Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is an important horticultural crop worldwide and in the Western Cape. The income generated from apple and other deciduous fruit production amounts to approximately 25% of the gross total value of horticultural production in the Western Cape. Unfortunately diseases and pests adversely affect fruit production in this region. Woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum L. (Hausmann» have a significant effect on the apple industry in the Western Cape. Damage caused is two-fold, occurring aerially and terrestrially. Insects colonise the plants, feeding off the phloem sap. Aphid infestation around the root system results in repeated infestation of the foliage as it serves as a reservoir of aphids. In extreme cases, the apple cores are also infested, thus affecting the sale of apples. In 1962, Northern Spy was identified as a woolly apple aphid resistant rootstock and has since then formed the basis for traditional rootstock breeding programmes. The Er1 gene in Northern Spy confers resistance. According to one report, the natural resistance of Northern Spy was overcome in South Africa in 1968, but this was not confirmed in an independent study. The main objectives of this study was to firstly identify molecular markers more closely linked to the woolly apple aphid resistance gene, Er1, than existing markers, by applying AFLP technology to selected seedlings, identified to be resistant by conventional phenotyping. If identified, these markers can be incorporated into existing breeding programmes. Secondly, previously identified RAPD and SCAR markers were tested to determine their applicability in local populations for use in breeding programmes. Ultimately the segregation of the Er1 gene in South African populations can be determined if tightly linked markers are identified. Three families were derived from crosses of each of three resistant genotypes, namely Northern Spy, Rootstock 5 and Russian Seedling and a susceptible cultivar, Braeburn. For the three successive years of the study, each resistant genotype was allowed to cross-pollinate in isolation with the susceptible parent. Two hand-pollinated families, Russian Seedling x Liberty and Russian Seedling x Northern Spy, were also included in the study. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was used in an attempt to identify markers in the resistant and susceptible seedlings. No markers were identified using this technique. Known sequence characterised amplified regions (SCAR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used due to their suitability in marker-assisted selection for woolly apple aphid resistance. Varying results were obtained with these markers and no conclusive information was acquired with regard to the segregation of the Er] gene in any of these rootstocks and crosses. This underlines the need for the development of markers that can readily be applied in local breeding programmes. The identification and integration of such markers will greatly benefit the local and world wide apple industries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Appels (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is wêreldwyd en in die Wes-Kaap 'n belangrike landbougewas. Inkomste gegenereer deur appels en ander sagtevrugte vorm bykans 25% van die bruto inkomste uit vrugte in die Wes-Kaap. Siektes en insekpeste verlaag egter die produksie van vrugte in hierdie streek. Appelbloedluise (Eriosoma lanigerum L. (Hausmann» het 'n groot invloed op appelproduksie in die Wes-Kaap. Skade word bogronds en ondergronds aangerig. Insekte koloniseer die plant en leef op floeëmsap. Besmetting van die wortels lei tot herhaalde besmetting van bogrondse dele aangesien die insekte aanteelop die wortels. In uiterste gevalle word die vrugte geaffekteer, wat vrug-verkope beïnvloed. 'Northern Spy' is in 1962 geïdentifiseer as 'n onderstam met natuurlike weerstand teen appelbloedluis en het vir lank die basis gevorm vir tradisionele telingsprogramme. Weerstand word verleen deur die Erf geen. Volgens een verslag is die natuurlike weerstand van Northern Spy egter in 1968 in Suid-Afrika oorkom, maar dit is nog nie in 'n onafhanklike studie bevestig word nie. Die hoof doelstellings van hierdie studie was om eerstens deur middel van die AFLP tegniek molekulêre merkers te identifiseer wat nouer gekoppel is aan die appelbloedluis weerstandsgeen, En, as bestaande merkers. Hierdie tegniek is toegepas op saailinge wat deur konvensionele fenotipering geselekteer is. Indien merkers suksesvol geïdentifiseer is, kan dit in bestaande telingsprogramme geïntegreer word. Tweedens is bestaande RAPD en SCAR merkers ook getoets om hul toepaslikheid te bepaal vir gebruik in plaaslike teelprogramme. Oplaas sal die segregasie van die Erf geen in Suid- Afrikaanse populasies ook deur middel van nou gekoppelde merkers bepaal kan word. Kruisings van elk van die drie weerstandbiedende genotipes, naamlik 'Northern Spy', 'Rootstock 5' en 'Russian Seedling', en die vatbare kultivar, 'Braeburn' , het drie families daargestel. Elke weerstandbiedende genotipe is toegelaat om in isolasie te kruisbestuif met die vatbare ouer. Twee hand-bestuifde families, 'Russian Seedling' x 'Liberty' en 'Russian Seedling' x 'Northern Spy', is in 'n latere stadium van die studie ingesluit. Die AFLP tegniek is gebruik vir die identifikasie van polimorfiese merkers tussen vatbare en weerstandbiedende populasies. Geen merkers is egter geïdentifiseer nie. Bestaande SCAR en RAPD merkers is vervolgens gebruik om te bepaal of hulle geskik is vir gebruik in merker-bemiddelde seleksie vir appelbloedluis weerstand. Wisselende resultate is verkry ten opsigte van amplifikasie, herhaalbaarheid van resultate was swak en geen onweerlegbare bewyse oor die segregasie van die Erfgeen is bekom nie. Dit beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid om merkers wat geredelik in plaaslike teelprogramme toegepas kan word, te ontwikkel. Die identifikasie en integrasie van sulke merkers sal die plaaslike en wêreld-wye appel industrieë aansienlik bevoordeel.

