Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is described as a neurodevelopmental disorder which occurs during the developmental period and impacts intellectual as well as adaptive functioning across social, cognitive and practical domains. Approximately 3 percent of the South African population has mild to severe forms of ID. It is well described that caregivers of children with ID and other developmental disorders have higher levels of stress related to caring for their child than parents with typically developing children. However, little research has been reported in the South African context. Objectives: 1. To determine the nature and extent of self-reported symptoms of stress in caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities. 2. To establish which demographic variables and child factors are associated with carer stress. 3. To compare the nature and extent of self-reported stress and demographic and child variables associated with stress in carers of children with intellectual disability with the same measures reported by carers whose children are developing typically. Methods: This was a purposive, descriptive analytical study. Participants were 59 caregivers whose children attended Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital outpatient clinics. The ID group comprised 35 caregivers of children with ID. The control Non-ID group had 24 caregivers of typically developing children. The children’s ages ranged from 2 to 10 years. Caregivers were administered a set of four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire; the Parent Stress Index; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist that rated the children’s behaviour. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS. Results: Both the ID and Non-ID groups showed elevated scores for self-reported anxiety. The ID group of caregivers reported significantly more problem behaviours in their children than the caregivers in the Non-ID group. Hyperactive behaviour predicted for depression in the caregiver ID group which also reported higher levels of stress and significantly higher levels of depression than the Non-ID group. 49 percent of the ID group caregivers reported levels of depression in the clinical range. Further, the ID group reported significantly more financial difficulties and also more appointments for their child at health facilities than the control group. Conclusion: Carers in this study setting experienced similar stresses and described similar child behavioural problems as those reported internationally. A significant finding was the high rate of caregivers of children with ID whose depression scores were in the clinical range. Child behaviour was a significant factor associated with caregiver stress and anxiety in both study groups and with depression in caregivers of children with ID. The study findings have implications for the mental health and behavioural support needs of both caregivers of typically developing children and caregivers of children with ID and for a range of services that provide this support.

No description available.

<p>Sjuksköterskan är dokumentationsskyldig enligt ett flertal lagar och förordningar. Dessa ger oss ramar men inga enhetliga riktlinjer och verktyg för hur strukturen för omvårdnadsdokumentationen ska se ut. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att granska hur den vetenskapliga litteraturen beskriver omvårdnadsdokumentationen utifrån VIPS-modellen och ICF som tillämpbar inom omvårdnadsdomänen. Metoden som användes var litteraturstudie där sammanlagt 18 st. vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultatet påvisar brister i omvårdnadsdokumentationen. Få av de granskade journalerna uppfyllde kraven enligt patientjournallagen. Enligt granskningsinstrumentet Cat-ch-Ing förbättrades dokumentationen efter utbildningsinterventioner som byggde på VIPS-modellen. </p><p>Det framkom en diskrepans mellan patienters egen uppfattning av sina problem, sjuksköterskors uppfattning och vad som fanns dokumenterat i journalen. Sjuksköterskan skriver ner sina iakttagelser utan att stämma av med patienten. Studierna visade att de flesta omvårdnadsdiagnoser kunde omvandlas till International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) koder. I vissa fall ansåg sjuksköterskorna att koderna inte var tillräckligt specifika. Konklusionen är att en dokumentationsmodell eller klassifikation inte är tillräckligt för att säkerställa kvalitén i omvårdnadsdokumentationen utifrån omvårdnadsprocessen och gällande lagar. Som komplement krävs kontinuerlig journalgranskning och återkommande utbildningsinterventioner. ICF-klassifikationen anses tillämpbar inom omvårdnadsdomänen och kan främja en tvärprofessionell kommunikation. De tillkortakommanden som identifierats kan undanröjas genom att sjuksköterskor tar en aktiv roll i kommande revisioner. Om ICF skall implementeras måste det ske nationellt.</p><p>Dokumentationen bör förenklas i så stor grad som möjligt i standardiserade modeller så tid kan ägnas åt det patientnära arbetet. ICF är en strukturerad modell som kan underlätta dokumentationsarbetet.</p>

