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Unsupervised clustering of audio data for acoustic modelling in automatic speech recognition systemsGoussard, George Willem 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a system that is designed to replace the manual process of
generating a pronunciation dictionary for use in automatic speech recognition.
The proposed system has several stages.
The first stage segments the audio into what will be known as the subword
units, using a frequency domain method. In the second stage, dynamic
time warping is used to determine the similarity between the segments of each
possible pair of these acoustic segments. These similarities are used to cluster
similar acoustic segments into acoustic clusters. The final stage derives a
pronunciation dictionary from the orthography of the training data and corresponding
sequence of acoustic clusters. This process begins with an initial
mapping between words and their sequence of clusters, established by Viterbi
alignment with the orthographic transcription. The dictionary is refined iteratively
by pruning redundant mappings, hidden Markov model estimation and
Viterbi re-alignment in each iteration.
This approach is evaluated experimentally by applying it to two subsets of
the TIMIT corpus. It is found that, when test words are repeated often in the
training material, the approach leads to a system whose accuracy is almost as
good as one trained using the phonetic transcriptions. When test words are
not repeated often in the training set, the proposed approach leads to better
results than those achieved using the phonetic transcriptions, although the
recognition is poor overall in this case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die tesis is om ’n stelsel te beskryf wat ontwerp is om die
handgedrewe proses in die samestelling van ’n woordeboek, vir die gebruik
in outomatiese spraakherkenningsstelsels, te vervang. Die voorgestelde stelsel
bestaan uit ’n aantal stappe.
Die eerste stap is die segmentering van die oudio in sogenaamde sub-woord
eenhede deur gebruik te maak van ’n frekwensie gebied tegniek. Met die tweede
stap word die dinamiese tydverplasingsalgoritme ingespan om die ooreenkoms
tussen die segmente van elkeen van die moontlike pare van die akoestiese segmente
bepaal. Die ooreenkomste word dan gebruik om die akoestiese segmente
te groepeer in akoestiese groepe. Die laaste stap stel die woordeboek
saam deur gebruik te maak van die ortografiese transkripsie van afrigtingsdata
en die ooreenstemmende reeks akoestiese groepe. Die finale stap begin met
’n aanvanklike afbeelding vanaf woorde tot hul reeks groep identifiseerders,
bewerkstellig deur Viterbi belyning en die ortografiese transkripsie. Die woordeboek
word iteratief verfyn deur oortollige afbeeldings te snoei, verskuilde
Markov modelle af te rig en deur Viterbi belyning te gebruik in elke iterasie.
Die benadering is getoets deur dit eksperimenteel te evalueer op twee subversamelings
data vanuit die TIMIT korpus. Daar is bevind dat, wanneer
woorde herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata, die stelsel se benadering die akkuraatheid
ewenaar van ’n stelsel wat met die fonetiese transkripsie afgerig is.
As die woorde nie herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata nie, is die akkuraatheid
van die stelsel se benadering beter as wanneer die stelsel afgerig word met die
fonetiese transkripsie, alhoewel die akkuraatheid in die algemeen swak is.
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The development of Sun and Nadir sensors for a solar sail CubeSatLoubser, Hanco Evert 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the development of attitude sensors required for the Attitude Determination and
Control System (ADCS) for a Cubesat. The aim is to find the most suitable sensors for use on a small picosatellite
by implementing miniaturised sensors with available commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology.
Specifically, the algorithms, hardware prototypes, software and filters required to create accurate sensors
to determine the 3-axis orientation of a CubeSat are discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwikkeling van oriëntasiesensors wat benodig word vir die oriëntasiebepaling
en -beheerstelsel (Engels: ADCS) van ’n CubeSat. Die doelwit is om sensors te vind wat die geskikste is om
in ’n klein picosatelliet te gebruik, deur miniatuursensors met kommersiële maklik verkrygbare tegnologie
(Engels: COTS technology) te implementeer. Daar word in die bespreking veral aandag geskenk aan die
algoritmes, hardewareprototipes, programmatuur en filters wat benodig word om akkurate sensors te
skep wat op hul beurt 3-as oriëntasie van die CubeSat kan bepaal.
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Visual servo control for a human-following robotBurke, Michael Glen 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents work completed on the design of control and vision components
for use in a monocular vision-based human-following robot. The use
of vision in a controller feedback loop is referred to as vision-based or visual
servo control. Typically, visual servo techniques can be categorised into imagebased
visual servoing and position-based visual servoing. This thesis discusses
each of these approaches, and argues that a position-based visual servo control
approach is more suited to human following.
