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No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’évaluer le potentiel d’un système de marais filtrants combinés pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois - l’arséniate de cuivre chromaté (ACC) et le pentachlorophénol (PCP) - en portant une attention particulière au rôle des plantes. Pour ce faire, une expérience en pot faisant varier la concentration d’exposition de quatre espèces de macrophyte (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus et Phragmites australis australis) a été effectuée. Le suivi de quatre marais filtrants à écoulement horizontal sous-surfacique, plantés d’une des quatre espèces de macrophyte et d’un bassin planté de saules (Salix Miyabeana SX67) a également été réalisé. La résistance des plantes au milieu contaminé, la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes et les efficacités de traitement des différents systèmes ont été analysés. Nos résultats montrent que la concentration d’exposition n’influence pas la capacité des plantes à croître en milieu contaminé. Par contre, il existe une relation dose-réponse entre la concentration d’exposition et la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes. Les quatre marais pilotes ont tous des efficacités de traitements supérieures à 55% en 2013 et 82% en 2014 pour les contaminants à l’étude. Le bassin de saule a la capacité théorique d’évapotranspirer jusqu’à 1200 L par jour. De plus, ses efficacités de traitements sont supérieures à 59% pour tous les composés à l’étude. L’utilisation de marais filtrants pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois est donc une alternative intéressante aux méthodes de traitement conventionnel. / The main objective of this project is to evaluate the capacity of a combined constructed wetland system to treat a leachate polluted with two wood preservatives-chromium copper arsenate (CCA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)- according a particular importance to the role of plants. The effect of the exposure concentration on four macrophytes species (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus and Phragmites australis australis) was evaluated using a pot experiment. Four HSSF pilot constructed wetlands, planted with one of these plants species, were monitored. The role of an HSSF constructed wetland, planted with willow (Salix Miyabeana SX67), placed at the end of the treatment chain was also assessed. The plants growth and survival and their bioaccumulation capacity were measured, and the system treatment efficiencies were monitored. There was no effect of the concentration on plants growth but the higher exposure concentration resulted in a higher bioaccumulation in the roots of the four macrophytes. All four pilots CW showed treatment efficiencies superior to 55% in 2013 and to 82% in 2014 for the pollutants tested. The willows CW have the theorical capacity to evapotranspirate up to 1200 L of water. Its treatments efficiencies were over 59% for all the pollutants tested. A combined constructed wetland system is a good alternative to conventional methods to treat a leachate polluted with wood preservatives.

L’incinération des ordures ménagères entraîne la formation de dioxines. Ces composés sont reconnus comme toxiques voire cancérigènes. La connaissance des quantités émises en temps réel est donc nécessaire.Ces travaux de thèses s’inscrivent dans une étude globale d’un dispositif permettant l’analyse en ligne des dioxines grâce à un système pré-concentrateur utilisant l’adsorption sélective de congénères toxiques sur des zéolithes, supportant la thermo-désorption, et un analyseur en masse.Dans un premier temps, les enjeux sont exposés. Puis une étude des écoulements dans les milieux poreux a pour but de déterminer quelle est la meilleure mise en forme des zéolithes pour favoriser l’adsorption en phase gazeuse dynamique. Ensuite, la mise en place et la caractérisation d’un système de génération de dioxines en phase gazeuse sont détaillées. Cette source est ajustable en concentration et en débit, permettant des études d’adsorption en laboratoire.Les premiers essais d’adsorption en phase gazeuse montrent, en accord avec les prédictions de la première étude, l’importance d’un adsorbant régulier de faible granulométrie. L’analyse par thermodésorption des dioxines piégées sur des grains de FAU [NaX] est réalisée en quelques heures.La facilité d’utilisation de zéolithes dans un système de prélèvement comme adsorbants et leur analyse par les méthodes de la norme EN 1948 a été prouvée lors de deux campagnes sur une unité d’incinération d’ordures ménagères.Ces travaux ont montré que l’analyse quotidienne en ligne des dioxines est d’actualité et pertinente. / The waste incineration leads to the formation of dioxins. These compounds are known to be toxic, even carcinogenic. Therefore, the emitted amounts have to be monitored.This work is part of a comprehensive study of a device for the online analysis of dioxins by means of a pre-concentrator using selective adsorption of toxic congener upon zeolites, allowing thermal desorption and a mass spectrometer.At first, the stakes are exposed. Then a study of flow in porous media aims to determine the best shape of zeolites to promote dynamic gas-phase adsorption. Then the establishment and characterization of a system for gas phase dioxins generation are detailed. This source is adjustable both in concentration and flow, allowing laboratory adsorption studies.The first gas phase adsorption tests show, in agreement with the predictions of the first study, the importance of a regular-shaped adsorbent with small particle sizes. The analysis by thermal desorption of dioxins trapped on grains FAU [NaX] is carried out in a few hours.The ease of use of zeolites in sampling train as adsorbent and their analysis according to EN 1948 standards has been proved during two campaigns at a waste incinerator facility.

