = 0.63 cm/s) and 0.48-0.73 cm/s (mean = 0.55 cm/s) in sites A and B, respectively, which were similar to that for the ambient air near two MSWIs in Taiwan, but slightly higher than those in urban area of Korea. In addition, the dry deposition of PCDD/Fs was mainly contributed by particle-phase at both sampling areas during the estimated period. The above results demonstrated that the dominant mechanism of dry deposition was particle phase deposition. The annual variations of wet deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in atmosphere were also measured at two sites (A and B). Results showed that particle scavenging dominates in the wet deposition processes for the removal of PCDD/Fs from the atmosphere, the highest value was observed at the highest chlorinated congener. The ambient temperature and the amount of precipitation played an important role in the variation of PCDD/F deposition fluxes. It was found that temperature was inversely associated with the existence of particulate PCDD/Fs, indicating PCDD/Fs are scavenged most efficiently in cold weather. PCDD/F wet deposition fluxes in rainy seasons (from June to August) were significantly higher than those in dry seasons (from December to February), revealing a positive relationship between wet deposition flux and monthly rainfall. Additionally, the annual total (dry + wet) deposition fluxes of PCDD/Fs were 149 ng/m2-year (5.02 ng I-TEQ/m2-year) and 177 ng/m2-year (5.11 ng I-TEQ/m2-year) for sites A and B, respectively, revealing that dry deposition was more dominant than the wet deposition for the atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs. Since atmospheric deposition is believed to be the main transfer pathway of PCDD/Fs into food chains, its impact on human exposure to PCDD/Fs is of great importance.

<p>The highly toxic man-made substance referred to as dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) causes severe health damages both to humans and other organisms, with lethality as its worst. Because of the toxicity several risk assessments has been performed on dioxins trying to determine at what concentration there are no risk of exposure. Resent years of research has discovered that these substances are not only anthropogenically but also producedin natural processes, like volcanoes and forest fires. To investigate if there is a need to take these naturally formed dioxins into account in the risk assessment processes, interviews with persons at relevant institutions in Sweden has been made. Analyses of existing risk assessment methods and political documents were also made to complete the picture. The general attitude seams to be awareness of the natural contribution, but clueless when it comes to adapting it to the risk assessments. When scenarios of different possibilities of natural background levels were compared to available risk assessments there could be concluded that the natural contribution is of importance and should be pronounced as a special part of the risk assessment process.</p>