A position-based visual servo strategy consists of three distinct phases:
target recognition, target pose estimation and controller calculations. The
thesis discusses approaches to each of these phases in detail, and presents a
complete, functioning system combining these approaches for the purposes of
human following.
Traditional approaches to human following typically involve a controller
that causes platforms to navigate directly towards targets, but this work argues
that better following performance can be obtained through the use of a
controller that incorporates target orientation information. Although a purely
direction-based controller, aiming to minimise both orientation and translation
errors, suffers from various limitations, this thesis shows that a hybrid,
gain-scheduling combination of two traditional controllers offers better targetfollowing
performance than its components.
In the case of human following the inclusion of target orientation information
requires that a definition and means of estimating a human’s orientation
be available. This work presents a human orientation measure and experimental
results to show that it is suitable for the purposes of wheeled platform
control. Results of human following using the proposed hybrid, gain-scheduling
controller incorporating this measure are presented to confirm this. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwerp van ’n visiestelsel en beheer-komponente van ’n enkel-kamera robot
vir die volging van mense word hier aangebied. Die gebruik van visuele
terugvoer in die beheerlus word visie-gebaseerde of visuele servobeheer genoem.
Visuele servobeheer tegnieke kan tipies onderskei word tussen beeld-gebaseerde
servobeheer en posisie-gebaseerde visuele servobeheer. Altwee benaderings
word hier bespreek. Die posisie-gebaseerde benadering word aanbeveel vir
die volging van mense.
Die posisie-gebaseerde servobeheertegniek bestaan uit drie duidelike fases:
teiken herkenning, teiken oriëntasie bepaling en die beheerder berekeninge.
Benaderings tot elk van hierdie fases word hier in detail bespreek. Dan word
’n volledige funksionele stelsel aangebied wat hierdie fases saamvoeg sodat
mense gevolg kan word.
Meer tradisionele benaderings tot die volging van mense gebruik tipies ’n
beheerder wat die platvorm direk laat navigeer na die teikens, maar hier word
geargumenteer dat beter werkverrigting verkry kan word deur ’n beheerder
wat die teiken oriëntasie inligting ook gebruik. ’n Suiwer rigting-gebaseerde
beheerder, wat beide oriëntasie en translasie foute minimeer, is onderhewig
aan verskeie beperkings. Hier word egter aangetoon dat ’n hibriede, aanwinsskedulerende
kombinasie van die twee tradisionele beheerders beter teikenvolging
werkverrigting bied as die onderliggende twee tegnieke.
In die geval van die volging van mense vereis die insluiting van teiken oriëntasie
inligting dat ’n definisie van die persoon se oriëntasie beskikbaar is en
dat dit geskat kan word. ’n Oriëntasie maatstaf vir mense word hier aangebied
en dit word eksperimenteel getoon dat dit geskik is om ’n platvorm met
wiele te beheer. Die resultate van die volging van mense wat die voorgestelde
hibriede, aanwins-skedulerende beheerder gebruik, met hierdie maatstaf, word
ter ondersteuning aangebied.
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Dynamic reconfigurable platform for swarm roboticsHeath, Gerhardus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Swarm intelligence research was inspired by biological systems in nature. Working ants and
bees has captivated researchers for centuries, with the ant playing a major role in shaping the
future of robotic swarm applications. The ants foraging activity can be adapted for different
applications of robotic swarm intelligence. Numerous researchers have conducted theoretical
analysis and experiments on the ants foraging activities and communication styles.
Combining this information with modern reconfigurable computing opens the door to more
complex behaviour with improved system dynamics. Reconfigurable computing has
numerous applications in swarm intelligence such as true hardware parallel processing,
dynamic power save algorithms and dynamic peripheral changes to the CPU core.
In this research a brief study is made of swarm intelligence and its applications. The ants'
foraging activities were studied in greater detail with the emphasis on a layered control system
designed implementation in a robotic agent. The robotic agent’s hardware was designed using
a partial self reconfigurable FPGA as the main building element. The hardware was designed
with the emphasis on system flexibility for swarm application drawing attention to power
reduction and battery life. All of this was packaged into a differential drive chassis designed
specifically for this project. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die motivering vir swerm robotika kom van die natuur. Vir eeue fassineer swerm insekte
soos bye en miere navorsers. Dit is verstommend hoe ’n groep klein en nietige insekte sulke
groot take kan verrig. Die mier speel ‘n belangrike rol en is die sentrale tema van menige
publikasies. Die mier se kos-soek aktiwiteit kan aangepas word vir swerm robotika
toepassings. Hierdie aktiwiteit vervat verskeie sleutel konsepte wat belangrik is vir robotika
toepassings.
