Cette thèse se penche sur la propagation d’ondes au sein du système coupléTerre-océan-atmosphère. La compréhension de ces phénomènes a une importance majeure pour l’étude de perturbations sismiques et d’explosions atmosphériques notamment dans le cadre de missions spatiales planétaires. Les formes d’ondes issues du couplage fluide-solide permettent d’obtenir de précieuses informations sur la source du signal ou les propriétés des milieux de propagation. On développe donc deux outils numériques d’ordre élevé pour la propagation d’ondes acoustiques et de gravité. L'u en différences finies et se concentre sur le milieu atmosphérique et la propagation d’ondes linéaires dans un milieu stratifié visqueux et avec du vent. Cette méthode linéaire est validée par des solutions quasi-analytiques reposant sur les équations de dispersion dans une atmosphère stratifiée. Elle est aussi appliquée à deux cas d’études : la propagation d’ondes liée à l’impact d’une météorite à la surface de Mars (mission NASA INSIGHT), et la propagation d’ondes atmosphériques liées au tsunami de Sumatra en 2004. La seconde méthode résout la propagation non-linéaire d’ondes gravito-acoustiques dans une atmosphère couplée, avec topographie, à la propagation d’ondes élastiques dans un solide visco-élastique. Cette méthode repose sur sur le couplage d’une formulation en éléments finis discontinus, pour résoudre les équations de Navier-Stokes la partie fluide, par éléments finis continus pour résoudre les équations de l’élastodynamique dans la partie solide. Elle a été validée grâce à des solutions analytiques ainsi que par des comparaisons avec les résultats de la méthode par différences finies. / This thesis deals with the wave propagation problem within the Earth-ocean-atmosphere coupled system. A good understanding of the these phenomena has a major importance for seismic and atmospheric explosion studies, especially for planetary missions. Atmospheric wave-forms generated by explosions or surface oscillations can bring valuable information about the source mechanism or the properties of the various propagation media. We develop two new numerical full-wave high-order modeling tools to model the propagation of acoustic and gravity waves in realistic atmospheres. The first one relies on a high-order staggered finite difference method and focus only on the atmosphere. It enables the simultaneous propagation of linear acoustic and gravity waves in stratified viscous and windy atmosphere. This method is validated against quasi-analytical solutions based on the dispersion equations for a stratified atmosphere. It has also been employed to investigate two cases : the atmospheric propagation generated by a meteor impact on Mars for the INSIGHT NASA mission and for the study of tsunami-induced acoutic and gravity waves following the 2004 Sumatra tsunami. The second numerical method resolves the non-linear acoustic and gravity wave propagation in a realistic atmosphere coupled, with topography, to the elastic wave propagation in a visco-elastic solid. This numerical tool relies on a discontinuous Galerkin method to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations in the fluid domain and a continuous Galerkin method to solve the elastodynamics equations in the solid domain. It is validated against analytical solutions and numerical results provided by the finite-difference method.

Estuda-se o problema de equilíbrio sem força de corpo de uma esfera anisotrópica sob compressão radial uniformemente distribuída sobre o seu contorno no contexto da teoria da elasticidade linear clássica. A solução deste problema prediz o fenômeno inaceitável da auto-intersecção em uma região próxima ao centro da esfera para uma dada faixa de parâmetros materiais. Sob o contexto de uma teoria de minimização do funcional de energia potencial total da elasticidade linear clássica com a restrição de que o determinante do gradiente da função mudança de configuração seja injetivo, este fenômeno é eliminado. Aplicam-se duas formulações do Método dos Elementos Finitos de Galerkin Descontínuo (MEFGD) para obter soluções aproximadas para o problema de equilíbrio da esfera sem restrição. A primeira formulação do MEFGD aproxima diretamente os campos de deslocamento e deformação infinitesimal. A consideração do campo adicional de deformação na formulação do MEFGD aumenta o número de graus de liberdade associados aos nós da malha de elementos finitos e, consequentemente, o custo computacional. Com o objetivo de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade, introduz-se neste trabalho uma formulação alternativa do MEFGD. Nesta formulação, o campo de deformação infinitesimal não é obtido diretamente da inversão do sistema de equações resultante, mas sim por pós-processamento, a partir do campo de deslocamento aproximado. As soluções aproximadas obtidas com ambas as formulações do MEFGD são comparadas com a solução exata do problema sem restrição e com soluções aproximadas obtidas com o Método dos Elementos Finitos de Galerkin Clássico (MEFGC). Ambas as formulações do MEFGD fornecem melhores aproximações para a solução exata do que as aproximações obtidas com o MEFGC. Os erros entre a solução exata e as soluções aproximadas obtidas com a formulação alternativa do MEFGD são um pouco maiores do que os erros correspondentes obtidos com a formulação original do MEFGD. Este aumento nos erros é compensado pelo menor esforço computacional exigido pela formulação alternativa. Este trabalho serve de base para o estudo de problemas