Investigar, em motores veiculares pesados, alimentados com combustível diesel, a emissão de dioxinas e furanos clorados (PCDD/Fs) e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs), através da análise de material particulado e gases do sistema de exaustão. Investigar a mutagenicidade do material particulado e gases coletados. Material e Métodos: Os testes de emissão foram feitos em banco de provas dinamométrico de bancada de acordo com Ciclo 13 Pontos de testes, utilizando-se motores Diesel nacionais de aplicação veícular. Um mini-túnel de diluição foi usado para obtenção de amostras de material particulado. As análises de PCDD/Fs e PAHs foram realizadas em laboratório nacional. Para a análise de PCDD/Fs utilizou-se o método USEPA 8290 (1994) e para a análise de PAHs foi utilizado o método USEPA TO 13A (1999). A análise de mutagenicidade foi realizada de acordo com o Teste de Ames (TA98). Resultados: As medições de PCDD/Fs indicaram em geral valores abaixo do limite de detecção do método analítico. Em uma das amostras foi verificado que o OCDD ficou acima do limite de detecção, enquanto em outra isto ocorreu para o OCDF e para o 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF. Em relação aos PAHs analisados verificou-se a presença dos seguintes compostos: Naftaleno, Acenaftileno, Acenafteno, Fluoreno, Fenantreno, Antraceno, Fluoranteno, Pireno, Benzo[a]antraceno, Criseno, Benzo[b]fluoranteno, Benzo[k]fluoranteno. A média encontrada para 5 amostras analisadas foi de 3.580,5 µg/g de material particulado. Os PAHs encontrados neste trabalho indicam alguma similaridade com a literatura disponível, para valores em % e µg/g de material particulado total coletado. O teste de Ames indicou que o material particulado coletado de motores diesel tem alta atividade mutagênica. Conclusões: A emissão de PCDD/Fs, para o nível de tecnologia dos motores Diesel testados mostrou-se pouco significativa, considerando-se combustível conforme especificado e método e limite de detecção utillizados. Em relação aos PAHs, os resultados indicaram que motores diesel têm uma contribuição importante na formação destes compostos. A alta atividade mutagênica observada mostra que as emissões de veículos Diesel são potencialmente tóxicas. Recomenda-se a continuidade de estudos para definição da regulamentação desses poluentes. / To investigate emission of chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in heavy duty diesel engines, through the analysis of particulate material and gases in the exhaust.To verify mutagenicity of collected particulate material and gasesous sample extracts. Material and Methods: The engine emissions tests were done in dynamometer test bench according to 13-Mode Cycle, using brazilian engines, vehicle application. A mini dilution tunnel was used to obtain particulate matter and gaseous sample. PCDD/Fs and PAHs analyses were carried out in a certified national laboratory. Dioxins and furans were analyzed according with Method 8290 (USEPA, 1994) and PAHs by Method TO13A (USEPA, 1999). The mutagenicity analyses were done in accordance with Ames test (TA98) Results: The measurements of dioxins and furans in diesel engines operating in controlled conditions in dynamomter bench test, had indicated emissions values in general below the detention limit of the analytical method. In one of the samples it was verified that the OCDD was above the detention limit, while in another one this occurred for OCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF. In relation to 16 PAHs it was verified the presence of the following compounds: Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Antracene, Fluorantene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]antracene, Chrysene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene and Benzo[k]fluorantene. The average value of the sum of PAHs found in five samples was 3,580.5 µg.g-1. The PAHs found in this study indicates some similarity with available literature for values in % and µg/g of particulate matter.The Ames test showed that the collected particulate material from diesel engines presents high mutagenic activity. Conclusion: The emission of PCDD/Fs, for the level of technology of the tested Diesel engines revealed little significant, considering the specified fuel, method of analysis and limit of detention used. In relation to the 16 PAHs, the tests results had indicated that diesel engines has an important contribution in the formation of these compounds. The high mutagenic activity observed shows that the emissions of Diesel vehicles are potentially toxic. The continuity of studies for definition of the regulation of these pollutants is recommended.