Deur bv. die mier se aktiwiteite te kombineer met dinamies herkonfigureerbare hardeware,
kan meer komplekse gedrag bestudeer word. Die stelsel dinamika verbeter ook, aangesien dit
nou moontlik is om sekere take in parallel uit te voer. Deur ’n interne prosesseerder in die
herkonfigureerbare hardeware in te sluit, is dit nou vir die stelsel moontlik om homself te
verander tydens taak verrigting. Komplekse krag bestuur gedrag is ook moontlik deurdat die
prosesseerder die spoed en rand apparaat kan verander soos benodig. ‘n Verdere voordeel is
dat die stelsel aanpasbaar is en dus vir verskeie navorsingsprojekte gebruik kan word.
In hierdie navorsing word ’n literatuur studie van swerm robotika gemaak en word daar ook
na toepassings gekyk. Met die klem op praktiese implementering, word die mier se kos-soek
aktiwiteit in detail ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van ’n laag beheerstelsel. In hierdie laag
beheerstelsel verteenwoordig elke laag ’n hoër vlak gedrag. Stelsel aanpasbaarheid en lae
kragverbruik speel ’n deurslaggewende rol in die ontwerp, en om hierdie rede vorm ’n FPGA
die hart van die sisteem.
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Waveguide antenna feed for the Square Kilometre ArraySchoeman, Karla 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MscEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to investigate the suitability of TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) horn
antennas for use as feed structures for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope, in particular
with regard to the roundness of the radiation pattern. A literature study shows that existing
TEM horn designs do not yield a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth and that an alternative
is required. The Method of Moments (MoM) is a computational electromagnetic (CEM)
technique typically used in the analysis of TEM horn antennas. An in-house MoM solver is successfully
developed to analyse such antennas and is able to calculate the current density on the
surface of a conductor, as well as the farfield patterns of an antenna. A modification to an exponential
TEM horn antenna is proposed and simulations show the modification is successful in
yielding a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth. The modified exponential TEM horn has
a convex triangular arc at the end of each antenna plate and is constructed for measurement. Due to
limited construction capabilities, the measurements deviate slightly from the simulated results but
still indicate the potential of the structure to yield a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die geskiktheid van transverse elektromagnetiese (TEM) horing
antennas te ondersoek vir die gebruik as voerstrukture vir die Square Kilometre Array (SKA)-
radioteleskoop, veral met betrekking tot die rondheid van die stralingspatroon. ’n Literatuurstudie
toon dat bestaande TEM horing ontwerpe nie ’n ronde stralingspatroon oor ’n wye bandwydte
lewer nie, en dat ’n alternatief nodig is. Die metode van momente is ’n rekenbare elektromagnetiese
tegniek wat tipies gebruik word in die ontleding van TEM horing antennas. ’n In-huis metode van
momente ontleder is suksesvol ontwikkel om sulke antennas te analiseer en is in staat om die
stroomdigtheid op die oppervlak van ’n geleier, sowel as die vêrveld patrone van die antenna te
bereken. ’n Wysiging van ’n eksponensiële TEM horing antenna word voorgestel en simulasies
toon dat die veranderings suksesvol is om ’n ronde stralingspatroon oor ’n wye bandwydte te skep.
Die verander eksponensiële TEM horing het ’n konvekse driehoekige boog aan die einde van elke
antenna plaat en is gebou vir meting. Weens beperkte konstruksie vermoëns, toon die metings ’n
afwyking van die gesimuleerde resultate, maar dui nogsteeds die potensiaal aan van die struktuur
om ’n ronde stralingspatroon te lewer oor ’n wye bandwydte.
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Stereo vision for simultaneous localization and mappingBrink, Wikus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is vital for autonomous robot navigation. The robot
must build a map of its environment while tracking its own motion through that map. Although
many solutions to this intricate problem have been proposed, one of the most prominent issues that
still needs to be resolved is to accurately measure and track landmarks over time. In this thesis we
investigate the use of stereo vision for this purpose.
