Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation des structures fibreuses avec des milieuxcontinus généralisés. Dans l’Introduction, l'état de l'art concernant les milieuxcontinus généralisée et applications aux structures fibreuses sont décrits et lesproblèmes ouverts pertinents sont mis en évidence. Dans le Chapitre 1 et 2, uneprocédure d'homogénéisation rigoureuse basée sur des arguments de Gammaconvergenceest appliquée à une structure en treillis et à un model de poutrediscrétisé. Dans le Chapitre 3, un traitement variationnel est utilisé pour formuler unapproche favorable du point de vue numérique. Dans le Chapitre 4 sont discutées lesrésultats expérimentaux concernant le comportement de la structure dans différentstypes de déformation. Cela à motivé les études effectuées dans le Chapitre 5, ou lesMéthodes directes de calcul des variations sont appliquées à poutres d’Euler engrandes déformations. / This thesis focuses on the mathematical modeling of fibrous structures having somepeculiar properties (high strength-to-weight ratio and very good toughness infracture), whose mechanical behavior escapes from standard Cauchy elasticity. Inparticular, it addresses cases in which the presence of a microstructure, consisting ofregularly spaced pivoted beams, entails effects that are well described by generalizedcontinuum models, i.e. models in which the deformation energy density depends notonly on the gradient of the placement but also on the second (and possibly higher)gradients of it. In the Introduction, the state of the art concerning generalizedcontinua and their applications for the description of fibrous structures is describedand some relevant open problems are highlighted. In Chapter 1 and 2 a rigoroushomogenization procedure based on Gamma-convergence arguments is performedfor a lattice (truss-like) structure and for a discrete 1D system (Hencky-type beammodel). In Chapter 3, a variational treatment is employed to formulate acomputationally convenient approach. In Chapter 4 some experimental resultsconcerning the behavior of the structure in various kinds of deformation arediscussed. This motivated the investigation performed in Chapter 5, in which DirectMethods of Calculus of Variations are applied to Euler beams in large deformationsunder distributed load.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with a variety of problems that include adverse health effects, reduction in visibility, damage to buildings and crops, and possible interactions with climate. Although stringent air quality regulations are in place, policy makers need efficient tools to test a wide range of control strategies. Sensitivity analysis provides predictions on how the interdependent concentrations of various PM2.5 components and also gaseous pollutant species will respond to specific combinations of precursor emission reductions. The Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) was outfitted with the Decoupled Direct Method in 3D for calculating sensitivities of particulate matter (DDM-3D/PM). This method was evaluated and applied to high PM2.5 episodes in the Southeast United States. Sensitivities of directly emitted particles as well as those formed in the atmosphere through chemical and physical processing of emissions of gaseous precursors such as SO2, NOx, VOCs, and NH3 were calculated. DDM-3D/PM was further extended to calculate receptor oriented sensitivities or the Area of Influence (AOI). AOI analysis determines the geographical extent of relative air pollutant precursor contributions to pollutant levels at a specific receptor of interest. This method was applied to Atlanta and other major cities in Georgia. The tools developed here (DDM-3D/PM and AOI) provide valuable information to those charged with air quality management.

