• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 223
  • 131
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 370
  • 370
  • 370
  • 338
  • 97
  • 83
  • 72
  • 48
  • 46
  • 46
  • 44
  • 29
  • 27
  • 24
  • 24
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
351

Unsupervised clustering of audio data for acoustic modelling in automatic speech recognition systems

Goussard, George Willem 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a system that is designed to replace the manual process of generating a pronunciation dictionary for use in automatic speech recognition. The proposed system has several stages. The first stage segments the audio into what will be known as the subword units, using a frequency domain method. In the second stage, dynamic time warping is used to determine the similarity between the segments of each possible pair of these acoustic segments. These similarities are used to cluster similar acoustic segments into acoustic clusters. The final stage derives a pronunciation dictionary from the orthography of the training data and corresponding sequence of acoustic clusters. This process begins with an initial mapping between words and their sequence of clusters, established by Viterbi alignment with the orthographic transcription. The dictionary is refined iteratively by pruning redundant mappings, hidden Markov model estimation and Viterbi re-alignment in each iteration. This approach is evaluated experimentally by applying it to two subsets of the TIMIT corpus. It is found that, when test words are repeated often in the training material, the approach leads to a system whose accuracy is almost as good as one trained using the phonetic transcriptions. When test words are not repeated often in the training set, the proposed approach leads to better results than those achieved using the phonetic transcriptions, although the recognition is poor overall in this case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die tesis is om ’n stelsel te beskryf wat ontwerp is om die handgedrewe proses in die samestelling van ’n woordeboek, vir die gebruik in outomatiese spraakherkenningsstelsels, te vervang. Die voorgestelde stelsel bestaan uit ’n aantal stappe. Die eerste stap is die segmentering van die oudio in sogenaamde sub-woord eenhede deur gebruik te maak van ’n frekwensie gebied tegniek. Met die tweede stap word die dinamiese tydverplasingsalgoritme ingespan om die ooreenkoms tussen die segmente van elkeen van die moontlike pare van die akoestiese segmente bepaal. Die ooreenkomste word dan gebruik om die akoestiese segmente te groepeer in akoestiese groepe. Die laaste stap stel die woordeboek saam deur gebruik te maak van die ortografiese transkripsie van afrigtingsdata en die ooreenstemmende reeks akoestiese groepe. Die finale stap begin met ’n aanvanklike afbeelding vanaf woorde tot hul reeks groep identifiseerders, bewerkstellig deur Viterbi belyning en die ortografiese transkripsie. Die woordeboek word iteratief verfyn deur oortollige afbeeldings te snoei, verskuilde Markov modelle af te rig en deur Viterbi belyning te gebruik in elke iterasie. Die benadering is getoets deur dit eksperimenteel te evalueer op twee subversamelings data vanuit die TIMIT korpus. Daar is bevind dat, wanneer woorde herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata, die stelsel se benadering die akkuraatheid ewenaar van ’n stelsel wat met die fonetiese transkripsie afgerig is. As die woorde nie herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata nie, is die akkuraatheid van die stelsel se benadering beter as wanneer die stelsel afgerig word met die fonetiese transkripsie, alhoewel die akkuraatheid in die algemeen swak is.
352

The development of Sun and Nadir sensors for a solar sail CubeSat

Loubser, Hanco Evert 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the development of attitude sensors required for the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) for a Cubesat. The aim is to find the most suitable sensors for use on a small picosatellite by implementing miniaturised sensors with available commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. Specifically, the algorithms, hardware prototypes, software and filters required to create accurate sensors to determine the 3-axis orientation of a CubeSat are discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwikkeling van oriëntasiesensors wat benodig word vir die oriëntasiebepaling en -beheerstelsel (Engels: ADCS) van ’n CubeSat. Die doelwit is om sensors te vind wat die geskikste is om in ’n klein picosatelliet te gebruik, deur miniatuursensors met kommersiële maklik verkrygbare tegnologie (Engels: COTS technology) te implementeer. Daar word in die bespreking veral aandag geskenk aan die algoritmes, hardewareprototipes, programmatuur en filters wat benodig word om akkurate sensors te skep wat op hul beurt 3-as oriëntasie van die CubeSat kan bepaal.
353