In order to find landmarks in images we explore the use of two feature detectors: the scale-invariant
feature transform (SIFT) and speeded-up robust features (SURF). Both these algorithms find salient
points in images and calculate a descriptor for each point that is invariant to scale, rotation and
illumination. By using the descriptors we match these image features between stereo images and
use the geometry of the system to calculate a set of 3D landmark measurements. A Taylor approximation
of this transformation is used to derive a Gaussian noise model for the measurements.
The measured landmarks are matched to landmarks in a map to find correspondences. We find that
this process often incorrectly matches ambiguous landmarks. To find these mismatches we develop
a novel outlier detection scheme based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) framework. We
use a similarity transformation for the RANSAC model and derive a probabilistic consensus measure
that takes the uncertainties of landmark locations into account. Through simulation and practical
tests we find that this method is a significant improvement on the standard approach of using the
fundamental matrix.
With accurately identified landmarks we are able to perform SLAM. We investigate the use of three
popular SLAM algorithms: EKF SLAM, FastSLAM and FastSLAM 2. EKF SLAM uses a Gaussian
distribution to describe the systems states and linearizes the motion and measurement equations
with Taylor approximations. The two FastSLAM algorithms are based on the Rao-Blackwellized
particle filter that uses particles to describe the robot states, and EKFs to estimate the landmark
states. FastSLAM 2 uses a refinement process to decrease the size of the proposal distribution and
in doing so decreases the number of particles needed for accurate SLAM.
We test the three SLAM algorithms extensively in a simulation environment and find that all three
are capable of very accurate results under the right circumstances. EKF SLAM displays extreme
sensitivity to landmark mismatches. FastSLAM, on the other hand, is considerably more robust
against landmark mismatches but is unable to describe the six-dimensional state vector required for
3D SLAM. FastSLAM 2 offers a good compromise between efficiency and accuracy, and performs
well overall.
In order to evaluate the complete system we test it with real world data. We find that our outlier
detection algorithm is very effective and greatly increases the accuracy of the SLAM systems. We
compare results obtained by all three SLAM systems, with both feature detection algorithms, against
DGPS ground truth data and achieve accuracies comparable to other state-of-the-art systems.
From our results we conclude that stereo vision is viable as a sensor for SLAM. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gelyktydige lokalisering en kartering (simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM) is ’n noodsaaklike
proses in outomatiese robot-navigasie. Die robot moet ’n kaart bou van sy omgewing en
tegelykertyd sy eie beweging deur die kaart bepaal. Alhoewel daar baie oplossings vir hierdie ingewikkelde
probleem bestaan, moet een belangrike saak nog opgelos word, naamlik om landmerke
met verloop van tyd akkuraat op te spoor en te meet. In hierdie tesis ondersoek ons die moontlikheid
om stereo-visie vir hierdie doel te gebruik.
Ons ondersoek die gebruik van twee beeldkenmerk-onttrekkers: scale-invariant feature transform
(SIFT) en speeded-up robust features (SURF). Altwee algoritmes vind toepaslike punte in beelde en
bereken ’n beskrywer vir elke punt wat onveranderlik is ten opsigte van skaal, rotasie en beligting.
Deur die beskrywer te gebruik, kan ons ooreenstemmende beeldkenmerke soek en die geometrie
van die stelsel gebruik om ’n stel driedimensionele landmerkmetings te bereken. Ons gebruik ’n
Taylor- benadering van hierdie transformasie om ’n Gaussiese ruis-model vir die metings te herlei.
Die gemete landmerke se beskrywers word dan vergelyk met dié van landmerke in ’n kaart om
ooreenkomste te vind. Hierdie proses maak egter dikwels foute. Om die foutiewe ooreenkomste
op te spoor het ons ’n nuwe uitskieterherkenningsalgoritme ontwikkel wat gebaseer is op die
RANSAC-raamwerk. Ons gebruik ’n gelykvormigheidstransformasie vir die RANSAC-model en lei ’n
konsensusmate af wat die onsekerhede van die ligging van landmerke in ag neem. Met simulasie en
praktiese toetse stel ons vas dat die metode ’n beduidende verbetering op die standaardprosedure,
waar die fundamentele matriks gebruik word, is.