com restrição de injetividade utilizando o método de Galerkin descontínuo. / The equilibrium problem without body force of an anisotropic sphere under radial compression that is uniformly distributed on the sphere\'s boundary is investigated in the context of the classical linear elasticity theory. The solution of this problem predicts the unacceptable phenomenon of self-intersection in a vicinity of the center of the sphere for a given range of material parameters. This phenomenon can be eliminated in the context of a theory that minimizes the total potential energy of classical linear elasticity subjected to the restriction that the deformation field be injective. Two formulations of the Finite Element Method using Discontinuous Galerkin (MEFGD) are used to obtain approximate solutions for the unconstrained problem. The first formulation of the MEFGD approximates both the displacement and the strain fields. The consideration of the strain as an additional field in the formulation of the MEFGD increases the number of degrees of freedom associated to the finite elements and, therefore, the computational cost. With the objective of reducing the number of degrees of freedom, an alternative formulation of the MEFGD is introduced in this work. In this formulation, the strain field is not obtained directly from the inversion of the resulting linear system of equations, but from a post-processing calculation using the approximate displacement field. The approximate solutions obtained with both formulations of the MEFGD are compared with the exact solution of the problem without restriction and with approximate solutions obtained with the Finite Element Method using Classical Galerkin (MEFGC). Both formulations of the MEFGD yield better approximations for the exact solution than the approximations obtained with the MEFGC. The errors between the exact solution and the approximate solutions obtained with the alternative formulation of the MEFGD are slightly higher than the corresponding errors obtained with the original formulation of the MEFGD. These errors are compensated by the fact that the alternative formulation requires less computational effort than the computational effort required by the original formulation. This work serves as a basis for the study of problems with the injectivity restriction using the discontinuous Galerkin method.

Pour la conception des cœurs de réacteurs de 4ème génération, une précision accrue est requise pour les calculs des différents paramètres neutroniques. Les ressources mémoire et le temps de calcul étant limités, une solution consiste à utiliser des méthodes de raffinement de maillage afin de résoudre l'équation de transport des neutrons. Le flux neutronique, solution de cette équation, dépend de l'énergie, l'angle et l'espace. Les différentes variables sont discrétisées de manière successive. L'énergie avec une approche multigroupe, considérant les différentes grandeurs constantes sur chaque groupe, l'angle par une méthode de collocation, dite approximation Sn. Après discrétisation énergétique et angulaire, un système d'équations hyperboliques couplées ne dépendant plus que de la variable d'espace doit être résolu. Des éléments finis discontinus sont alors utilisés afin de permettre la mise en place de méthodes de raffinement dite hp. La précision de la solution peut alors être améliorée via un raffinement en espace (h-raffinement), consistant à subdiviser une cellule en sous-cellules, ou en ordre (p-raffinement) en augmentant l'ordre de la base de polynômes utilisée.Dans cette thèse, les propriétés de ces méthodes sont analysées et montrent l'importance de la régularité de la solution dans le choix du type de raffinement. Ainsi deux estimateurs d'erreurs permettant de mener le raffinement ont été utilisés. Le premier, suppose des hypothèses de régularité très fortes (solution analytique) alors que le second utilise seulement le fait que la solution est à variations bornées. La comparaison de ces deux estimateurs est faite sur des benchmarks dont on connaît la solution exacte grâce à des méthodes de solutions manufacturées. On peut ainsi analyser le comportement des estimateurs au regard de la régularité de la solution. Grâce à cette étude, une stratégie de raffinement hp utilisant ces deux estimateurs est proposée et comparée à d'autres méthodes rencontrées dans la littérature. L'ensemble des comparaisons est réalisé tant sur des cas simplifiés où l'on connaît la solution exacte que sur des cas réalistes issus de la physique des réacteurs.Ces méthodes adaptatives permettent de réduire considérablement l'empreinte mémoire et le temps de calcul. Afin d'essayer d'améliorer encore ces deux aspects, on propose d'utiliser des maillages différents par groupe d'énergie. En effet, l'allure spatiale du flux étant très dépendante du domaine énergétique, il n'y a a priori aucune raison d'utiliser la même décomposition spatiale. Une telle approche nous oblige à modifier les estimateurs initiaux afin de prendre en compte le couplage entre les différentes énergies. L'étude de ce couplage est réalisé de manière théorique et des solutions numériques sont proposées puis testées. / The different neutronic parameters have to be calculated with a higher accuracy in order to design the 4th generation reactor cores. As memory storage and computation time are limited, adaptive methods are a solution to solve the neutron transport equation. The neutronic flux, solution of this equation, depends on the energy, angle and space. The different variables