Using data from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, the relationship between socioeconomic status and residential distribution was examined for the black population in four Virginia cities, Lynchburg, Roanoke, Norfolk, and Richmond. Three indexes were employed to measure degrees of segregation at the census tract level. These indexes were, dissimilarity, interaction, and isolation. The dissimilarity index is a measure of the evenness of residential distribution of minority members. The interaction index is a measure of the probability of minority residential contact with majority members. The isolation index is a measure of the probability of residential isolation of minority members. Census tracts were classified according to the extent of racial changes that took place in these tracts. Socioeconomic status of black residents was measured over two dimensions: education and income. The association between minority socioeconomic achievement and degrees of segregation was estimated with multiple regression. A majority of the regression results supported the human ecology theory that minority spatial assimilation is an outcome of socioeconomic achievements. Findings also suggested that the relationship between minority socioeconomic status and degrees of segregation did not vary in strength in the hierarchical pattern predicted by previous human ecology studies of segregation. The findings provide a minor departure from the traditional theory of human ecology. The regression models estimating the effects of socioeconomic variables on residential dissimilarity and residential isolation showed statistical significance. The regression models estimating the effects of socioeconomic variables on residential contact did not show statistical significance. This might suggest that present measures of residential segregation and socioeconomic status need to improved. / Master of Science

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has a long history of divided towns and cities. The grave inefficiencies and inequalities that developed between the racial communities during these periods must now be redressed in post-apartheid South Africa by integrating and unifying the physical and social structures of the country's urban settlements. In spite of the positive general trends in race relations and attitudes towards residential integration, South African towns and cities generally remain hyper-segregated. This could be an indication that White attitudes pertain only to the principles of integration, but that they do not actually want to live in integrated neighbourhoods themselves. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of racial preference in the dismantling or continuation of segregation in the South African town of Vredenburg during the postapartheid era. This is done by determining the influence that the population group composition of a neighbourhood has on the desirability of living in that neighbourhood when accounting for varying levels of crime and neighbourhood deterioration. A factorial survey questionnaire was used to gather the data, which were then analysed by way of multiple regression analyses. The results of the analyses indicate that the sampled residents of Vredenburg are generally not influenced by the population group composition of the neighbourhood. However, the more unsafe the neighbourhood, the more litter that is strewn about, the lower the housing quality and the more unfriendly the neighbours, the less respondents liked the neighbourhood. The results also indicate that members of the upper socio-economic class are more critical of their neighbourhoods and tend to evaluate them according to stricter criteria than the lower socio-economic classes do. The findings suggest that the racial composition of a neighbourhood per se does not significantly affect the attitudes of Vredenburg's residents towards a neighbourhood. Rather, high levels of crime and residential environmental deterioration are the factors that strongly affect both White and non-White people's views of a neighbourhood. Higher levels of crime and environmental deterioration are commonly associated with the lower socio-economic class. In the case of Vredenburg, vast socio-economic differences exist between the White and non- White residents of the town. These differences are not likely to change considerably in the short term. The continuation of these class differences will most likely be the cause of continued segregation in Vredenburg. Keywords: Apartheid city, Centralisation, Concentration, Evenness, Exposure, Factorial survey, Hyper-segregation, Integration, Multiple regression analysis, Neighbourhood characteristics, Racial preference, Segregation, Segregation indices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika het 'n lang geskiedenis van verdeeelde stedelike gebiede. Die erge ongelykhede en oneffektiewe strukture wat tussen die verskillende rassegroepe binne die stedelike gebiede ontstaan het, moet reggestel word in die post-apartheid era. Dit moet gedoen word deur die verdeelde fisiese en sosiale strukture van Suid-Afrika se stedelike gebiede te integreer. Ondanks die algemene positiewe neiging in rasseverhoudings en houdings teenoor residensiële integrasie, bly Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede steeds hiper-gesegregeerd. Dit kan 'n teken daarvan wees dat Blankes se ingesteldheid slegs positief is teenoor die beginsel van integrasie maar dat hulle nie self in geïntegreerde woonbuurte wil bly nie. Die doel van die studie is om die invloed van rassevoorkeur te bepaal in die aftakeling of voortsetting van segregasie in Vredenburg, Suid-Afrika, gedurende die post-apartheidsera. Dit word gedoen deur die invloed van bevolkingsgroepsamestelling op die begeerte om in daardie buurt te woon te bepaal, in ag genome die invloed van verskillende vlakke van misdaad en omgewingsverval binne daardie woonbuurt. 