Met ons akkuraat geïdentifiseerde landmerke kan ons dan SLAM uitvoer. Ons ondersoek die gebruik
van drie SLAM-algoritmes: EKF SLAM, FastSLAM en FastSLAM 2. EKF SLAM gebruik ’n Gaussiese
verspreiding om die stelseltoestande te beskryf en Taylor-benaderings om die bewegings- en meetvergelykings
te lineariseer. Die twee FastSLAM-algoritmes is gebaseer op die Rao-Blackwell partikelfilter
wat partikels gebruik om robottoestande te beskryf en EKF’s om die landmerktoestande af te
skat. FastSLAM 2 gebruik ’n verfyningsproses om die grootte van die voorstelverspreiding te verminder
en dus die aantal partikels wat vir akkurate SLAM benodig word, te verminder.
Ons toets die drie SLAM-algoritmes deeglik in ’n simulasie-omgewing en vind dat al drie onder die
regte omstandighede akkurate resultate kan behaal. EKF SLAM is egter baie sensitief vir foutiewe
landmerkooreenkomste. FastSLAM is meer bestand daarteen, maar kan nie die sesdimensionele
verspreiding wat vir 3D SLAM vereis word, beskryf nie. FastSLAM 2 bied ’n goeie kompromie
tussen effektiwiteit en akkuraatheid, en presteer oor die algemeen goed.
Ons toets die hele stelsel met werklike data om dit te evalueer, en vind dat ons uitskieterherkenningsalgoritme
baie effektief is en die akkuraatheid van die SLAM-stelsels beduidend verbeter. Ons
vergelyk resultate van die drie SLAM-stelsels met onafhanklike DGPS-data, wat as korrek beskou
kan word, en behaal akkuraatheid wat vergelykbaar is met ander toonaangewende stelsels.
Ons resultate lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat stereo-visie ’n lewensvatbare sensor vir SLAM is.
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Non-destructive measurement of internal fruit quality using SQUID-NMR techniquesNturambirwe, Jean Frederic Isingizwe 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis(MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The SQUID-NMR technique has been increasingly recommended by many researchers
as holding a lot of potential, and it is believed it will become an invaluable
tool for non-destructive evaluation in the future. Most of its potential is yet to be
exploited. Non-destructive quality control of food products is one of the applications
where such a system is being tried.
Much of the progress that has been made in improving such a system to the present
degree of user friendliness and cost effectiveness shows that, with more effort, it
would be possible to implement the technology for on-line sorting, and possibly to
reduce it down to hand-held devices.
The goal was to investigate the feasibility of the internal fruit quality measurements
using the NMR technique, and to develop a SQUID system suitable for SQUID-NMR
application, intended for a later integration in a full SQUID-NMR system.
A working dc SQUID was manufactured on an YBCO (Y Ba2Cu3O7 ) thin film
deposited on a 10 mm x 10 mm MgO substrate. The SQUID was made of microbridge
Josephson junctions, patterned by using the double resist laser lithography
method, implemented during the course of this manufacturing process. The test of
the SQUID showed a non-hysteretic current-voltage characteristic. Under the action
of bringing a magnet closer to the SQUID under test, and then retracting it, the
modulation of the I-V curve was observed. The critical current of the SQUID was
20 A and the resistance was 5.5
A series of experiments were performed on destructive measurements of the sugar
content in table grapes using NMR, in order to evaluate the feasibility of this technique.
The total sugars(TSS) measurements of the same samples were carried out
by refractometry, chosen as a conventional method for validation. The NMR measurements
were evaluated to be 5.4% precise and have an accuracy of 9.3% relative
to the refractometry measurements.
A further series of experiments were carried out on a high-Tc SQUID-NMR system. A high correlation coefficient (0.85) of the increasing values of the T1 and T2 relaxation
times to the decreasing concentration of sugar (sucrose) in water was obtained.
Non-destructive measurements T1 and T2 in table grapes suggested a possible prediction
of sugar content in table grapes from the values of T1 or T2. This technique also
presented many advantages compared to the conventional high field NMR technique,
such as the fast measurements that do not require spectral processing, the ease of
sample preparation, and its non-destructive nature. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die SQUID-NMR tegniek word al hoe meer aanbeveel deur navorsers oor die
groot potensiaal, en dit beloof om in die toekoms van onskatbare waarde te wees in
nie vernietigende evaluering. Die potensiaal moet grotendeels nog ontgin word, en
die nie vernietigende kwaliteitsbeheer van voedselprodukte is een van die toepassings
wat hier getoets word.