Visual servo control for a human-following robot

Burke, Michael Glen 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents work completed on the design of control and vision components for use in a monocular vision-based human-following robot. The use of vision in a controller feedback loop is referred to as vision-based or visual servo control. Typically, visual servo techniques can be categorised into imagebased visual servoing and position-based visual servoing. This thesis discusses each of these approaches, and argues that a position-based visual servo control approach is more suited to human following. A position-based visual servo strategy consists of three distinct phases: target recognition, target pose estimation and controller calculations. The thesis discusses approaches to each of these phases in detail, and presents a complete, functioning system combining these approaches for the purposes of human following. Traditional approaches to human following typically involve a controller that causes platforms to navigate directly towards targets, but this work argues that better following performance can be obtained through the use of a controller that incorporates target orientation information. Although a purely direction-based controller, aiming to minimise both orientation and translation errors, suffers from various limitations, this thesis shows that a hybrid, gain-scheduling combination of two traditional controllers offers better targetfollowing performance than its components. In the case of human following the inclusion of target orientation information requires that a definition and means of estimating a human’s orientation be available. This work presents a human orientation measure and experimental results to show that it is suitable for the purposes of wheeled platform control. Results of human following using the proposed hybrid, gain-scheduling controller incorporating this measure are presented to confirm this. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwerp van ’n visiestelsel en beheer-komponente van ’n enkel-kamera robot vir die volging van mense word hier aangebied. Die gebruik van visuele terugvoer in die beheerlus word visie-gebaseerde of visuele servobeheer genoem. Visuele servobeheer tegnieke kan tipies onderskei word tussen beeld-gebaseerde servobeheer en posisie-gebaseerde visuele servobeheer. Altwee benaderings word hier bespreek. Die posisie-gebaseerde benadering word aanbeveel vir die volging van mense. Die posisie-gebaseerde servobeheertegniek bestaan uit drie duidelike fases: teiken herkenning, teiken oriëntasie bepaling en die beheerder berekeninge. Benaderings tot elk van hierdie fases word hier in detail bespreek. Dan word ’n volledige funksionele stelsel aangebied wat hierdie fases saamvoeg sodat mense gevolg kan word. Meer tradisionele benaderings tot die volging van mense gebruik tipies ’n beheerder wat die platvorm direk laat navigeer na die teikens, maar hier word geargumenteer dat beter werkverrigting verkry kan word deur ’n beheerder wat die teiken oriëntasie inligting ook gebruik. ’n Suiwer rigting-gebaseerde beheerder, wat beide oriëntasie en translasie foute minimeer, is onderhewig aan verskeie beperkings. Hier word egter aangetoon dat ’n hibriede, aanwinsskedulerende kombinasie van die twee tradisionele beheerders beter teikenvolging werkverrigting bied as die onderliggende twee tegnieke. In die geval van die volging van mense vereis die insluiting van teiken oriëntasie inligting dat ’n definisie van die persoon se oriëntasie beskikbaar is en dat dit geskat kan word. ’n Oriëntasie maatstaf vir mense word hier aangebied en dit word eksperimenteel getoon dat dit geskik is om ’n platvorm met wiele te beheer. Die resultate van die volging van mense wat die voorgestelde hibriede, aanwins-skedulerende beheerder gebruik, met hierdie maatstaf, word ter ondersteuning aangebied.
354