A Identificação de Sistemas é uma tarefa significativa em termos de tempo e custo no trabalho de implementação de sistemas de controle que usam Controle Preditivo baseado em Modelos (MPC). Após a implementação, o controlador tende a permanecer com o mesmo modelo por muito tempo, ignorando mudanças que tenham ocorrido com o processo, perdendo qualidade e podendo até ser abandonado. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia simples e eficaz para se proceder à reidentificação de uma planta industrial que use MPC mantendo o processo em malha fechada. Os principais aspectos deste problema são discutidos, e as escolhas que foram feitas para a realização dos experimentos e obtenção dos modelos são explicadas. Apresenta-se um caso em Matlab sobre um sistema 2x2 cobrindo diferentes situações, e é feita uma comparação de identificação realizada através de sinais PRBS e de testes com degraus, sempre em malha fechada. Aplica-se a metodologia a um controlador industrial, e os modelos identificados são introduzidos no controlador. O princípio básico desta metodologia consiste em efetuar perturbações multivariáveis nos set-points ou restrições ativas das controladas e determinar o modelo através da estrutura ARX. Entre as vantagens da metodologia proposta, estão a facilidade de automatizar a identificação do processo e a garantia de manter o processo sob controle durante os testes. / System identification is a major task in the process of implementing Model-based Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms in industrial applications. Once the controller is working, there is a tendency to leave it with the original model for a long time, neglecting changes to the process during this time, leading to performance degradation. This work proposes a simple and effective methodology to re-identify plants under MPC in closed loop. The main issues concerning this problem are discussed, and choices for experiments are made. A Matlab case involving a 2x2 problem is presented, covering a range of different situations, and a comparison between identification using PRBS reference signals and standard step tests is shown. An industrial case is studied, applying the proposed method to a real situation, re-identifying an existing MPC model and reconfiguring it afterwards. This methodology is based on the application of multivariable perturbations on the controlled variables set-points or active restrictions, obtaining an ARX model structure. It uses an automatic process identification proceeding, keeping the process under control along the tests.

Foram medidos, através do chamado Método Direto, as seções de choque de interação (sigmaBARRA) e os raios reduzidos de interação (r IND.o) de isótopos deficientes em nêutrons do ANTIND 31 Ga, ANTIND 32 Ge, ANTIND 33 As, ANTIND 34 Se e ANTIND 35 Br; com massa A DA ORDEM DE 60 - 80. O feixe radioativo, incidente em um detetor alvo de Si, foi produzido plea fragmentação de um feixe de ANTPOT 78 Kr, com energia de 73 MeV/núcleon, num alvo de ANTPOT nat Ni, no Laboratório GANIL, França. Verificou-se um suave decréscimo dos valores de r IND.o com o aumento do número de nêutrons N para praticamente todas as cadeias isotópicas, exceto para a do ANTIND 35 Br. Estes resultados não mostraram correlação com deformações, observadas em alguns núcleos desta região. Cálculos teóricos para os raios destes núcleos utilizando-se o modelo de Glauber, baseado em densidades de matéria nuclear obtidas a partir da teoria de Campo Médio Relativístico, apresentaram uma boa concordância com os valores medidos, sem contudo conseguirem reproduzir a tendência decrescente com N experimentalmente observada. São apresentados, também, os resultados de tentativas feitas para viabilizar o estudo de núcleos exóticos no Laboratório Pelletron do IFUSP. Desenvolveu-se o Método Direto para funcionar nas energias disponíveis neste laboratório, e também determinaram-se as providências necessárias para a produção e separação de núcleos radioativos nas condições ali reinantes. / The interaction cross section sigmaBARRAIND.R and the reduced interaction radii r IND.0 of neutron-deficient, radioactive ANTIND.31 Ga, ANTIND.32 Ge, ANTIND.33 As, ANTIND.34 Se and ANTIND.35 Br isotopes with A DA ORDEM DE 60 80 were measured. The secondary radioactive beam, hitting a Si target/detector system, was produced by the fragmentation of ANTPOT.78 Kr, with 73 MeV/nucleon energy on a ANTPOT.nat Ni target, at the GANIL Laboratory in France. Most elements show reduced radii which decrease slowly with N, with the exception of ANTIND.35 Br. No clear correlations is found between deformation and r IND.0, as observed for charge radii of Kr and Sr. theoretical values of r IND.0 were calculated from Glauber reaction cross-section, based on proton and neutron densities calculated in the Relativistic Mean Field framework. The agreement between theoretical r IND.0 and the data is reasonable, however the decreasing tendency with N is not reproduced. We also present our efforts to produce radioactive beams at Pelletron Laboratory of IFUSP. The Direct Method was implemented at the energies available at Pelletron Laboratory and the problem of the conditions to produce and separate radioactive beams was also addressed.