The induction of hepatic cytochrome P4501A1 and its monooxygenase activity 7-ethoxyresorufin O- deethylase, (EROD) in fish by PAHs, PCBs and dioxins has been suggested as an early warning system &ldquo / most sensitive biochemical response&rdquo / for assessing environmental contamination conditions. In this study, the degree of induction of cytochrome P4501A1 protein as determined immunochemically and CYP1A1 associated EROD activity in fish were utilized as biomarkers of exposure to PAHs, PCBs and related organic pollutants along the izmir Bay on the Aegean Sea Coast after the Great Canal Project. Three different fish species were used throughout this study, namely leaping mullet (Liza saliens), annular seabream (Diplodus annularis) and common sole (Solea vulgaris) which were representatives of pelagic, benthopelagic and benthic fish, respectively. Fish were sampled in November 2002 and October 2003 from different sites of the Bay. The mullet caught from Harbor, &Uuml / &ccedil / kuyular port site, and Pasaport region displayed highly elevated EROD activities which were 2258&plusmn / 840 (n=15), 2011&plusmn / 490 (n=4), 1813&plusmn / 287 (n=11) pmole /min/mg protein, respectively and were 104, 80 and 79 fold higher than that of fish obtained from the reference point (25&plusmn / 9 pmole/min/mg protein / n=4). Mullet caught along the pollutant gradient at three other sites (Hekim Island, inciralti, and Zeytinalani) exhibited less but highly significant induced EROD activity. EROD activities of common sole sampled from Fo&ccedil / a open sites (107&plusmn / 20 pmol/min/mg protein, n=5) and site16A (80&plusmn / 12 pmol/min/mg protein, n=9) were found to be very low and the latter was accepted as reference site. The highest EROD activity were seen in fish captured from inciralti which was about 6.3 times higher than those obtained from reference site. Common sole caught from the mouth of Gediz River and Hekim Island exhibited also highly elevated EROD activities. Annular seabream was tested to monitor CYP1A inducing chemicals for the first time in this study. The highest EROD activity (1376&plusmn / 279 pmol/min/mg protein, n=8) were detected in fish samples collected from Harbor region. An inverse relationship was found between distance to the harbor region and EROD activities of annular seabream captured from other sampling sites. In this study for the first time, major cytochrome P450 dependent mixed function oxidase activities such as benzphetamine N- demethylase, ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline 4- hydroxylase, were characterized in annular seabream. Changes in the P450 1A1 protein level were determined by immunochemical analysis to monitor the pollutant based induction in all fish species and good correlation was obtained between EROD activity and CYP1A protein content. Fish from polluted sites had both highly induced EROD activity and cytochrome P450 1A content. Chemical analysis of total PAH concentration in sediment and liver tissues of some fish sample were also carried out. Although, izmir Great Canal Project has been active since 2000 to treat and protect the izmir Bay from the contamination of domestic and industrial wastes this study clearly demonstrated that the level of PAH, PCB and dioxin type persistent organic contaminants are still very high especially in the Inner and Middle Bay. This has implications for human fish consumption from contaminated areas, as well as for the health status of aquatic organisms.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Griffith University, 2002. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 28, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-26Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806339.pdf: 3081330 bytes, checksum: 68af8483e81d7425df9fc272deb7ced1 (MD5) / O nanocompósito faz parte de um tipo de material o qual, apesar de ser obtido pela junção de dois ou mais materiais, não possui simplesmente a união das propriedades individuais de cada componente, mas possuui novas propriedades resultantes da interação entre as fases, justificada pela enorme interface entre estes materiais. Neste trabalho o método Poliol foi utilizado para preparar nanocompósitos SnO2/TiO2, formados de óxidos semicondutores de grande interesse no cenário atual da tecnologia sendo ambos de grande versatilidade para aplicações. Estes óxidos podem apresentar-se com uma mesma estrutura cristalina, a tetragonal do tipo rutila. Porém, apresentam diferentes estruturas eletrônicas e band gaps de energia, conferindo propriedades diferenciadas relacionadas à absorção de luz e à aplicação como sensores de gás. O compósito nanoestruturado e os óxidos sintetizados isoladamente foram caracterizados estruturalmente (DRX, FEG-MEV), por meio de análises térmicas (TG/DTA) e por espectroscopia de absorção de luz na região do ultravioleta, visível e infravermelho. As análises térmicas aliadas à difração de raios X revelaram que a síntese conjunta dos óxidos modifica o precipitado reduzindo a proporção de compostos orgânicos e intermediários e antecipando a formação das fases cristalinas do dióxido de titânio. Na análise por FEG-MEV observou-se que o compósito formado no aquecimento a 500ºC é constituído de nanoportículas de SnO2 suportados por placas maiores de TiO2 e este material, quando submetido à espectroscopia na região UV-Vis, apresentou maior absorção na região do ultravioleta. Foram realizados ensaios fotocatalíticos de descoloração do corante Rodamina B, os quais indicaram que o nanocompósitos possui atividade catalítica intermediária quando comparada aos óxidos isolados. Essa mesma amostra foi submetida a caracterizações elétricas que levaram à proposta de um modelo... / The nanocomposite is part of a class of materials which, despite being obtained by joining two or more materials, it has not simply the sum of the individual properties of resulting from the interaction between the phases, justified by the enormous interface between these materials. In the present work Polyol method was used to prepare SnO2/TiO2 nanocomposites, formed of semiconductor oxides of great interest in today's technology being of great versatility for applications. These oxides may present the same crystal structure, the tetragonal rutile type. However, they present different electronic structures and energy band gaps, giving different properties related to light absorption and application as gas sensors. The synthesized nanostructured composite as well as the isolate oxides were structurally characterized (XRD, FEG-SEM), using thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and light absorption spectroscopy within ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions. The combination of thermal analysis and X ray diffraction revealed that the simulataneous synthesis of two metals modified the precipitate, reducing the proportion of organic and intermediates compounds and anticipating the formation of crystalline phases of titanium oxides. By FEG-SEM analysis it was found that te composite treated at 500ºC consists of SnO2 nanoparticles suported by large plates of TiO2 and this material present highest uptake in the ultraviolet region. Testing photocatalytic discoloration of the dye Rhodamine B indicated that the nanocomposite has an intermediate catalytic activity when compared to the isolate oxides. The same sample was subjected to electrical characterization which led to a simplified model of electron transport in which it is assumed that the existing barrier between TiO2 particles is reduced due to the presence of SnO2 on the their surfaces