Plusieurs travaux suggèrent l'implication des polluants de l'environnement dans l'épidémie d'obésité et l'incidence du diabète. Cependant, l'impact cumulé de cette myriade de polluants auxquels l'homme est exposé à faibles doses pendant toute sa vie n'a pas été totalement appréhendé.Au laboratoire, nous utilisons un modèle souris d'exposition chronique (toute la vie) à un mélange de polluants (TCDD, PCB153, DEHP et BPA) via leur ajout à une alimentation obésogène ou standard. Les doses des polluants sont ajustées de sorte à ce que l'exposition soit de l'ordre de la Dose Journalière Tolérable, supposée sans effet chez l'homme, pour chacun des 4 polluants.Nos résultats montrent que dans un contexte d'obésité induite par le régime et à l'âge adulte, l'exposition au mélange de polluants altère le métabolisme hépatique du cholestérol chez les mâles et aggrave l'intolérance au glucose chez les femelles. L'analyse du profil métabolique de femelles immatures nourries avec le régime obésogène indique que les effets des polluants sont liés au contexte hormonal et à l'activité oestrogéno-mimétique des polluants. Enfin, en condition de régime standard, nous observons une dyslipidémie chez les femelles adultes exposées au mélange, possiblement en lien avec la dérégulation génique dans le foie de plusieurs voies métaboliques dont le rythme circadien et le métabolisme du cholestérol. En revanche, les polluants n'ont pas d'effet obésogène.En conclusion, nos travaux démontrent que les polluants en mélange exercent un impact métabolique adverse chez la souris à des doses supposées sans effet individuellement, et ces effets sont dépendants du sexe de l'âge et du contexte alimentaire / Pollutants are suspected to contribute to the etiology of obesity and related metabolic disorders but the current risk assessment does not take into account the cocktail effect resulting from the large amount of chemicals to which humans are exposed.We fed mice with high fat or standard diet with or without a mixture of food pollutants, either persistent pollutants (TCDD, PCB153) or short-lived pollutants (DEHP, BPA). Doses are adjusted resulting in mice exposure at the Tolerable Daily Intake dose range for each pollutant. Mice are chronically exposed from preconception to adult life.We demonstrated that a mixture of 4 pollutants triggers in the adult male offspring (12 weeks) an alteration of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. In females, there was a marked deterioration of glucose tolerance, which may be related to decreased hepatic estrogen signaling. The analyze of 7 week-old female mice, when they exhibit early signs of obesity and immature estrogen levels, shown that pollutant exposure alleviated HFSD-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting apparent biphasic effects of pollutants along with hormonal context. Then we compared hepatic signature of gene expressions from exposed non-obese or non exposed obese females and we highlight 4 main pathways that were targeted by both treatments and appeared to be affected by different but overlapping mechanisms. Plus, we showed that pollutants can markedly alter the circadian clock in the liver.Altogether, we emphasize that, pollutants presented in a mixture, have adverse metabolic effects at doses where they are supposed to be without any individual effect, and these effects depend on the gender, age and dietary context

La protection de l’environnement et de la santé humaine représente une préoccupation éthique et scientifique primordiale. Les dioxines/furanes, produits, entre autres, par les processus d’incinération de déchets, font partie des polluants les plus dangereux de par leur stabilité et leur faculté à être bio-accumulés. Les polychlorobenzènes sont souvent référencés comme molécules modèles de ces composés et seront utilisés en tant que tels dans ces travaux de thèse. Grâce à leurs structures microporeuses organisées qui leur confèrent de remarquables capacités d’adsorption, les zéolithes et les Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) représentent des matériaux de choix pour piéger ces polluants organiques. Leur mise en forme sous forme de billes par exemple offre l’avantage de s’affranchir de problèmes tels que le colmatage ou les pertes de charges trop importantes pouvant apparaître pour une application à l’échelle industrielle. C’est pourquoi, cette thèse vise à élaborer et caractériser des adsorbants zéolithiques et de type MOF, de les mettre en forme et d’étudier