Die vooruitgang tot dusver om die stelsel te verbeter wat die gebruikersvriendelikheid
en koste-effektiwiteit betref, toon dat met effens meer moeite dit moontlik
sal wees om die tegnologie aan te pas vir lynsortering van vrugte, en om dit dalk
ook as handtoestel beskikbaar te stel. Die vooruitgang tot dusver om die stelsel te
verbeter wat die gebruikersvriendelikheid en koste-effektiwiteit betref, toon dat met
effens meer moeite dit moontlik sal wees om die tegnologie aan te pas vir lynsortering
van vrugte, en om dit dalk ook as handtoestel beskikbaar te stel.
Die doel is om die uitvoerbaarheid van interne vrugtekwaliteit metings deur hierdie
tegniek te ondersoek en om ’n SQUID stelsel te ontwikkel wat gepas is vir SQUIDNMR
toepassing, met die doel om dit later in ’n volledige SQUID-NMR stelsel te
kan integreer.
’n Werkende GS-SQUID is vervaardig op ’n YBCO dunfilm wat op ’n 10 mm x
10 mm MgO substraat gedeponeer is. Die SQUID is van mikro-brug Josephson aansluitings/
voegvlakke, waarop in die loop van die vervaardigingsproses ’n patroon m
et dubbelweerstand laser litografie neergelê is. Toets van die SQUID het ’n niehisterese
stroom-spanning as kenmerkend getoon. Die nader bring en terugtrekking
van ’n magneet het gelei tot waarneming van die modulasie van die I-V kurwe. Die
kritieke stroom van die SQUID was 20 A en die weerstand was 5.5 ohm. ’n Reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer oor vernietigende metings van die suikerinhoud
van tafeldruiwe met gebruik van NMR, om die gangbaarheid van hierdie tegniek te
evalueer. Totale suikers (TSS) metings van dieselfde monsters is uitgevoer deur refraktometrie,
wat gekies is as gebruiklike metode vir geldigheidsbepaling. Die NMR
metings is as 5.4% presies/noukeurig evalueer, en met ’n akkuraatheid van 9.3%
teenoor die refraktometrie metingsyfers.
’n Verdere reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer op ’n hoë-Tc SQID-NMR stelsel. ’n
Hoë korrelasiekoëffisiënt van 0.85 van die toenemende waardes van T1 en T2 ontspantye
teenoor die afname in konsentrasie van sukrose in water is waargeneem.
Nie-vernietigende metings van T1 eb T2 in tafeldruiwe het gelei tot die moontlikheid
van gebruik van hierdie tegniek om suikerinhoud van tafeldruiwe te voorspel.
Die tegniek het ook baie voordele getoon in teenstelling met die gebruiklike hoëveld
NMR tegniek, onder andere dat hierdie metings vinniger is, nie verdere verwerking
van die spektrum benodig nie, die maklike voorbereiding van die monsters en die
nie-vernietigende aard van die proses.
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The design of a two-element correlation interferometer operating at L-bandJansen van Rensburg, Juan-Pierre 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the design and construction of a two-element digital correlation interferometer
operating at 1.42 GHz. This instrument consists of two 92cm off set-parabolic reflectors
arranged in an east-west baseline, with a maximum length of 24m. The reflectors are out-fi tted with helical beam antennas as primary feeds, and are further equipped with low-noise front-ends. A wideband dual-conversion superheterodyne receiver processes the astronomical
signals before digitisation. The receiver is implemented as far as possible using a ffordable off -the-shelf technologies. The cross-correlation between the two antenna signals is measured using
a 256MHz bandwidth digital FX correlator, and is implemented on a Reconfi gurable Open Architecture
for Computing Hardware (ROACH) board. The preliminary observations made with
this interferometer, suggests that it is possible to detect the sun, and some other much weaker
sources such as Taurus A.
The design of an interferometer in general is presented, from the formulation of the underlying
instrumental requirements, to making meridian drift scan observations. The interferometer
developed may serve as a demonstrator for other engineering students to gain a working knowledge
of radio interferometry, which should prove invaluable when addressing the challenges the
Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is faced with. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die ontwerp en konstruksie van 'n twee-element digitale korrelasie interferometer
wat by 1.42 GHz ontvang beskryf. Die instrument bestaan uit twee 92 cm afsetparaboliese
re
ektorantennas met 'n oos-wes basislyn, met maksimum lengte 24 m. Heliese
antennas word gebruik as primêre voer vir die reflektors, en verder maak die voorent gebruik
van laeruis versterkers . Die wyeband superheterodineontvanger verwerk die astronomiese seine
in twee stappe voordat dit digitaliseer word. Bekostigbare kommersiëele komponente word gebruik
in die vervaardiging van die ontvanger. Die kruiskorrelasie tussen die twee antenna seine
word digitaal gemeet deur 'n FX korreleerder met 'n 256MHz bandwydte op 'n ROACH bord.
