AFRIKAANS: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die ontplooiing van die reg rakende persone met gestremdhede in die rigting van ʼn toenemend inklusiewe en geintegreerde regsorde wat die beskerming en bevordering van die regte van persone met gestremdhede op gelyke grondslag met alle ander persone bewerkstellig. Gestremdheid word aan die hand van twee uiteenlopende modelle beoordeel en hanteer. Die twee modelle - die mediese en die sosiale model van gestremdheid - verteenwoordig uiteenlopende opvattinge oor gestremdheid wat in duidelik onderskeibare regsbenaderings neerslag vind. Oor die onlangse dekades het die sosiale model beduidend veld teen die mediese model gewen. Dit het veral neerslag gevind in die internasionale reg, soos dit die afgelope dekades onder die aanvoering van die Verenigde Nasies in omvattende standaardisering en universalisering van menseregte ontwikkel het. Hierdie ontwikkelings word breedvoerig ondersoek. Die groeiende aanklank van die sosiale model ten koste van die mediese model is eweneens merkbaar in twee ander jurisdiksiegebiede, naamlik Europa – binne die konteks van sowel die Europese Raad as die Europese Unie - en die Verenigde State van Amerika. By albei weerspieel die ontplooiing van die positiewe reg ʼn verandering in die beskouing oor die regshantering van persone met gestremdhede. Daarvolgens word gestremdheid toenemend volgens ʼn sosiale model as ʼn vorm van diversiteit eerder as uitsluitlik in terme van ʼn mediese model as afwykend of abnormaal verstaan. Gestremdheid vereis ʼn besondere regsbedeling ten einde daadwerklike gelyke beregtiging vir persone met gestremdhede te verseker eerder as (net) mediese ingryping in ʼn “afwykende toestand” of ʼn “siektetoestand.” Die veranderde regsbedeling oor gestremdheid word deurlopend deur die prisma van die twee modelle beskryf en beoordeel. Na die uitklaar van die betekenis van die modelle aan die begin van die studie volg ʼn historiese oorsig wat die konteks vorm waarbinne die regsontwikkeling rondom gestemdheidsreg sedert die Tweede Wereldoorlog op internasionale terrein (onder die aanvoering van die Verenigde Nasies), in Europa, die VSA en in Suid-Afrika bespreek word. Die studie sluit af met gevolgtrekkings waarin die klem op ʼn beoordeling van die verandering van die reg rakende gestremdheid in die lig van modelle wat in die eerste hoofstuk toegelig is, val. ENGLISH: The thesis investigates a change in perception and the resulting altered juridical management of persons with disabilities towards a more inclusive and integrated public legal order. Such a change positions the protection and promotion of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities on an equal footing with that of other persons. Disability is dealt with and evaluated in relation to two opposing models. The two models of disability – the medical and the social – represent two different perceptions about disability that are laid down in clearly-distinguishable approaches in law. Over the recent decades the social model has gained considerable ground over the medical model. It has found particular favour in international law, as developed over the past decades in the comprehensive standardisation and universalising of human rights under the leadership of the United Nations. These developments are scrutinised thoroughly. The increasing acceptance of the social model to the detriment of the medical model is apparent in two other areas of jurisdiction, namely, Europe – within the context of the European Council and the European Union – and the United States of America. In both these the development of positive law reflects a change in view regarding the way disability is dealt with by the law. Disability is increasingly understood according to a social model as a form of diversity rather than exclusively in accordance with a medical model. Disability requires a unique legal dispensation in order to ensure genuine equal adjudication for persons with disabilities rather than a (mere) medical intervention as a “deviant state” or an “illness”. The changing legal dispensation regarding disability is continuously described and evaluated through the prism of the two models. After an exposition of the models at the beginning of the study a brief historical overview follows, constituting the context within which legal development since the Second World War in the international arena (by way of the activities of the United Nations), in Europe, the USA and South Africa, is discussed. The study ends with conclusions which emphasise an evaluation of the changes in disability law in light of the models that were expounded in the first chapter. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Public Law / unrestricted

This study surveyed 107 working college students with varying disabilities. Individual, job, and organizational characteristics were evaluated for their ability to predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover cognitions. One area this characteristic that was explored was that of an individual's perception of organizational resources related to legally mandated reasonable accommodations. Using hierarchal regression this study found that self-efficacy, job characteristics, and means-efficacy were key predictors of job satisfaction. Means-efficacy was the only one of these that was a predictor of turnover intentions.

Ce mémoire offre un nouvel éclairage sur la transition en cours de l’institution pénale contemporaine d’une fonction essentiellement morale et symbolique vers la gestion effective des risques dans la société. Nous estimons que c’est en juxtaposant ses différentes pratiques – pratiques discursives entourant la responsabilité criminelle des accusés atteints de troubles mentaux non psychotiques, pratiques en matière de criminalisation préventives et nouvelles pratiques en matière de peine – que cette transformation fonctionnelle est la plus appréciable. Afin d’illustrer ces différentes pratiques, nous proposons de suivre le parcours pénal réservé par l’institution pénale aux sujets autistiques. Tout en étant fortement déterminés dans leur développement moral, social, sexuel et émotionnel et dans leur capacité à se conformer à la loi pénale, ceux-ci demeurent toutefois minimalement réceptifs aux technologies pénales. Nous pensons que leur incorporation à l’intérieur de la logique pénale résulte essentiellement de cet attrait utile de la peine au prix même de la déformation de nos principes fondamentaux collectifs de justice. Ce mémoire offre la première analyse systématique de la jurisprudence concernant la responsabilité criminelle et la peine des personnes autistes au Canada ainsi qu’une synthèse des plus récentes découvertes juridico-cliniques sur l’autisme. L’intégrité physique et psychologique des personnes autistes étant menacée comme jamais auparavant par l’inflation du quantum des peines en raison de l’arrêt Friesen et des réformes du gouvernement Harper, nous invitons les juristes, les avocats, les experts cliniques à s’intéresser davantage à l’intervention de l’institution pénale envers ces personnes hautement vulnérables. / This thesis sheds new light on the ongoing transition of the contemporary penal institution from a moral and symbolic function to the effective management of risks in society. We believe that it is by juxtaposing its different practices – discursive practices surrounding the criminal responsibility of defendants with non-psychotic mental disorders, preventive criminalization practices and new sentencing practices – that this functional transformation is most appreciable. To illustrate these different practices, we propose to follow the penal circuit reserved by the penal institution for autistic subjects. While being strongly determined in their moral, social, sexual, and emotional development and in their ability to comply with penal law, they nevertheless remain minimally receptive to penal technologies. We think that their incorporation within the penal logic results from this useful attraction of the penalty at the very price of the deformation of our collective fundamental principles of justice. This thesis offers the first systematic analysis of the case law concerning the criminal liability and sentencing of persons with autism in Canada as well as a synthesis of the most recent legal and clinical findings on autism. As the physical and psychological integrity of people with autism is threatened like never before by the inflation of the quantum of sentences due to the Friesen decision and the legislative reform by the Harper government, we invite jurists, lawyers, clinical experts to take a greater interest in the intervention of the penal institution towards these highly vulnerable individuals.