Sjuksköterskan är dokumentationsskyldig enligt ett flertal lagar och förordningar. Dessa ger oss ramar men inga enhetliga riktlinjer och verktyg för hur strukturen för omvårdnadsdokumentationen ska se ut. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att granska hur den vetenskapliga litteraturen beskriver omvårdnadsdokumentationen utifrån VIPS-modellen och ICF som tillämpbar inom omvårdnadsdomänen. Metoden som användes var litteraturstudie där sammanlagt 18 st. vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultatet påvisar brister i omvårdnadsdokumentationen. Få av de granskade journalerna uppfyllde kraven enligt patientjournallagen. Enligt granskningsinstrumentet Cat-ch-Ing förbättrades dokumentationen efter utbildningsinterventioner som byggde på VIPS-modellen. Det framkom en diskrepans mellan patienters egen uppfattning av sina problem, sjuksköterskors uppfattning och vad som fanns dokumenterat i journalen. Sjuksköterskan skriver ner sina iakttagelser utan att stämma av med patienten. Studierna visade att de flesta omvårdnadsdiagnoser kunde omvandlas till International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) koder. I vissa fall ansåg sjuksköterskorna att koderna inte var tillräckligt specifika. Konklusionen är att en dokumentationsmodell eller klassifikation inte är tillräckligt för att säkerställa kvalitén i omvårdnadsdokumentationen utifrån omvårdnadsprocessen och gällande lagar. Som komplement krävs kontinuerlig journalgranskning och återkommande utbildningsinterventioner. ICF-klassifikationen anses tillämpbar inom omvårdnadsdomänen och kan främja en tvärprofessionell kommunikation. De tillkortakommanden som identifierats kan undanröjas genom att sjuksköterskor tar en aktiv roll i kommande revisioner. Om ICF skall implementeras måste det ske nationellt. Dokumentationen bör förenklas i så stor grad som möjligt i standardiserade modeller så tid kan ägnas åt det patientnära arbetet. ICF är en strukturerad modell som kan underlätta dokumentationsarbetet.

Background: Physical activity questionnaires (PAQ) have been extensively used to determine physical activity (PA) levels. Most PAQ are derived from an energy expenditure-based perspective and assess activities with a certain intensity level. Activities with a moderate or vigorous intensity level are predominantly used to determine a person’s PA level in terms of quantity. Studies show that the time spent engaging in moderate and vigorous intensity PA does not appropriately reflect the actual PA behavior of older people because they perform more functional, everyday activities. Those functional activities are more likely to be considered low-intense and represent an important qualitative health-promoting activity. For the elderly, functional, light intensity activities are of special interest but are assessed differently in terms of quantity and quality. The aim was to analyze the content of PAQ for the elderly.

A Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) é uma ferramenta para descrever os estados de saúde e estados relacionados à saúde. O objetivo do estudo foi utilizar a CIF para descrever o perfil de funcionalidade relacionado à incapacidade para o trabalho por motivo odontológico. Foram avaliados 41 indivíduos que necessitaram de afastamento do trabalho para tratamento de saúde bucal. As principais deficiências identificadas no componente Funções do corpo referem-se a mastigar (b5102), funções emocionais (b152) e sensação de dor (b280). No componente Estruturas do corpo, as deficiências mais observadas pelo perito relacionam-se aos dentes (s3200) e gengivas (s3201). As principais dificuldades referidas no componente Atividades e Participação relacionam-se ao cuidado dos dentes (d5201), comer (d550), realizar a rotina diária (d230), fala (d330) e produção da linguagem corporal (d3350). Os principais facilitadores no componente Fatores Ambientais referem-se aos medicamentos (e1101), alimentos (e1100) e ao apoio de profissionais de saúde (e355) e da família imediata (e310). O uso da CIF pode fornecer dados relevantes para a avaliação de resultados de intervenções, necessidades de reabilitação e planejamento das ações de saúde bucal, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão do processo vivenciado pelos indivíduos, bem como sua relação com o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida. / The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a tool to describe the health status and health-related states. The aim of this study was to use the ICF to describe the functioning profile related to work disability due to dental reasons. A total of 41 participants requiring sick leave were evaluated. The main disabilities identified in the component Body functions were chewing (b5102), emotional functions (b152) and sensation of pain (b28010). In the component Body Structures, the main disabilities observed by the expert were teeth (s3200) and gums (s3201). The main difficulties related to the component Activities and Participation were caring for teeth (d5201), eating (d550), carrying out daily routine (d230), speaking (d330) and producing body language (d3350). The main facilitators in the component Environmental Factors were drugs (e1101), food (e1100) and support from health professionals (e355) and immediate family (e310). The use of the ICF can provide relevant data to the outcome evaluation, assessment of rehabilitation needs and oral health planning, conducting to a better understanding of the process experienced by individuals, as well as its relation with the well-being and quality of life.

Rehabilitation outcomes are an important measurement of trauma system effectiveness. However, currently there is no clinically applicable trauma rehabilitation score or framework available to evaluate health and rehabilitation needs after trauma. The World report on Disability (2011) recommended the application of the World Health Organisation International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework for all aspects of rehabilitation. A standardised language, based on coded categories would aid in international efforts to evaluate health and disability globally. The ICF framework has not been applied in trauma rehabilitation or trauma systems to date. The objectives were to investigate rehabilitation needs of trauma patients and evaluate to what extent the ICF can be used as a framework to capture and assess health and rehabilitation outcome of patients following traumatic injuries. Two cohort studies with 103 and 308 patients respectively demonstrated the utility of the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale (RCS) in an acute trauma setting. The RCS outperformed other acute measures and rehabilitation complexity correlated with length of stay and discharge destination. A systematic review of 34 articles confirmed that outcome measures frequently used in trauma outcome studies represent only six percent of health concepts contained in the ICF. A quantitative international on-line questionnaire with expert clinicians working in trauma (n=217), identified 121 ICF categories pertinent to rehabilitation and health outcome of trauma patients. Qualitative patient interviews (n=32) identified nearly double the amount of ICF categories (n=234) compared to clinicians. Combined analysis of qualitative and quantitative data presents 109 ICF categories important for rehabilitation and health outcome assessment of trauma patients, using the ICF as a framework. This thesis describes the need for improved outcome evaluation of trauma patients. It demonstrates the acceptability of the ICF language and framework amongst clinicians and suggests the application of the ICF as a framework for trauma service delivery and outcome assessment.