Die resultate toon aan dat dit moontlik is om die son waar te neem, sowel as sommige ander
swakker bronne, soos Taurus A.
Al die kwessies insluitende die instrumentale vereistes betrokke by die ontwerp van 'n interferometer
word bespreek. Verder word die gebruik van interferometers om meridiaan meetings
te doen bespreek. Die interferometer dien as 'n praktiese demonstrasie van radio interferometrie
vir ingenieurstudente. Hierdie demonstrasie is voordelig vir studente om die uitdagings van die
SKA te bestudeer.
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An investigation into OFDM as a suitable modulation tecnique for an acoustic underwater modemDu Preez, Johannes 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a viable modulation technique for an ultrasonic acoustic underwater modem. The underwater environment provides a challenging setting for acoustic communications. Long delay spreads due to multipath propagation, severe Doppler frequency shifts, frequency dependent absorption and very limited bandwidth are but some of the challenges to overcome. OFDM essentially provides the parallel transmission of symbols in the frequency domain by simultaneously modulating many closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. The resulting long parallel symbol rate together with the cyclic extension of symbols render the signal robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. Intercarrier interference (ICI) between the overlapping frequency responses of subcarriers is mitigated by their property of orthogonality. Doppler spread contributes to the loss of orthogonality and can result in severe ICI. A method of measuring the Doppler shift by means of including a preamble and postamble symbol with each data frame is proposed. The detected frequency offset is corrected by resampling the frame at the desired sample rate. Not only do the ambles serve as a mechanism for timing and frequency synchronisation, but they are also applied in the channel estimation process. The equalisation of channel response is required for the coherent demodulation of the received symbols. An investigation into different phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations reveal optimal arrangements for minimal symbol errors. The optimised QAM constellations do not lend themselves to Gray-coding, so that an efficient interleaving scheme is needed to mitigate the non-uniform distribution of bit errors among symbol errors. Forward error correction is provided via a Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) block code. Variable code rates, together with the ability to switch between different constellations, enable the modem to perform so-called variable modulation in an attempt to maximise the throughput under specific channel conditions. The modulation/demodulation scheme is wholly defined in software as to provide flexibility and facilitate experimentation with different signal processing methods. The accompanying hardware platform allows for the transmission of a pre-generated signal and the recording of a received signal for off-line processing. The prototype design serves as a proof of concept and thus provides only simplex communication. Field tests over limited distances demonstrate the successful operation of the prototype modem. We conclude that OFDM is indeed a suitable modulation technique for acoustic underwater communication. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die toepassing van ortogonale frekwensiedeling multipleksering (OFDM) as modulasie tegniek op ʼn onderwater kommunikasie modem. Die onderwater omgewing bied vele uitdagings vir akoestiese kommunikasie. Lang vertraging-verstrooiings as gevolg van multipad voortplanting, Doppler frekwensieskuif, frekwensieafhanklike absorpsie, en beperkte bandwydte is van die uitdagings wat oorkom moet word. In essensie bied OFDM die parallelle versending van ʼn aantal simbole deur die gelyktydige modulasie van verskeie nou-gespasieerde subdraers in die frekwensiegebied. Die gevolglike lang parallelle simboolperiodes, tesame met die sikliese uitbreiding van simbole, verleen immuniteit teen intersimbool steurnisse (ISI) wat ontstaan as gevolg van multipad voortplanting. Die ortogonaliteit van naburige draers in die frekwensiegebied beperk interdraer steuring (ICI) tussen hul oorvleuelende frekwensie weergawes. Doppler frekwensieskuif kan egter lei tot die verlies aan ortogonaliteit en bydra tot ernstige interdraer steurings. ʼn Metode wat gebruik maak van aanhef en slot simbole, ingesluit by elke raam, word voorgestel om die Dopplerskuif te meet. Die bepaalde frekwensieafset word gekorrigeer deur die monstertempo van die raam aan te pas na die verlangde tempo. Buiten die tyd- en frekwensie-sinkronisasie