'n Faktoriale opnamevraelys is gebruik om data in te samel. Die data is daarna ontleed deur middel van veelvuldige regressie-analises. Die resultate van die analises toon dat die inwoners van Vredenburg, wie aan die steekproef deelgeneem het, in die algemeen nie beïnvloed is deur die bevolkingsgroepsamestelling van 'n woonbuurt nie. Daarteenoor het die deelnemers minder gehou van woonbuurte wat meer onveilig is, waarin meer rommel gestrooi is, waarvan die behuisingskwaliteit laer en die bure meer onvriendelik is. Die resultate toon ook dat lede van die hoë sosio-ekonomiese klas meer krities is oor woonbuurte en geneig is om dié areas volgens strenger kriteria te evalueer as die laer sosio-ekonomiese groepe. Die bevindings dui aan dat die rassesamestelling van 'n woonbuurt per se me die ingesteldheid van die dorp se inwoners beduidend beïnvloed nie. Dit is eerder hoë vlakke van misdaad en residensiële omgewingsverval wat beide Bruin en Blanke inwoners se opvattinge oor 'n buurt beduidend beïnvloed. Hoër vlakke van misdaad en omgewingsverval word gewoonlik met die laer SOSIOekonomiese klas geassosieer. In Vredenburg se geval bestaan daar groot sosio-ekonomiese verskille tussen die Blanke en nie-Blanke inwoners van die dorp. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat hierdie verskille in die korttermyn beduidend sal verander. Voortgesette klasverskille sal waarskynlik die oorsaak wees van volgehoue segregasie in Vredenburg. Trefwoorde: Apartheidstad, Blootstelling, Egaligheid, Faktoriale opname, Hiper-segregasie, Integrasie, Konsentrasie, Meervoudige regressie-analise, Rassevoorkeur, Segregasie, Segregasie- indekse, Sentralisasie, Woonbuurtkaraktereienskappe.

This study investigates black-white status inequality as an explication of central city residential segregation interregionally in 1960 and 1970. Using the popular index of dissimilarity (delta) to quantify educational, occupational and income inequality, it was found that the South was more unequal than the North, but much less so in 1970. Moreover, the level of Southern inequality was more the product of white advantage and the level of Northern inequality results more from significant black disadvantage than is commonly thought. While inequality in both the North and South varies greatly among cities, the sources of inequality were not stable over time nor across regions, as status dissimilarity was more a high status event in the North and in 1970. Since delta, as a nominal measure, is insensitive to such divergent sources of inequality, it was discounted for comparative research. Gini, an ordinal statistic, was also found inadequate in detecting these changes in what status inequality means. Therefore, a interval/ratio index, tridelta, was constructed for accurate interregional and cross time contrasts of status inequality. Furthermore, it was shown that delta measures racial differences as inequality, gini detects degrees of absolute deprivation and tridelta is a quantification of relative deprivation. Using status to explain residential segregation since 1940, showed that status is a weak, but increasingly important, determinant of the nation's cities' levels of segregation. Surprisingly, the North showed less status influence on segregation and closer congruence to 1940 and 1950 levels of segregation than did the South in 1960 and 1970, despite index employed. Occupational dissimilarity, not deprivation, was important in explaining segregation. In contrast, educational and to a lesser extent, income deprivation (relative in the South and absolute in the North) was important, although in the North, education's effect was unexplainedly inverse. Since the South was found to have a more egalitarian housing market, it was suggested that perhaps black status gains have been more visible in the South and that "the American dilemma" may be more salient there. Whatever, the South approaches parity with the North.