Det finns mycket forskning kring hur individer med Parkinson har möjlighet att förbättra sina fysiologiska funktioner genom träning. Det finns dock få studier som beskriver upplevelser av träningen. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelser av sjukgymnastledd gruppträning hos individer med Parkinson och undersöka hur resultatet överensstämde med domänerna i Internationella klassifikationen av funktionstillstånd, funktionshinder och hälsa (ICF). En kvalitativ deskriptiv innehållsanalys tillämpades. Fem deltagare medverkade i studien. En intervjuguide sammanställdes, intervjuerna transkriberades och tolkades. Slutligen sammanställdes resultatet i en tabell med kategorier, subkategorier och koder. Ytterligare en tabell utformades för att redovisa resultatet enligt ICF:s domäner. Det framkom i studien att en sjukdomsspecifik grupp möjliggjorde en trygghet och en social samhörighet. Vidare placerades majoriteten av resultatet inom ICF:s domäner aktivitet/delaktighet samt omgivningsfaktorer, vilket belyste att de psykosociala faktorerna föreföll prägla deltagarnas uppfattningar i större omfattning än de fysiska.

Disability is seen as a result of an interaction between a person and that person's contextual factors. Viewing disability in the context of the built environment, a better design of this environment helps to reduce the disability faced by an individual. In spite of significant research in Universal Design (UD), the existing methods provide insufficient guidance for designers: designers demand more specific examples of, and methods for, good universal design. Within the overarching goal of improving universal product design, the specific goal of this research is to determine if the ADA guidelines for architectural design can be adapted to product design. A methodology that foresees the accessibility issues while designing a product would be constructive. The new technique should be built on the pre-existing principles and guidelines. A user activity and product function framework is proposed for this translation using actionfunction diagrams. Specific goals include determining if the function-based approach is able to anticipate a functional change that improves product accessibility. Further, generate user activity and product function association rules that can be applied to the universal design of products. Proposed research activities are to identify thirty existing universal products and compare with its typical version to identify the function that introduces an accessibility feature. Next, categorize the observed changes in a product function systematically and extract trends from accessible architectural systems to generate rules for universal design of consumer products. For validation, the task is to select around fifteen consumer product pairs for validation of the generated rules to determine if the ADA guidelines can be adapted for universal product design using the proposed framework. The results of this research show promise in using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) lexicon to model user limitation. The actionfunction diagram provides a structured way to approach a problem in the early stage of design. The rules generated in this research translate to products having similar user-product interface.

A Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) é uma ferramenta para descrever os estados de saúde e estados relacionados à saúde. O objetivo do estudo foi utilizar a CIF para descrever o perfil de funcionalidade relacionado à incapacidade para o trabalho por motivo odontológico. Foram avaliados 41 indivíduos que necessitaram de afastamento do trabalho para tratamento de saúde bucal. As principais deficiências identificadas no componente Funções do corpo referem-se a mastigar (b5102), funções emocionais (b152) e sensação de dor (b280). No componente Estruturas do corpo, as deficiências mais observadas pelo perito relacionam-se aos dentes (s3200) e gengivas (s3201). As principais dificuldades referidas no componente Atividades e Participação relacionam-se ao cuidado dos dentes (d5201), comer (d550), realizar a rotina diária (d230), fala (d330) e produção da linguagem corporal (d3350). Os principais facilitadores no componente Fatores Ambientais referem-se aos medicamentos (e1101), alimentos (e1100) e ao apoio de profissionais de saúde (e355) e da família imediata (e310). O uso da CIF pode fornecer dados relevantes para a avaliação de resultados de intervenções, necessidades de reabilitação e planejamento das ações de saúde bucal, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão do processo vivenciado pelos indivíduos, bem como sua relação com o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida. / The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a tool to describe the health status and health-related states. The aim of this study was to use the ICF to describe the functioning profile related to work disability due to dental reasons. A total of 41 participants requiring sick leave were evaluated. The main disabilities identified in the component Body functions were chewing (b5102), emotional functions (b152) and sensation of pain (b28010). In the component Body Structures, the main disabilities observed by the expert were teeth (s3200) and gums (s3201). The main difficulties related to the component Activities and Participation were caring for teeth (d5201), eating (d550), carrying out daily routine (d230), speaking (d330) and producing body language (d3350). The main facilitators in the component Environmental Factors were drugs (e1101), food (e1100) and support from health professionals (e355) and immediate family (e310). The use of the ICF can provide relevant data to the outcome evaluation, assessment of rehabilitation needs and oral health planning, conducting to a better understanding of the process experienced by individuals, as well as its relation with the well-being and quality of life.