funksies van die aanhef en slot simbole, speel dit ook ʼn belangrike rol in die ontrekking van die frekwensie weergawe van die kanaal. Die effening van die kanaal se frekwensieweergawe is noodsaaklik vir die koherente demodulasie van die ontvangde simbole. ʼn Ondersoek na verskillende fase verskuif sleuteling (PSK) en kwadratuur amplitude modulasie (QAM) konstellasies het optimale rangskikkings opgelewer vir minimale simboolfoute. Hierdie optimale QAM konstellasies verleen hulself egter nie na Gray-kodering nie. ʼn Effektiewe invlegtegniek is nodig om die nie-uniforme verspreiding van bisfoute tussen simboolfoute te beperk. Fout korrigering funksionaliteit word gebied deur ʼn Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) blokkode. Verstelbare koderingstempo’s en die vermoë om tussen verskillende konstellasies te skakel, stel die modem in staat om sogenaamde verstelbare modulasie te gebruik in ʼn poging om die data deurset te optimeer onder spesifieke kanaal kondisies. Die modulasie en demodulasie skema is volledig in sagteware gedefinieer. Dit verleen buigbaarheid en vergemaklik eksperimentering met verskeie seinverwerkingstegnieke. Die meegaande hardeware platvorm stel die modem in staat om vooraf opgewekte seine uit te saai en rou ontvangde siene op te neem vir na-tydse verwerking. Die prototipe ontwerp dien as ʼn konseptuele bewys en bied dus slegs simplekse kommunikasie. Die suksesvolle werking van die modem is gedemonstreer deur toetsing oor beperkte afstande. Hieruit word afgelei dat OFDM inderdaad geskik is vir akoestiese onderwater kommunikasie.
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Comparative evaluation of video watermarking techniques in the uncompressed domainVan Huyssteen, Rudolph Hendrik 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Electronic watermarking is a method whereby information can be imperceptibly
embedded into electronic media, while ideally being robust against common signal
manipulations and intentional attacks to remove the embedded watermark. This
study evaluates the characteristics of uncompressed video watermarking techniques
in terms of visual characteristics, computational complexity and robustness against
attacks and signal manipulations.
The foundations of video watermarking are reviewed, followed by a survey of
existing video watermarking techniques. Representative techniques from different
watermarking categories are identified, implemented and evaluated.
Existing image quality metrics are reviewed and extended to improve their performance
when comparing these video watermarking techniques. A new metric for
the evaluation of inter frame flicker in video sequences is then developed.
A technique for possibly improving the robustness of the implemented discrete
Fourier transform technique against rotation is then proposed. It is also shown that
it is possible to reduce the computational complexity of watermarking techniques
without affecting the quality of the original content, through a modified watermark
embedding method.
Possible future studies are then recommended with regards to further improving
watermarking techniques against rotation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Elektroniese watermerk is ’n metode waardeur inligting onmerkbaar in elektroniese
media vasgelê kan word, met die doel dat dit bestand is teen algemene manipulasies
en doelbewuste pogings om die watermerk te verwyder. In hierdie navorsing
word die eienskappe van onsaamgeperste video watermerktegnieke ondersoek
in terme van visuele eienskappe, berekeningskompleksiteit en weerstandigheid teen
aanslae en seinmanipulasies.
Die onderbou van video watermerktegnieke word bestudeer, gevolg deur ’n oorsig
van reedsbestaande watermerktegnieke. Verteenwoordigende tegnieke vanuit verskillende
watermerkkategorieë word geïdentifiseer, geïmplementeer en geëvalueer.
Bestaande metodes vir die evaluering van beeldkwaliteite word bestudeer en uitgebrei
om die werkverrigting van die tegnieke te verbeter, spesifiek vir die vergelyking
van watermerktegnieke. ’n Nuwe stelsel vir die evaluering van tussenraampie flikkering
in video’s word ook ontwikkel.
’n Tegniek vir die moontlike verbetering van die geïmplementeerde diskrete Fourier
transform tegniek word voorgestel om die tegniek se bestandheid teen rotasie
te verbeter. Daar word ook aangetoon dat dit moontlik is om die berekeningskompleksiteit
van watermerktegnieke te verminder, sonder om die kwaliteit van die
oorspronklike inhoud te beïnvloed, deur die gebruik van ’n verbeterde watermerkvasleggingsmetode.
Laastens word aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing aangaande die verbetering van
watermerktegnieke teen rotasie gemaak.
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