The objective of this diploma thesis is the analysis and comparison of abortion in selected countries of Central Europe - Czech republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. In the thesis is analyzed in detail the controversial topic of abortions in terms of the various factors that affect it. For a detailed comparison of the differences between countries are used the indicators of abortion and direct method of standardization, through which is possible to compare the countries and eliminate the influance of age structure. The analysis showed that even though it is the neighboring countries of Central Europe, the situation regarding abortions is significantly different, especiall due to legislative changes and other important factors.

No description available.

Esta tese trata de dar um passo na direção de revisar o problema de estabilidade transitória e a teoria do método PEBS para incluir em seus fundamentos modelos de fontes alternativas e seus limites operacionais. A conceituação do método direto com restrição é estabelecida via teoria de sistemas dinâmicos restritos e do conceito de região de estabilidade restrita. Particularmente, avalia-se a estabilidade de velocidade das principais configurações de aerogeradores equipados com gerador de indução, considerando como requisito operacional a curva de suportabilidade a afundamentos de tensão, ou curva LVRT. Um sistema dinâmico auxiliar aumentado é desenvolvido para representar a curva LVRT, que é um requisito dependente do tempo, por meio de uma restrição invariante no tempo descrita em termos de uma variável de estado auxiliar. Este sistema auxiliar tem sua região de estabilidade irrestrita igual à região de estabilidade restrita do sistema dinâmico restrito. Os modelos são apresentados na forma de equações algébricas e diferenciais. O problema de estabilidade de velocidade e o problema de violação de limites de tensão são investigados via análises da região de estabilidade do ponto de equilíbrio estável do sistema pós-falta e dos tempos críticos de abertura obtidos para várias perturbações. Os resultados mostram que: i) para distintos limites operacionais e para distintos parâmetros da máquina de indução, as regiões de estabilidade para um dado ponto de equilíbrio podem ser significativamente diferentes, ii) na maioria dos casos analisados, os limites de tensão são violados antes dos aerogeradores perderem a estabilidade de velocidade, o que mostra como é importante considerar limites operacionais nas avaliações de estabilidade via método direto para evitar que o sistema elétrico de potência fique vulnerável e iii) as funções energia desenvolvidas, tanto para avaliar o problema de estabilidade de velocidade, como para avaliar o problema de violação de limites de tensão, são em geral capazes de realizar boas estimativas dos tempos críticos de abertura. Os estudos elaborados nesta tese sobre a avaliação da estabilidade de aerogeradores via método direto, contribuem com aplicações inéditas que podem ser utilizadas nas análises de segurança em tempo real de sistemas elétricos de potência que contemplem fontes alternativas e seus limites operacionais. / This thesis gives a step forward in the direction of reviewing the problem of transient stability and the theory of PEBS method to include models of renewable power plants and their operational limits. The formulation of direct methods with constraint is accomplished by exploring the theory of constrained dynamic systems and the concept of constrained stability region. In particular, the speed stability of the main wind turbine configurations equipped with an induction generator is analyzed, considering the low voltage ride-through requirement, or LVRT curve, as a constraint to the model. An augmented auxiliary dynamical system is developed to represent the time-dependent LVRT constraint as an equivalent time invariant constraint written in terms of an auxiliary state variable. This auxiliary system has its unconstrained stability region equals to the constrained stability region of the constrained dynamic system. The models are described in the form of algebraic and differential equations. The problem of speed stability and the problem of disconnection of wind turbines due to voltage limits violation are investigated via analysis of stability region of the post-fault equilibrium point and critical clearing times obtained for several perturbations. The results show that: i) for different operational limits and for different parameters of the induction machine, the stability regions for a given operating point can be significantly different, ii) in most cases, the violation of the LVRT curve occurs before the speed instability, which reveals the importance of include operational limits in transient stability analysis and in the formulation of direct methods and iii) in most cases, the developed energy functions to evaluate the problem of speed stability and the problem of voltage limits violation, are generally capable of making good estimates of critical clearing times. The developed studies about the transient stability assessment of different models of wind turbines via direct method contribute with applications that can be used in real-time security assessments of power systems that contemplate renewable power plants and their operational limits.

Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a verificar a influencia do tipo de luz fotopolimerizadora na força de retenção de pinos intra-radiculares, tanto na técnica direta como na direta indireta. Métodos: 40 raízes de dentes bovinos com comprimento de 12 mm foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de acordo com a técnica de obtenção dos pinos e luz fotopolimerizadora (n=10): grupo 1 (técnica direta associada à lâmpada halogena); grupo 2 (técnica direta ao LED); grupo 3 (técnica direta-indireta associada à lampada halógena); e grupo 4 (técnica direta-indireta associada ao LED). A força de retenção foi determinada através do teste de tração usando Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Todos os dados foram analisados usando one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) com a significância de p<0.05 e complementadas com teste de Tukey. Após o teste, as interfaces adesivas onde ocorreram as falhas foram examinadas e classificadas. Resultado: Os grupos 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) e 4 (241,60N ± 28,95) não apresentaram força de retenção estatisticamente diferente mas foram maiores que os grupos 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) e 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). A maior parte das fraturas ocorreu na interface dentina/resina. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que o método direto-indireto proporcionou a melhor retenção dos pinos de fibra de vidro. / Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of light curing type on retention force of direct technique and direct-indirect technique. Methods: Fourth bovine single root teeth with 12mm of length were used in this study. The roots were endodontically treated and randomly divided in four groups according to the light curing unit and technique used: group 1(direct technique, halogen lamp), group 2(direct technique, LED), group 3(direct-indirect technique, halogen lamp), group 4(direct-indirect technique, lamp). The retention force was determined sing a Universal Testing Machine (Instron). All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test. After the test, the failure was examined and classified according to the fracture place: post/ resin; resin/dentin; mix. Results: Group 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) and 4(241,60N ± 28,95)4 (95,18N) did not show statistically difference but presented higher retention force than group 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) and 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). Most of fracture occurred in interface between dentin/resin. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that adhesive cementation technique influenced in the retention of glass fiber post.

O trabalho anteriormente realizado pelo nosso grupo, onde foram simulados defeitos de nitrogênio em nanotubos de carbono, apresentou resultados interessantes relativos às energias e propriedades eletrônicas. A interpretacão dos resultados teóricos obtidos levou à proposta da Divacância rodeada por 4 Nitrogênios como estrutura mais estável para o nitrogênio tipo piridina, em constraste com aquela proposta pelos experimentais, uma Monovacância rodeada por 3 Nitrogênios. Os cálculos das propriedades eletrônicas da Divacância reproduziram as medidas experimentais na investigação de sensores de amônia. Dessa forma, como informação adicional na determinaçã da estrutura mais estável, o presente trabalho investigou as propriedades vibracionais daqueles sistemas que apresentaram menor energias de formação. Foram calculadas as freqüências vibracionais dos seguintes três defeitos: Nitrogênio Substitucional (1N), Monovacância rodeada por 3 Nitrogênios (3NV) e Divacância rodeada por 4 Nitrogênios (4ND) e comparadas com os resultados para os tubos puros. Utilizou-se a aproximação de supercélula, com 140 átomos para um tubo metálico (5,5) e 160 para um tubo semicondutor (8,0). Como o objetivo é identificar as características de cada sistema, focalizou-se na comparação dos valores das freqüências Raman ativas mais intensas. Os cálculos foram realizados com o código SIESTA, utilizando DFT com o formalismo dos pseudopotenciais e a aproximação GGA-PBE. As freqüências foram obtidas pelo Método Direto pelo mesmo programa. Os resultados mostraram diferenças quanto à quebra de degenerescências, que ocorre devido à quebra da simetria do sistema puro e quanto à mudança dos valores das freqüências dos modos. Como característica geral, os defeitos fazem com que as freqüências da banda mais baixa de energia do espectro Raman sofram shifts negativos, ou seja, afastam os picos para energias mais baixas. O modo de freqüência intermediária sofre um shift positivo e os modos da banda G voltam a apresentar valores negativos. Os splittings, bem como os valores numéricos dos shifts variam conforme o tipo de defeito e o tipo de sistema dopado (armchair ou zig-zag). Apesar de não apresentar diferenças consideravelmente grandes para os valores de shifts e splittings entre os defeitos, o