are successively discretized. The energy with a multigroup approach, considering the different quantities to be constant on each group, the angle by a collocation method called Sn approximation. Once the energy and angle variable are discretized, a system of spatially-dependent hyperbolic equations has to be solved. Discontinuous finite elements are used to make possible the development of $hp-$refinement methods. Thus, the accuracy of the solution can be improved by spatial refinement (h-refinement), consisting into subdividing a cell into subcells, or by order refinement (p-refinement), by increasing the order of the polynomial basis.In this thesis, the properties of this methods are analyzed showing the importance of the regularity of the solution to choose the type of refinement. Thus, two error estimators are used to lead the refinement process. Whereas the first one requires high regularity hypothesis (analytical solution), the second one supposes only the minimal hypothesis required for the solution to exist. The comparison of both estimators is done on benchmarks where the analytic solution is known by the method of manufactured solutions. Thus, the behaviour of the solution as a regard of the regularity can be studied. It leads to a hp-refinement method using the two estimators. Then, a comparison is done with other existing methods on simplified but also realistic benchmarks coming from nuclear cores.These adaptive methods considerably reduces the computational cost and memory footprint. To further improve these two points, an approach with energy-dependent meshes is proposed. Actually, as the flux behaviour is very different depending on the energy, there is no reason to use the same spatial discretization. Such an approach implies to modify the initial estimators in order to take into account the coupling between groups. This study is done from a theoretical as well as from a numerical point of view.

This thesis is concerned with the analysis of the finite element method and the discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of an elliptic boundary value problem with a nonlinear Newton boundary condition in a two-dimensional polygonal domain. The weak solution loses regularity in a neighbourhood of boundary singularities, which may be at corners or at roots of the weak solution on edges. The main attention is paid to the study of error estimates. It turns out that the order of convergence is not dampened by the nonlinearity, if the weak solution is nonzero on a large part of the boundary. If the weak solution is zero on the whole boundary, the nonlinearity only slows down the convergence of the function values but not the convergence of the gradient. The same analysis is carried out for approximate solutions obtained with numerical integration. The theoretical results are verified by numerical experiments. 1

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A triangular B-spline (DMS-spline)-based finite element method (TBS-FEM) is proposed along with possible enrichment through discontinuous Galerkin, continuous-discontinuous Galerkin finite element (CDGFE) and stabilization techniques. The developed schemes are also numerically explored, to a limited extent, for weak discretizations of a few second order partial differential equations (PDEs) of interest in solid mechanics. The presently employed functional approximation has both affine invariance and convex hull properties. In contrast to the Lagrangian basis functions used with the conventional finite element method, basis functions derived through n-th order triangular B-splines possess (n ≥ 1) global continuity. This is usually not possible with standard finite element formulations. Thus, though constructed within a mesh-based framework, the basis functions are globally smooth (even across the element boundaries). Since these globally smooth basis functions are used in modeling response, one can expect a reduction in the number of elements in the discretization which in turn reduces number of degrees of freedom and consequently the computational cost. In the present work that aims at laying out the basic foundation of the method, we consider only linear triangular B-splines. The resulting formulation thus provides only a continuous approximation functions for the targeted variables. This leads to a straightforward implementation without a digression into the issue of knot selection, whose resolution is required for implementing the method with higher order triangular B-splines. Since we consider only n = 1, the formulation also makes use of the discontinuous Galerkin method that weakly enforces the continuity of first derivatives through stabilizing terms on the interior boundaries. Stabilization enhances the numerical stability without sacrificing accuracy by suitably changing the weak formulation. Weighted residual terms are added to the variational equation, which involve a mesh-dependent stabilization parameter. The advantage of the resulting scheme over a more traditional mixed approach and least square finite element is that the introduction of additional unknowns and related difficulties can be avoided. For assessing the numerical performance of the method, we consider Navier’s equations of elasticity, especially the case of nearly-incompressible elasticity (i.e. as the limit of volumetric locking approaches). Limited comparisons with results via finite element techniques based on constant-strain triangles help bring out the advantages of the proposed scheme to an extent.