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Orientador: José Marcos Pinto da Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T09:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alonso_RaquelMariadeLima_M.pdf: 1685286 bytes, checksum: ace7225b64b1bf26e2ab31495f0e1f45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Lugar de residência e inserção laboral se articula de forma bidirecional. De um lado, sabendo-nos em uma sociedade de mercado, vem a nós, com facilidade, a constatação de que as possibilidades de moradia estão atreladas ao desempenho no mercado de trabalho. De outro, pode-se pensar que o lugar de residência, com suas características físicas e sociais, têm influência no desempenho, posição e até mesmo nas aspirações visíveis e acessíveis no mundo do trabalho. Esta dissertação procura discutir, principalmente, a segunda parte dessa articulação. O objetivo principal foi, através da comparação entre distintas áreas da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), mostrar as diferenças (e similaridades) na inserção laboral dos residentes e contribuir para a reflexão das formas como essas situações se produzem. Especial atenção foi destinada às áreas que abrigam população com baixos atributos socioeconômicos. Foram utilizadas duas fontes de dados: a pesquisa domiciliar do "Projeto Vulnerabilidade" (Nepo/Unicamp), que levantou informações representativas para a RMC e desagregáveis por quatro estratos socioespaciais (as chamadas Zonas de Vulnerabilidade) - definidos segundo atributos da população residente e do local de moradia; e também uma pesquisa de campo própria, de desenho qualitativo, empreendida em duas áreas de baixos atributos socioeconômicos da região, mas com distintas situações em termos do seu entorno imediato - em uma delas o entorno tem baixos atributos socioeconômicos e na outros altos atributos. Sendo assim, na pesquisa de desenho qualitativo, as áreas escolhidas vivenciam, respectivamente, uma situação de homogenia e uma situação de heterogenia, de tipo enclave. Portanto, sem esquecer que a própria inserção laboral determina a residência, a contribuição deste texto está em refletir sobre os mecanismos através dos quais o lugar de residência se articula de forma ativa com essa inserção / Abstract: Residency location and labor insertion are interconnected. In one way, in our market society, the possibilities of place of residency are largely determineted by our performance at labor market. In another way, we can propose that the place of residency, with his physics and social features, has influences at performance, position, and even at visible and really accessible aspirations at labor world. This dissertation tries to discuss, mainly, this second way of interconnection. The main objective is, through comparisons among some areas in Greater Metropolitan area of Campinas (GMC), to show the differences (and similarities) at labor insertion of the residents and to contribute to the discussion about the ways how those situations are produced. Special attention was given to areas where is found a low socioeconomic status population. Two sources of information's were used: a survey of "Vulnerability Project" (Nepo/Unicamp), which has representative information's about GMC and about four sociospatial divisions (the Vulnerabities Zones, VZs), being the later defined according to features of resident population and of the physical residence location; and also, it was used a qualitative research, done at two areas where lives people under low socioeconomic status, but with a different condition of social composition of the immediate around - in one area, the immediate around has a population with low socioeconomic status, while in the other, it is observed a high socioeconomic status population. Therefore, in the qualitative research, the chosen areas are, respectively, homogeneous and heterogeneous. In short, not forgetting that the labor insertion determines the place of residency, the contribution of this text is thinking about the mechanisms through which the place is actively interconnected with the insertion / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestra em Demografia

Changes in the patterns of income and residential segregation were examined in the Portland Metropolitan Area. The 1970 and 1980 Census of Population and Housing were used in calculating the indexes of dissimilarity between black and white populations. The data indicated a significant decrease in the residential segregation of blacks in suburban areas between 1970 and 1980. The central city area still remained highly segregated with a segregation index of 69.5. Taeuber's index of dissimilarity was used in calculating the unevenness in the distribution of income between blacks and whites. Suburbia showed a significant decrease in income segregation compared to the central city area. Overall, both residential and income segregation were dropping at a much faster rate in the suburban areas than the central city areas. To examine the effects of socio-economic status on residential segregation, a sample of 138 blacks was drawn from the population of higher status blacks in the city of Portland. Residential choices of the influential blacks were examined to determine whether or not their influential status was accompanied by a tendency toward greater integration as opposed to greater segregation. The 1980 Census Tract Street Index was used in this analysis. The data show that despite the improvement in socio-economic status, a majority of these blacks still lived in the "ghetto" area (59%) and only 14% lived in suburbia. Therefore, the data show no significant relationship between the gains in the status and the tendency toward more integration. This tendency bears directly upon the issue of voluntary segregation. The data shows strong support for hypothesis two holding that change in income inequality results in change in residential segregation. That is, if we reduce the income differentials between black and white populations, racial residential segregation will be minimized.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