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The occurrence of both pre- and postharvest leaf blackening in certain Protea species and cultivars is a problem that severely limits their marketability, vase life and transport options. This research focuses on : (I) The distribution of carbohydrates in inflorescence bearing stems of certain Protea cultivars from harvest, following pulsing with a 10 g.L-1 glucose solution until four weeks postharvest. Stems were held under a variety of postharvest conditions, and (II) The suppression of Protea postharvest leaf blackening with specific focus on the cultivar ‘Sylvia’ (P. eximia x P. susannae).

Four trap crops were tested for their ability to intercept stinkbugs (Heteroptera pentatomidae) in a cucurbit field crop at Waterpoort, Limpopo Province. The experimental trap crops were: Sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea), okra (Abelmoschus esculentum), mustard mixture (Brassica hirta and Brassica juncea) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The surveys were based on visual counts of stinkbugs from all the trap crops. Stinkbugs were collected from trap crops in a field crop trial of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo). The correlation between Brassica hirta and Brassica juncea with other trap crops had a great variance. The repeated B. hirta and B. juncea inner row experiment in 2012 interestingly lured the green stinkbug (Nezara viridula) into the cantaloupe field. Amongst the entire trap crops, stinkbugs recovered from Brassica hirta and Bassica juncea, exceeded the average of the other three trap crops. The number of adult N. viridula captured had significantly increased in March 2012 and started to drop on the B. hirta and B. juncea mixture in the first week of April. During this increase, the crops were at the seeding stage. The perimeter trap-cropping system practiced for all four trap crops varied in the attraction of stinkbugs along the perimeter of the field and inner row. B. hirta and B. juncea attracted a high number of N. viridula along the perimeter but fewer in the inner row. The B. hirta and B. juncea recorded the highest number of N. viridula in the inner rows and outer rows, compared to the other four trap crops, followed by V. ungiuculata. This study has demonstrated a significant potential of using trap crops as biological alternative for managing stinkbug pests in cucurbit crops. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Mozambique has potential to boost its banana exports. To fully realise this, agronomic practices in production should be fully developed to combat physiological disorders associated with banana within the region. Currently, lower temperatures are being experienced in some production sites, consequently affecting yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate use of bunch protection covers on banana cultivars Grand Nain and Williams banana cultivars, for performance under different fruit protection materials to determine best fruit protection bag suitable for Metocheria, Nampula. Plants were not selected near plantation borders, drainage canals, cable way and roads, as this would influence the growth pattern of plants and fruit development. Treatments consisted of control (no bag on bunches), white perforated polyethylene, white non-perforated polyethylene, blue perforated polyethylene, blue non perforated polyethylene, green perforated polyethylene, green polyethylene non perforated and cheese cloth bags arranged in a complete randomised block designed CRBD with 26 plants replicated eight times. During 2012/2013, bagging treatments did not considerably improve weight in hands, banana finger weight, total fruit weight, marketable weight and percentage marketable fruit weight and box stem ratio (BSR) of Grand Nain. However there was reduction of fruit defects in all bagging treatments compared to control (no bags). In Williams during the 2013 season bagging treatments improved weight but no significant differences were observed on weight of hands in 2012. Bagging of banana bunches reduce defects in both seasons. Both green and blue perforated bags improved box stem ratio. Bagging treatments increased Williams‟s cultivar yield (per ton) in both seasons / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:58:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 