Voluntary coughs are used as a diagnostic tool to detect lung diseases. Understanding the mechanics of a cough is therefore crucial to accurately interpreting the test results. A cough is characterised by a dynamic compression of the airways, resulting in large flow velocities and producing transient peak expiratory flows. Existing models for pulmonary flow have one or more of the following limitations: 1) they assume quasi-steady flows, 2) they assume low speed flows, 3) they assume a symmetrical branching airway system. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a model for a cough in the branching pulmonary airway system. First, the time-dependent one-dimensional equations for flow in a compliant tube is used to simulate a cough in a single airway. Using anatomical and physiological data, the tube law coupling the fluid and airway mechanics is constructed to accurately mimic the airway behaviour in its inflated and collapsed states. Next, a novel model for air flow in an airway bifurcation is constructed. The model is the first to capture successfully subcritical and supercritical flows across the bifurcation and allows for free time evolution from one case to another. The model is investigated by simulating a cough in both symmetric and asymmetric airway bifurcations. Finally, a cough model for the complete branching airway system is developed. The model takes into account the key factors involved in a cough; namely, the compliance of the lungs and the airways, the coughing effort and the sudden opening of the glottis. The reliability of the model is assessed by comparing the model predictions with previous experimental results. The model captures the main characteristics of forced expiatory flows; namely, the flow limitation phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs becomes independent of the applied expiratory effort) and the negative effort dependence phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs decreases with increasing expiratory effort). The model also gives a good qualitative agreement with the measured values of airway resistance. The location of the collapsed airway segment during forced expiration is, however, inconsistent with previous experimental results. The effect of changing the model parameters on the model predictions is therefore discussed.

This paper presents three new coupling methods for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods and boundary element methods. The new methods allow one to use discontinuous basis functions on the interface between the subdomains represented by the finite element and boundary element methods. This feature is particularly important when discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods are used. Error and stability analysis is presented for some of the methods. Numerical examples suggest that all three methods exhibit very similar convergence properties, consistent with available theoretical results.:1. Introduction 2. Model Problem and Background 3. New Coupling Methods 4. Stability and Error Analysis 5. Numerical Examples 6. Summary A. Appendix

The compressible Euler equations describe the motion of compressible inviscid fluids. They are used in many areas ranging from aerospace, automotive, and nuclear engineering to chemistry, ecology, climatology, and others. Mathematically, the compressible Euler equations represent a hyperbolic system consisting of several nonlinear partial differential equations (conservation laws). These equations are solved most frequently by means of Finite Volume Methods (FVM) and low-order Finite Element Methods (FEM). However, both these approaches are lacking higher order accuracy and moreover, it is well known that conforming FEM is not the optimal tool for the discretization of first-order equations. The most promissing approach to the approximate solution of the compressible Euler equations is the discontinuous Galerkin method that combines the stability of FVM, with excellent approximation properties of higher-order FEM. The objective of this Master Thesis was to develop, implement and test new adaptive algorithms for the nonstationary compressible Euler equations based on higher-order discontinuous Galerkin (hp-DG) methods. The basis for the new methods were the discontinuous Galerkin methods and space-time adaptive hp-FEM algorithms on dynamical meshes for nonstationary second-order problems. The new algorithms...