Orientador: Dayse Iara dos Santos / Banca: Luis Vicente de Andrade Scalvi / Banca: Luiz Henrique Dall'Antonia / O Programa em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: O nanocompósito faz parte de um tipo de material o qual, apesar de ser obtido pela junção de dois ou mais materiais, não possui simplesmente a união das propriedades individuais de cada componente, mas possuui novas propriedades resultantes da interação entre as fases, justificada pela enorme interface entre estes materiais. Neste trabalho o método Poliol foi utilizado para preparar nanocompósitos SnO2/TiO2, formados de óxidos semicondutores de grande interesse no cenário atual da tecnologia sendo ambos de grande versatilidade para aplicações. Estes óxidos podem apresentar-se com uma mesma estrutura cristalina, a tetragonal do tipo rutila. Porém, apresentam diferentes estruturas eletrônicas e band gaps de energia, conferindo propriedades diferenciadas relacionadas à absorção de luz e à aplicação como sensores de gás. O compósito nanoestruturado e os óxidos sintetizados isoladamente foram caracterizados estruturalmente (DRX, FEG-MEV), por meio de análises térmicas (TG/DTA) e por espectroscopia de absorção de luz na região do ultravioleta, visível e infravermelho. As análises térmicas aliadas à difração de raios X revelaram que a síntese conjunta dos óxidos modifica o precipitado reduzindo a proporção de compostos orgânicos e intermediários e antecipando a formação das fases cristalinas do dióxido de titânio. Na análise por FEG-MEV observou-se que o compósito formado no aquecimento a 500ºC é constituído de nanoportículas de SnO2 suportados por placas maiores de TiO2 e este material, quando submetido à espectroscopia na região UV-Vis, apresentou maior absorção na região do ultravioleta. Foram realizados ensaios fotocatalíticos de descoloração do corante Rodamina B, os quais indicaram que o nanocompósitos possui atividade catalítica intermediária quando comparada aos óxidos isolados. Essa mesma amostra foi submetida a caracterizações elétricas que levaram à proposta de um modelo... / Abstract: The nanocomposite is part of a class of materials which, despite being obtained by joining two or more materials, it has not simply the sum of the individual properties of resulting from the interaction between the phases, justified by the enormous interface between these materials. In the present work Polyol method was used to prepare SnO2/TiO2 nanocomposites, formed of semiconductor oxides of great interest in today's technology being of great versatility for applications. These oxides may present the same crystal structure, the tetragonal rutile type. However, they present different electronic structures and energy band gaps, giving different properties related to light absorption and application as gas sensors. The synthesized nanostructured composite as well as the isolate oxides were structurally characterized (XRD, FEG-SEM), using thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and light absorption spectroscopy within ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions. The combination of thermal analysis and X ray diffraction revealed that the simulataneous synthesis of two metals modified the precipitate, reducing the proportion of organic and intermediates compounds and anticipating the formation of crystalline phases of titanium oxides. By FEG-SEM analysis it was found that te composite treated at 500ºC consists of SnO2 nanoparticles suported by large plates of TiO2 and this material present highest uptake in the ultraviolet region. Testing photocatalytic discoloration of the dye Rhodamine B indicated that the nanocomposite has an intermediate catalytic activity when compared to the isolate oxides. The same sample was subjected to electrical characterization which led to a simplified model of electron transport in which it is assumed that the existing barrier between TiO2 particles is reduced due to the presence of SnO2 on the their surfaces / Mestre

The highly toxic man-made substance referred to as dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) causes severe health damages both to humans and other organisms, with lethality as its worst. Because of the toxicity several risk assessments has been performed on dioxins trying to determine at what concentration there are no risk of exposure. Resent years of research has discovered that these substances are not only anthropogenically but also producedin natural processes, like volcanoes and forest fires. To investigate if there is a need to take these naturally formed dioxins into account in the risk assessment processes, interviews with persons at relevant institutions in Sweden has been made. Analyses of existing risk assessment methods and political documents were also made to complete the picture. The general attitude seams to be awareness of the natural contribution, but clueless when it comes to adapting it to the risk assessments. When scenarios of different possibilities of natural background levels were compared to available risk assessments there could be concluded that the natural contribution is of importance and should be pronounced as a special part of the risk assessment process.

A tecnologia de incineração no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos é empregada de maneira intensa em diversos países do mundo. No Brasil, além da sua utilização eventual em resíduos de serviços de saúde, há uma proposta para implantação de duas usinas de grande porte visando ao tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos domiciliares na cidade de São Paulo. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, são apresentados os principais parâmetros técnicos e ambientais desta tecnologia, entre eles os mecanismos de combustão e de formação de poluentes, os tipos de equipamentos empregados, as formas de manejo e disposição de cinzas e escórias e os métodos de controle e redução de emissões atmosféricas como gases ácidos, material particulado e metais pesados. Também é feita uma revisão do atual conhecimento técnico-científico sobre dioxinas e furanos relativamente à incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A partir desta base teórica pesquisada e da análise dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental e dos Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental das usinas de incineração de Santo Amaro e Sapopemba, conclui-se que tais incineradores, na forma como são propostos, não apresentam o nível tecnológico necessário para atender às normas de operação e emissão de poluentes vigentes em países onde há legislação regulando esta atividade. / The incineration technique on the management of municipal solid waste is intensely used in several countries. In Brazil, besides an occasional utilization on medical services waste, there is a proposal for the implantation of two large facilities for the thermal treatment of domestic solid waste in São Paulo city. Through a review on this theme, we present here the main technical and environmental parameters on this technology, including the combustion and the pollutant generation mechanisms, types of equipment, management and disposition of fly and bottom ashes and the main control and reduction methods of atmospheric pollution like acid gases, particulates and heavy metals. The state of the art on the present technical-scientific knowledge on dioxins and furans connected to the incineration of urban solid waste is presented. On this theoretical basis and on the analysis of the environmental impact assessment and environmental impact report on the Santo Amaro and Sapopemba facilities, we conclude that the incineration systems, as in the proposal, do not present the technologic level necessary to obey the operation and pollutant emission rules on the countries where this activities are controlled.