444192 bytes, checksum: 18a2e1dbf1a51dcd324a86ad55b41f81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / The interstate phytosanitary barriers (fixed and mobile) have an important role in reducing the risk of dissemination of regulated pests and they also contribute to meeting the phytosanitary requirements from importing countries, being part of an important system of traceability and of a national process of vegetable transit control. Therefore a survey of the existing interstate barriers, a technical evaluation and an evaluation of the working conditions is essential for vegetal transit in Brazil, in order to find possible flaws and improve them. This was the main intention of this study which as well as carrying out the geographical and structural survey of the interstate barriers, it evaluated their functional structure using economic and technical criteria. To this end, 22 phytosanitary barriers of ten states and four regions were visited in loco and also evaluated the forms that were sent to all the state defense departments. The results showed that in Brazil there are 310 interstate fixed barriers in 27 units of the federation. The evaluation concerning technical conditions and the functioning of the barriers looked into the items: time of functioning, numbers of civil servants, adequate structure, training, procedure manual and the number of barriers, indicated that they do not meet the needs related to the actions of inspection for which they are intended and that their role of phytosanitary control should be reconsidered. There are States where the barriers were totally deactivated and others where the functioning is precarious, with only bureaucratic action and unable to stop the transit of regulated pests. An analysis of the connection between the contract resources passed through MAPA and the evaluated items at the state barriers showed a low association, indicating that the transfer of funds should also be reconsidered and better planned. In conclusion, it can be said that the interstate phytosanitary barriers do not fulfill their main role of reducing the risk of pest dissemination, by limiting themselves to the verification of Vegetal transit documents. / As Barreiras fitossanitárias interestaduais (fixas e móveis) têm o importante papel de diminuir o risco de disseminação de pragas regulamentadas, além de contribuir para o atendimento dos requisitos fitossanitários dos países importadores, sendo parte importante de um sistema de rastreabilidade e de um processo nacional de controle do trânsito de vegetais. Portanto, torna-se imprescindível para o trânsito vegetal no Brasil, um levantamento das barreiras interestaduais existentes e uma avaliação técnica e das condições de funcionamento buscando-se possíveis falhas para o aprimoramento das mesmas. Esse foi o objetivo desse estudo que, além do levantamento geográfico e estrutural das barreiras interestaduais, avaliou a estrutura de funcionamento sob critérios técnicos e econômicos. Para tanto, foram visitadas in loco 22 barreiras fitossanitárias de dez Estados e quatro regiões e avaliados os formulários enviados a todos os órgãos estaduais de defesa. Os resultados mostraram que no Brasil existem 310 barreiras interestaduais fixas, nas 27 unidades da federação. A avaliação das condições técnicas e de funcionamento das barreiras, com relação aos itens: horário de funcionamento; número de servidores, estrutura adequada, treinamento, manual de procedimento e quantidade de barreiras, indicou que as mesmas não atendem as necessidades relativas às ações de fiscalização a que se destinam e que seu papel de controle fitossanitário deve ser repensado. Há Estados em que as barreiras foram totalmente desativadas e outros onde o funcionamento é precário, com atuação somente burocrática e incapaz de barrar o trânsito de pragas regulamentadas. Uma análise da relação entre os recursos de convênio repassados pelo MAPA e os itens avaliados nas barreiras estaduais mostrou uma baixa associação, indicando que o repasse também deve ser repensado e melhor planejado. Como conclusão, pode-se dizer que, as Barreiras interestaduais fitossanitárias, não cumprem o seu papel principal de diminuir o risco de disseminação de pragas, restringindo-se a conferência dos documentos de trânsito Vegetal.