Die Nanooptik beschäftigt sich mit der Wechselwirkung von Licht mit Materie, deren charakteristische Dimension im Nanometer Bereich liegt. Insbesondere wenn die Materie aus Metall besteht, zeigen sich interessante, wellenlängenabhängige Unterschiede in der Stärke der Wechselwirkung. Die Ursache dafür sind die kollektiven Moden der quasifreien Ladungsträger, die Plasmonen. Obgleich sich experimentelle Methoden in den letzten Jahren stetig verbessert haben, ist es nach wie vor nur mit erheblichem Aufwand möglich, sich Einblicke in die mikroskopischen Zusammenhänge zu verschaffen. Eine Ergänzung zu den Experimenten bieten theoretische Modelle. Auf Grund der sich mit der Zeit stetig verbesserten Leistung der Rechentechnik, kommen dabei zunehmend numerische Verfahren zum Einsatz. Eines dieser Verfahren ist das Unstetige Galerkin Verfahren, welches in dieser Arbeit auf folgende Fragestellungen der plasmonischen Nanooptik angewandt wurde: • Bei dem unstetigen Galerkin Verfahren werden die zu simulierenden Körper üblicherweise mittels Dreiecke und Tetraeder approximiert. Da die Geometrie der metallischen Systeme einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Wechselwirkung hat, wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich durch Einsatz von Elementen mit gekrümmten Flächen die Genauigkeit oder die Geschwindigkeit der Simulation steigern lässt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass runde Elemente die Genauigkeit bei gleicher Diskretisierung um bis zu zwei Größenordnungen steigern oder die Rechenzeit bei gleicher Genauigkeit auf ein Sechstel verkürzen können. • Bestrahlt man Metallnanopartikel mit intensiven Laserpulsen, so strahlen diese nicht nur bei der Frequenz des eingestrahlten Lichtes, sondern auch bei der doppelten Frequenz ab. Dieses Phänomen der Frequenzverdopplung (SHG, engl.: „Second-Harmonic-Generation“) ist unter anderem von der Form der Partikel und der Wellenlänge des Pulses abhängig. Da durchstimmbare gepulste Laser sehr teuer sind, wurde untersucht, ob sich mit Hilfe der linearen Partikelspektren Vorhersagen über die Stärke der Frequenzverdopplung machen lassen. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die Effizienz der Frequenzverdopplung zunimmt, wenn man die linearen Resonanzen der Partikel auf die SHG- oder Anregungswellenlänge abstimmt. Schafft man es, das plasmonische System so einzustellen, dass sowohl die Anregungswellenlänge, wie auch die SHG- Wellenlänge auf einer linearen Resonanz liegen, so kann die Effizienz der SHG weiter gesteigert werden. / Nanooptics is a discipline dealing with the interaction of light with matter where its characteristic dimensions are defined to be in the range of nanometers. In particular, if the matter consists of metal, i.e. conductive material, interesting wavelength dependent phenomena can be observed, which scale with the strength of the interaction. These phenomena are caused by the formation of collective modes between quasi-free charge carriers resulting in so called plasmons. Although improved experimental methods have evolved over the last few years, insight into the microscopic relationship between light and matter is only achievable with high effort. Supplemental information to experimental findings can be drawn from theoretical models. Due to the constantly improving computational power, numerical methods are progressively more employed. One of these methods is the discontinuous Galerkin method, which was applied to the following problems in plasmonic nanooptics: • Within the discontinuous Galerkin method the simulated objects are usually approximated by triangles or tetrahedrons. Since the geometry of conductive systems has a major impact on the interaction between light and matter, the usability of elements with curved surfaces for the discretisation of the space has been investigated with respect to accuracy and speed of the simulation. In this work, it could be shown that curved elements improve the simulations precision up to two orders of magnitude with the same amount of discretisation compared to linear elements. Related to speed, it has been found that the computational time is reduced by a factor of 6 with a comparable simulation accuracy. • By irradiating metallic nanoparticles with high power laser pulses these particles do not only emit light of the same frequency as the incident electromagnetic wave, but also with the doubled frequency (SHG, second harmonic generation). Among other things, this phenomenon of frequency doubling mainly depends on the geometry of the particle and the wavelength of the pulse. Since tunable pulsed laser sources are very expensive, it has been theoretically investigated if the strength of the frequency doubling can be deduced from the particles linear spectra. By this, it has been discovered that the efficiency of frequency doubling can be improved by adjusting the linear resonances of the particle to the SHG or excitation wavelength. The SHG efficiency can be increased even further, if the plasmonic system is tuned to a point where both the excitation and the SHG wavelength correspond to a linear resonance of the nanoparticle.