leurs propriétés d’adsorption vis-à-vis de polychlorobenzènes/dioxines/furanes. L’ensemble des zéolithes et MOFs ont été sélectionnés et préparés de sorte à optimiser leurs caractéristiques structurales, texturales et morphologiques pour les applications ciblées. Une étude sur la mise en forme de la zéolithe de type FAU a conduit à l’élaboration de billes présentant de bonnes propriétés mécanique et d’adsorption. Les différentes mesures d’adsorption de polychlorobenzènes/dioxines/furanes en phases gaz et liquide ont permis de mettre en évidence les meilleurs matériaux pour l’adsorption sélective de ces polluants à l’émission d’usines d’incinération de déchets. / Environmental and human health protection is a scientific and ethical concern. Dioxin/furan compounds, produced from waste incineration process among other, are ones of the most dangerous pollutants due to their stability and ability to bio-accumulate. Polychlorobenzenes are often referred as model molecules of these compounds and will be used as it in this PhD work. Thanks to their microporous organized structures which confer to them remarkable adsorption capacities, zeolites and Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are interesting materials to trap these organic pollutants. Their shaping as beads for example offer the advantage to overcome problems such as clogging or excessive pressure losses that can appear for an industrial application. Therefore, the aim of this PhD is to prepare and characterize zeolite and MOF, to shape them and to study their adsorption properties for polychlorobenzenes/dioxins/furans. All zeolites and MOFs have been selected and prepared in order to optimize their structural, textural and morphological characteristics for the intended application. A study on the shaping of the FAU-type zeolite has allowed the development of beads with good mechanical and adsorption properties. The different polychlorobenzenes/dioxins/furans adsorption tests into gas and liquid phases allowed identifying the best solids for the selective adsorption of these pollutants in waste incineration plant emissions.

Presented is a study of persistent organic pollutants in Australian sewage sludge, focusing on environmental monitoring and a sewage sludge land application human health risk contaminated with these compounds. The chemicals of concern were: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and

<p>Over time, the Baltic Sea has been contaminated by increasing discharges of pollutants from human activities. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have caused toxic effects in wildlife and excess of nutrients have led to eutrophication. Furthermore, there are indications that certain polyhalogenated compounds similar in structure to man-made POPs are produced by the biota present in this sea. In the late 1990’s both methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) and hydroxylated-PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were identified in fish and seals living in this environment. OH-PBDEs can originate from metabolism of PBDEs, but both OH- and MeO-PBDEs are also known to be natural products in marine environments. Another group of POPs, the polybrominated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins (PBDDs), are not produced commercially, but are known to be by-products of chemical industry and of the combustion of, e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In contrast to the OH- and MeO-PBDEs, PBDDs have not previously been shown to be natural products, although certain related compounds have been indicated to have a natural origin.</p><p>This thesis describes the identification of PBDDs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in algae, blue mussels and fish living in the Baltic Sea. Several of these compounds were also detected in cyanobacteria. Moreover, PBDDs were present in fish, mussels, shrimp and crabs from different regions of the Baltic Sea and from the west coast of Sweden, but not in organisms from freshwater environments. The levels of these compounds in Baltic fish generally exceeded those of their chlorinated analogues. The origin of the PBDDs identified is somewhat unclear, but the high levels present in blue mussels and the pattern of congeners observed indicate natural production. The presence of PBDDs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in fish and shellfish constitutes a potential risk to both humans and wildlife and requires further investigation.</p>