This research presents an overview of ethnic residential segregation in London, England, from 2001 to 2011 using four different methods of measurement. The purpose of the study was to both examine changes in the level of segregation among different ethnic groups between census dates and to compare various methods of measurement. Using the Index of Dissimilarity, Poulsen et al.'s (2001) typology classification and two different local statistics (Getis-Ord G* and Anselin Local Moran's I), the levels of concentration of the five main ethnic minority groups in London were measured for data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. The five ethnic minority groups studied were: Black African, Black Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi. Of the five populations analyzed, only the Black Caribbean population showed any decrease in its overall level of segregation, while the other four all saw slight increases in segregation over the period. After comparing the four methods used, it was determined that while all offer a different perspective on the segregation of groups across space, the Anselin Local Moran's I statistic provides the most detailed result of variation in concentration across space.

Orientador: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_CristianoSilvada_D.pdf: 7077234 bytes, checksum: 03f4553b51d3e67897a0e2a5ea5976aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese foi contribuir na compreensão da produção do espaço urbano de Campinas, considerando os programas de regularização fundiária urbana no município, em especial no período de 1980 a 2010. O período escolhido compreende anos de crise econômica, de políticas neoliberais sucedidas por período recente de maior intervenção governamental no país, com algumas políticas voltadas ao atendimento de demandas históricas por parte das classes sociais mais vulneráveis. Na Vila Brandina, uma das mais antigas favelas de Campinas, realizamos um censo comunitário que serviu de base para os estudos da regularização fundiária na escala do lugar. A Vila Brandina apresenta um histórico de luta pelo direito à moradia, sendo uma das mais antigas ocupações do município. Ela é uma comunidade localizada em uma área que se valorizou sobremaneira na cidade de Campinas, mas é marcada por carências de alguns serviços e equipamentos públicos. O estudo apontou para a ineficácia das ações de regularização fundiária que se resumiram a ações pontuais e promessas não cumpridas pelo poder público. A partir das experiências selecionadas, a nossa tese é de que as políticas de regularização fundiária não tem sido capazes de garantir a efetivação do direito à moradia e o combate à segregação sócio-espacial. Para tanto fizemos o levantamento e a análise da legislação e dos instrumentos relacionados à questão e constatamos que, embora haja uma grande diversidade de projetos, programas e ações, esse conjunto não está sendo suficiente para garantir o pleno direito à moradia adequada das famílias moradoras de áreas irregulares e nem seu direito à cidade / Abstract: The purpose of this thesis was contribute in the understanding of urban space production of Campinas, considering the urban land regularization programs in the city, particularly in the period 1980 to 2010. The selected period comprises years of economic crisis, of neoliberal policies succeeded by recent period of greater government intervention in the country, with some policies aimed at meeting demands by the most vulnerable classes. In Vila Brandina, one of the oldest slums of Campinas, we conducted a community census, which was the basis for studies of land regularization in the scale of the place. The Village Brandina, one of the earliest occupations of the city, presents a history of struggle for housing rights. It is a community located in an area that has valued greatly in the city of Campinas, but is marked by shortages of some services and public facilities. The study pointed to the ineffectiveness of the actions of regularization, which were summarized by isolated actions, and unfulfilled promises, of the governments. From the experiences selected, our thesis is that the politics of land tenure has not been able to ensure the realization of housing rights and combat social and spatial segregation. To do so we did a survey and analysis of legislation and instruments related to the issue and we found that, although there are a wide variety of projects, programs and actions, this set is not sufficient to guarantee the full right to adequate housing of families living in areas irregular and his right to the city / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Geografia