comportamento qualitativo distinto para os modos RBMs é uma boa ferramenta para a diferenciação desses defeitos através de espectroscopia vibracional. / A previous work developed in our own group on which nitrogen defects on carbon nanotubes were simulated presented very interesting results regarding the energetics and the electronic properties. The interpretation of the theoretical outcomes led us to propose the Divacancy surrounded by 4 nitrogen atoms as the most stable structure for a pyridine-like nitrogen, in contrast to the one proposed by the experimentalists, namely the Monovacancy surrounded by 3 nitrogen atoms. Calculations of the electronic properties of the Divacancy have reproduced the experimental data. In this way as additional information for determining the actual most stable structure the present work investigated the vibrational properties of those systems that showed the lowest formation energies. We performed the calculations of the vibrational frequencies for the following three defects: Substitutional nitrogen atom (1N), Monovacancy surrounded by 3 nitrogen atoms (3NV) and Divacancy surrounded by 4 nitrogen atoms (4ND). Then the frequencies were compared to those ones from the pure tubes. We used the supercell approximation with 140 atoms for a (5,5) metallic tube and 160 for a (8,0) semiconducting tube. Since the present work aims to identify the main features of each system we focused on the comparison of the values of the strongest Raman active modes. All the calculations were carried out by the SIESTA code, using DFT with the pseudopotential formalism and GGA approximation. Then the frequencies were evaluated using the Direct Method. The results showed differences on the degeneracy splittings, which are caused by the symmetry-breaking due to the introduction of defects, and also differences on the shifts of the numerical values of the frequencies. As general feature, the defects caused the low band frequencies modes of Raman spectrum to have a negative shift, i.e. they push the peaks further to lower energies. The intermediate mode shifts positively and the G band modes show negative shifts again. The splittings as well as those shifts change depending on the type of the defect and the type of the doped system (armchair or zig-zag). Although not showing significant differences for shifts and splittings between the defects, the qualitatively distinct behavior for RBMs modes is a good tool to tell them apart using vibrational spectroscopy.

Effective pollution mitigation is the key to successful air quality management. Although states invest millions of dollars to predict future air quality, the regulatory modeling and analysis process to inform pollution control strategy remains uncertain. Traditionally deterministic ‘bright-line’ tests are applied to evaluate the sufficiency of a control strategy to attain an air quality standard. A critical part of regulatory attainment demonstration is the prediction of future pollutant levels using photochemical air quality models. However, because models are uncertain, they yield a false sense of precision that pollutant response to emission controls is perfectly known and may eventually mislead the selection of control policies. These uncertainties in turn affect the health impact assessment of air pollution control strategies. This thesis explores beyond the conventional practice of deterministic attainment demonstration and presents novel approaches to yield probabilistic representations of pollutant response to emission controls by accounting for uncertainties in regional air quality planning. Computationally-efficient methods are developed and validated to characterize uncertainty in the prediction of secondary pollutant (ozone and particulate matter) sensitivities to precursor emissions in the presence of uncertainties in model assumptions and input parameters. We also introduce impact factors that enable identification of model inputs and scenarios that strongly influence pollutant concentrations and sensitivity to precursor emissions. We demonstrate how these probabilistic approaches could be applied to determine the likelihood that any control measure will yield regulatory attainment, or could be extended to evaluate probabilistic health benefits of emission controls, considering uncertainties in both air quality models and epidemiological concentration–response relationships. Finally, ground-level observations for pollutant (ozone) and precursor concentrations (oxides of nitrogen) have been used to adjust probabilistic estimates of pollutant sensitivities based on the performance of simulations in reliably reproducing ambient measurements. Various observational metrics have been explored for better scientific understanding of how sensitivity estimates vary with measurement constraints. Future work could extend these methods to incorporate additional modeling uncertainties and alternate observational metrics, and explore the responsiveness of future air quality to project trends in emissions and climate change.