Sexual violence against women in the time of conflict is a problem that appeared in many cases during wartime. Despite that it is a common problem, media and especially Western media through its coverage of war and rape during war did not give this concept its focus but rather researcher argued that media focus’s in its coverage on its ideology and agendas. In this study, which focus on media coverage during ISIS war in Iraq and Syria, critical discourse analysis was carried out on Western media and Arab media in order to understand media representation for Yazidi women who been subject to sexual violence and the potential outcomes for their representation. The results of the analysis showed that Western media represented Yazidi women as victims, on the other hand Arab media represented them as survivors, Western media portray put Yazidi women in the box of being the “other”, while both Western and Arab media had specific ideologies in their coverage, Western media with a political agenda and Arab media in justifying Islam from ISIS actions. In both cases media did not took sexual violence against Yazidi women in the wartime rape discourse.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse.</p><p>The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau & Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above.</p><p>The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life.</p><p>The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer.</p><p>Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau & Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan.</p><p>Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former.</p><p>Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse. The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau &amp; Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above. The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life. The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse. / Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer. Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau &amp; Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan. Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former. Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.

Orientador: Suzy Maria Lagazzi-Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarisaGanancaTeixeirada_D.pdf: 959288 bytes, checksum: ee2f4a88829d2468d75ab38034a6c786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese, busco compreender os modos de funcionamento da língua portuguesa, da língua brasileira e do internetês no espaço digital. O corpus do trabalho é composto de formulações de "donos" e "participantes" de comunidades do sítio de relacionamento orkut, que têm a questão da língua como foco central. Como dispositivo teórico-analítico, tomo a Análise do Discurso - AD - formulada por Michel Pêcheux, na França, e por Eni Orlandi, no Brasil. A História das Idéias Lingüísticas - HIL - a partir das pesquisas de Sylvain Auroux a respeito do desenvolvimento do saber metalingüístico, e de Eni Orlandi sobre a constituição da língua portuguesa no Brasil, também sustentam minha reflexão nesta tese, no sentido de compreender os processos de identificação do sujeito com a língua no espaço digital. A análise das formulações permitiu entrever a relação dos sujeitos com as línguas portuguesa e brasileira, em processos de identificação que remetem à língua institucionalizada, à imagem de língua portuguesa do Brasil que apresenta uma relação forte com a oralidade. O percurso da análise também deixou entrever a identificação do sujeito com o internetês, pela língua nacional do Brasil. As formulações que compreendem o internetês como uma variedade da língua, a presença da acentuação na grafia do internetês e a relação forte com a oralidade da língua são alguns lugares onde pude compreender essa relação. A análise das formulações sobre o internetês também permitiu observar um processo de identificação do sujeito com a língua materna. A brincadeira, na grafia do internetês junto à escrita do português, na proposta de uma das comunidades para a elaboração de um dicionário internetês/ português, na tradução de uma música e uma poesia para o internetês, na grafia do internetês que se aproxima da oralidade, são alguns lugares onde se materializa essa identificação. Sobretudo, a análise deixou entrever, nos gestos de identificação dos sujeitos com as línguas e linguagens em circulação no ambiente digital, regiões de deslizes de sentidos. Este trabalho foi então importante para compreender esses espaços como lugares onde o real da língua mostra, na possibilidade de seus deslizes, a sua constitutividade poética. / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Lingua Materna / Doutor em Linguística

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalva de Souza Lobo.pdf: 882283 bytes, checksum: e62ae28d69f236882d2f9b95a4721bed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-31 / In the tessitura of a speech one observes that several elements are of high relevance once they aid in a character's construction. In the work Grande Sertão: Veredas (Great Hinterland: Paths), by João Guimarães Rosa, the Diadorim's character's construction was privileged, starting from his/her double-gender speech seeking to work the literary carnivalesque which it is the central theme of this research. The theoretical basis for this study was anchored in the concept of carnivalesque by Mikhail Bakhtin, which treats about the ambiguous relationships held in the space of the carnival: these relationships that, referring to the character, broke the paradigms of the ruffian society, congregating the differences and consecrating the discursive polyphony. Other factors that orientated the construction of Diadorim embraced the postulates of rhizomes and of folds, both relevant for the constitution of the social and sexual identity for they corroborate the dual speech that rose to the multiplicity, having in ruffian society the ritual factor of the rhizomatic carnavalesque evidenced in the speech. The methodological process based then on the analysis of a speech originally ambiguous in whose language was observed that the subversion was the condition that made possible the dilution of the gender, producing a rhizome, in other words, a cartography in form of polyphonic voice disseminated among the paths of the Great Hinterland from which Diadorim was exponent factor. / Na tessitura de um discurso, observa-se que elementos diversos são de suma relevância, uma vez que auxiliam no construto de uma personagem. Na obra Grande Sertão: Veredas, de João Guimarães Rosa, privilegiou-se a construção da personagem Diadorim, a partir de seu discurso de duplo-gênero, visando trabalhar a carnavalização literária, tema central desta pesquisa. A fundamentação teórica para o estudo ancorou-se no conceito de carnavalização de Bakhtin, que trata das relações ambíguas travadas no espaço do entrudo, relações estas que, em se tratando da personagem, romperam os paradigmas da sociedade jagunça, congregando as diferenças e consagrando a polifonia discursiva. Outros fatores que nortearam o construto de Diadorim abarcam os postulados de rizomas e de dobras, ambos relevantes para a constituição da identidade social e sexual da personagem, por corroborarem o discurso dual que se elevou à multiplicidade, tendo na jagunçagem o fator ritualizante da carnavalização rizomática evidenciada no discurso. O processo metodológico baseou-se, então, na análise de um discurso originalmente ambíguo, em cuja linguagem observou-se que a subversão foi a condição que possibilitou a diluição do gênero, produzindo uma rizomatização, ou seja, uma cartografia em forma de voz polifônica disseminada entre as veredas do Grande Sertão, do qual Diadorim foi fator expoente.