Orientador: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Renata Moreira Leal / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Banca: Cristiane Maria Ascari Morgado / Banca: Juliana Sanches / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar produtos alternativos, considerados naturais, como o extrato de própolis verde e óleos essenciais, no controle pós-colheita da antracnose em mangas 'Palmer'. Foram extraídos dez óleos essenciais de plantas e avaliados, inicialmente, quanto ao potencial antifúngico contra o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Dentre os óleos testados, os de Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus globulus foram selecionados pelos seus destacados efeitos inibitórios. Na etapa in vitro foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram testadas concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos óleos, utilizando seis repetições por tratamento. Na etapa in vivo, foram realizados quatro experimentos em que mangas 'Palmer, foram imersas em cera associada a diferentes concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos três óleos essenciais selecionados na etapa anterior. Após a secagem e formação dos revestimentos, os frutos tratados com própolis foram armazenados 12 ºC por 12 dias e mais 3 dias em temperatura de ambiente (22± 2 ºC e 65± 5% UR), e os tratados com óleos essenciais por 14 dias sob refrigeração, e por mais 3 dias a temperatura de ambiente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito dos tratamentos, quando significativo, por meio do Teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O própolis verde a partir de 2%, o óleo de capim-limão a partir de 250 ppm e o de tomilho a partir de 10 ppm, se mostraram e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate alternative products, considered natural such as green propolis extract and essential oils, in the post-harvest control of anthracnose in 'Palmer' mangos. Ten essential oils from plants were extracted and evaluated, initially, for their potential as antifungal agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Among the oils tested, the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were selected for their outstanding inhibitory effects. In the in vitro stage four experiments were conducted, in which green propolis extract and oil concentrations were tested using six replicates per treatment. In the in vivo phase, four experiments were performed in which 'Palmer' mangos were dipped in wax associated with different concentrations of green propolis extract and the three essential oils selected in the previous step. After the drying process and formation of coatings, the fruits treated with propolis were stored at 12°C for 12 days and then another 3 days at room temperature (22 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH), and those treated with essential oils were stored for 14 days under refrigeration and for 3 days at room temperature. The results were subjected to variance analysis and a review of the effect of treatments, when significant, by test F. Means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The green propolis from 2%, lemongrass oil from 250 ppm and thyme from 10 ppm were effective in controlling the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Comm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Sphaeropsis sapinea and Diaporthe ambigua are important pathogens of forest and orchard tree species, respectively. Some isolates of S. sapinea are co-infected with two dsRNA viruses, SsRVl and SsRV2. Isolates of D. perjuncta (formerly thought to be D. ambigua) are infected with a positive-stranded RNA virus known as DaRV. While S. sapinea is. infected with a heterogeneous mixture of dsRNA elements of different sizes, D. perjuncta is infected with a single virus. This presents excellent opportunity for biocontrol of Diaporthe. The aim of this study was to assess these three viruses for possible application as biological control agents of S. sapinea and D. ambigua. This was' done by transfecting these with in vitro-produced RNA from the cloned viral genomes and assessing the pathogenicity of the transfected isolates on apples and apple trees. Attempts to transfect S. sapinea spheroplasts with SsRVl and SsRV2 failed. Co¬transfection of S. sapinea spheroplasts with both viruses also failed. Three isolates of D. ambigua and a single isolate of a Phomopsis sp. were successfully transfected with DaRV. Attempts to transfect the same fungi with a mutant of DaRV, bearing six codons for histidine immediately downsteam of an AUG thought to be a start codon for the translation of ORFl, failed. DaRV was originally thought to be isolated from D. ambigua. The fungal isolates transfected with DaRV were thought to be D. ambigua. The transfectants did not resemble the naturally-infected isolate. The ITS regions from the ribosomal DNA operon of these isolates were amplified using ITS 1 and ITS4 primer pair. The blast search revealed that the ITS sequence of the naturally-infected isolates are identical to D. perjuncta. One virus-free isolate was identified as a Phomopsis sp. while three other virus-free isolates were identified as D. ambigua. A PCR-based RFLP was developed to differentiate the naturally-infected D. perjuncta isolates from the virus¬free Phomopsis sp. and D. ambigua isolates. In the growth and pathogenicity studies, a DaRV-transfected, wild-type and negative control isolate of one Phomopsis and three D. ambigua isolates, were used. The DaR V -transfected Phomopsis sp. had a higher growth rate than the wild-type isolate. This DaRV-transfected Phomopsis sp. was more virulent on apples than the wild-type isolate. The wild-type isolate was slightly more virulent than the DaR V -transfected Phomopsis sp. on apple trees. There were no significant differences in growth rates between the DaRV-transfected and wild-type isolates of D. ambigua CMW5587 and D. ambigua CMW5287. There were no significant differences in virulence on apples between the DaRV-transfected and wild-type isolates of these fungi. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5287 was more virulent than the wild-type isolate on apple trees. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5587 had the same virulence as the wild-type isolate on both apples and apple trees. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5288 had a slower growth rate than the wild-type isolate. There were no significant differences in virulence on apples between these isolates. The wild-type isolate of this isolate was significantly more virulent on apple trees than the DaRV-infected isolate. Although transfection was successfully done, the effects of DaRV on the Phomopsis sp. and D. ambigua isolates are not conclusive. In order to obtain conclusive results, virus-free isolates of D. perjuncta must be transfected. During the course of this study, there were no available virus-free isolates of this fungus. / Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Genetics / Unrestricted

In Bolivia, tomato acreage is 6717 and has a yield of 12005 kg/ha and the total production is 80,636 TM. Departments that harvest tomato are Santa Cruz, Cochabamba and La Paz, Santa Cruz being the department that shows the highest rates of production with 40653 TM in comparison with La Paz which has a production of 3109 TM and Cochabamba of 2420 TM. The principle factors in affect are, the best climatic conditions in Santa Cruz, while Cochabamba and La Paz have differences in seasonal changes (National Institute of Statistics, 1998). The importance of the tomato harvest lies in consumption preference, for the nutritional properties, as they provide a rich source of Vitamins A and C, principally for its qualities of high productivity in terms of yield per area, being a factor of great importance in the economy of the farmer. The repeated production of tomato in the same area or locality tends to create problems phytopathologicals caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses, that at times become difficult to handle, thus becoming serious limiting factors that are able to seriously affect the yields, as such the investigation of sickness control is of extreme importance. The community of Carmen Pampa belonging to the municipality of Coroico, Nor Yungas, constituting a suitable area for the cultivation of tomato, but the attack of diseases caused by fungi, principally Phytophtora infestans, with an incidence of rate of 98%, which is increased by high temperature, humidity, precipitation and fog, all of which favor the spread of this fungus. For this reason farmers are forced to use chemical products that cause problems of resistance of the causal agent of the illnesses. The FAO (1992) estimates 3 million poisonings annually at a global level of farmers and families as a result of chemicals, which cause in turn a residual effect, environmental pollution and creates and additional cost in production. In the investigation of intoxication by agrochemicals in Bolivia, in a population of 870 persons studied mentioned that, 88% are unaware of the risks associated with the use and management of using them; the cases of poisonings are more frequent in tropical plains with 46%, the valleys with 26%, the inter-Andean valleys with 14% and the high plains with 12%, without mentioning those of suicide origin. For this reason, the object of the present investigation is to try to control the late blight disease (Phytophtora infestans) in the cultivation of the tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum), with biocides, to eliminate or diminish the use of agrochemical products.

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the most important foliar disease of rooibos seedlings. Although the disease is primarily controlled with applications of fungicides, the improvement of cultural methods of disease management should lessen this dependence on chemical control. Such improvements would, however, not be possible without knowledge of the inoculum sources and dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the inoculum ecology of B. cinerea in rooibos nurseries in order to identify primary sources of inoculum and to improve the environmentally friendly management of the disease. The study was conducted in four nurseries over two production seasons (March to July 2003 and 2004). Levels of airborne inoculum of B. cinerea were monitored on a monthly basis inside and around the nurseries with spore traps. Samples of plant material and organic debris were taken in the corresponding areas to determine the incidence of plant material infected by the pathogen and the incidences of grey mould in the nurseries were recorded. Low numbers of B. cinerea colonies were observed on the spore traps. Similar levels of airborne inoculum were observed inside and around the nurseries. The incidence of plant material yielding B. cinerea was higher outside the nurseries than inside, indicating the importance of such materials as potential sources of inoculum. Since patterns of airborne inoculum observed in this study confirmed reports of the local dispersal of B. cinerea, the removal of possible hosts outside the nurseries could aid in the management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries. Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides is a genetically stable trait in B. cinerea, and therefore has the potential to be used as a phenotypic marker. This marker can be used to gain knowledge on the dispersal of B. cinerea inoculum inside and outside rooibos nurseries. Isolates of B. cinerea collected from the air and from plant material in and around four rooibos nurseries were assessed for resistance to iprodione at 1 and 3 μg/ml a.i. Some of the isolates showed resistance to iprodione at 1 μg/ml a.i. However, none of the isolates showed resistance at 3 μg/ml a.i. iprodione. The initial incidence of dicarboximide-resistance at the nurseries was slightly higher than expected. As the season progressed, the incidence of iprodione-resistant isolates decreased towards May, after which an increase was observed towards July. A relatively high percentage of isolates collected outside the nurseries was found to be dicarboximide-resistant. Two of the nurseries had a significant higher incidence of resistant isolates on plant material collected inside, than on plant material collected outside the nursery. However, when looking at resistance levels of airborne isolates, no significant differences were found in the incidence of resistant isolates sampled inside and outside the four nurseries. The data indicated the importance of organic debris and seed-borne infections in the survival and dispersal of dicarboximide-resistant isolates of the pathogen. With the current emphasis on organic agriculture the knowledge gained in this study presents valuable possibilities of improving the cultural management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vaalvrot, veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea, is die belangrikste bo-grondse siekte van rooibossaailinge. Alhoewel die beheer van die siekte hoofsaaklik op die gebruik van fungisiede berus, behoort die verbetering van verbouingspraktyke hierdie afhanklikheid van chemiese beheer te verminder. Sulke verbeteringe sal egter slegs moontlik wees indien voldoende kennis van die inokulumbronne en verspreiding van die patogeen beskikbaar is. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die inokulum ekologie van B. cinerea in rooibos kwekerye te ondersoek sodat primêre inokulumbronne opgespoor en omgewingsvriendelike siektebestuurspraktyke verbeter kan word. Die ondersoek is in vier kwekerye oor twee produksie seisoene (Maart tot Julie 2003 en 2004) uitgevoer. Vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum van B. cinerea is op ’n maandelikse basis met behulp van spoorvangers binne en buite die kwekerye gemonitor. Monsters van plantmateriaal en organiese materiaal is in ooreenstemmende areas geneem om die voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal vas te stel en die voorkoms van vaalvrot in die kwekerye is aangeteken. Min B. cinerea kolonies is op die spoorvangers waargeneem. Soortgelyke vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum is binne en buite die kwekerye waargeneem. Die hoër voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye as binne, dui op die belang van sulke materiaal as potensiële inokulumbronne. Aangesien die patrone van luggedraagde inokulum, soos waargeneem in hierdie ondersoek, ander berigte van B. cinerea se beperkte verspreidingsvermoë bevestig, kan die verwydering van moontlike alternatiewe gashere buite die kwekerye die bestuur van die siekte binne die kwekerye verbeter. Weerstand teen dikarboksimied fungisiede is ’n geneties-stabiele kenmerk in B. cinerea en het daarom potensiaal om as ’n fenotipiese merker gebruik te word. Hierdie merker kan gebruik word om kennis aangaande die verspreiding van B. cinerea in en om rooibos kwekerye in te samel. Botrytis cinerea isolate in lug en op plantmateriaal in en om vier rooibos kwekerye is gedurende 2003 en 2004 versamel. Die isolate is vir weerstandbiedendheid teen iprodioon by konsentrasies van 1 en 3 μg/ml aktiewe bestandeel (a.b.) getoets. Isolate met weerstand teen 1 μg/ml a.b. iprodioon is waargeneem, maar nie teen 3 μg/ml nie. Die aanvanklike voorkoms van dikarboksimiedweerstand by die kwekerye was hoër as verwag. Hierdie vlak het egter gedaal met die verloop van die seisoen tot in Mei, waarna ’n toename tot in Julie waargeneem is. Die persentasie dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate buite die kwekerye was relatief hoog. In twee van die kwekerye was die voorkoms van weerstandbiedende isolate op plantmateriaal in die kwekerye betekenisvol hoër as op plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye. Daar was egter geen betekenisvolle verskille in die voorkoms van luggedraagde weerstandbiedende isolate nie, ongeag van die kwekery of posisie. Die data dui op die belang van organiese materiaal en saadgedraagde infeksies in die oorlewing en verspreiding van dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate van die patogeen. Met die huidige klem op organiese landbou bied die inligting wat in hierdie ondersoek versamel is moontlike praktyke wat geïmplementeer kan word om die beheer van vaalvrot in kwekerye met behulp van verbouingspraktyke te verbeter.