Dynamic reconfigurable platform for swarm robotics

Heath, Gerhardus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Swarm intelligence research was inspired by biological systems in nature. Working ants and bees has captivated researchers for centuries, with the ant playing a major role in shaping the future of robotic swarm applications. The ants foraging activity can be adapted for different applications of robotic swarm intelligence. Numerous researchers have conducted theoretical analysis and experiments on the ants foraging activities and communication styles. Combining this information with modern reconfigurable computing opens the door to more complex behaviour with improved system dynamics. Reconfigurable computing has numerous applications in swarm intelligence such as true hardware parallel processing, dynamic power save algorithms and dynamic peripheral changes to the CPU core. In this research a brief study is made of swarm intelligence and its applications. The ants' foraging activities were studied in greater detail with the emphasis on a layered control system designed implementation in a robotic agent. The robotic agent’s hardware was designed using a partial self reconfigurable FPGA as the main building element. The hardware was designed with the emphasis on system flexibility for swarm application drawing attention to power reduction and battery life. All of this was packaged into a differential drive chassis designed specifically for this project. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die motivering vir swerm robotika kom van die natuur. Vir eeue fassineer swerm insekte soos bye en miere navorsers. Dit is verstommend hoe ’n groep klein en nietige insekte sulke groot take kan verrig. Die mier speel ‘n belangrike rol en is die sentrale tema van menige publikasies. Die mier se kos-soek aktiwiteit kan aangepas word vir swerm robotika toepassings. Hierdie aktiwiteit vervat verskeie sleutel konsepte wat belangrik is vir robotika toepassings. Deur bv. die mier se aktiwiteite te kombineer met dinamies herkonfigureerbare hardeware, kan meer komplekse gedrag bestudeer word. Die stelsel dinamika verbeter ook, aangesien dit nou moontlik is om sekere take in parallel uit te voer. Deur ’n interne prosesseerder in die herkonfigureerbare hardeware in te sluit, is dit nou vir die stelsel moontlik om homself te verander tydens taak verrigting. Komplekse krag bestuur gedrag is ook moontlik deurdat die prosesseerder die spoed en rand apparaat kan verander soos benodig. ‘n Verdere voordeel is dat die stelsel aanpasbaar is en dus vir verskeie navorsingsprojekte gebruik kan word. In hierdie navorsing word ’n literatuur studie van swerm robotika gemaak en word daar ook na toepassings gekyk. Met die klem op praktiese implementering, word die mier se kos-soek aktiwiteit in detail ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van ’n laag beheerstelsel. In hierdie laag beheerstelsel verteenwoordig elke laag ’n hoër vlak gedrag. Stelsel aanpasbaarheid en lae kragverbruik speel ’n deurslaggewende rol in die ontwerp, en om hierdie rede vorm ’n FPGA die hart van die sisteem.
355

Waveguide antenna feed for the Square Kilometre Array

Schoeman, Karla 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MscEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to investigate the suitability of TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) horn antennas for use as feed structures for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope, in particular with regard to the roundness of the radiation pattern. A literature study shows that existing TEM horn designs do not yield a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth and that an alternative is required. The Method of Moments (MoM) is a computational electromagnetic (CEM) technique typically used in the analysis of TEM horn antennas. An in-house MoM solver is successfully developed to analyse such antennas and is able to calculate the current density on the surface of a conductor, as well as the farfield patterns of an antenna. A modification to an exponential TEM horn antenna is proposed and simulations show the modification is successful in yielding a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth. The modified exponential TEM horn has a convex triangular arc at the end of each antenna plate and is constructed for measurement. Due to limited construction capabilities, the measurements deviate slightly from the simulated results but still indicate the potential of the structure to yield a round radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die geskiktheid van transverse elektromagnetiese (TEM) horing antennas te ondersoek vir die gebruik as voerstrukture vir die Square Kilometre Array (SKA)- radioteleskoop, veral met betrekking tot die rondheid van die stralingspatroon. ’n Literatuurstudie toon dat bestaande TEM horing ontwerpe nie ’n ronde stralingspatroon oor ’n wye bandwydte lewer nie, en dat ’n alternatief nodig is. Die metode van momente is ’n rekenbare elektromagnetiese tegniek wat tipies gebruik word in die ontleding van TEM horing antennas. ’n In-huis metode van momente ontleder is suksesvol ontwikkel om sulke antennas te analiseer en is in staat om die stroomdigtheid op die oppervlak van ’n geleier, sowel as die vêrveld patrone van die antenna te bereken. ’n Wysiging van ’n eksponensiële TEM horing antenna word voorgestel en simulasies toon dat die veranderings suksesvol is om ’n ronde stralingspatroon oor ’n wye bandwydte te skep. Die verander eksponensiële TEM horing het ’n konvekse driehoekige boog aan die einde van elke antenna plaat en is gebou vir meting. Weens beperkte konstruksie vermoëns, toon die metings ’n afwyking van die gesimuleerde resultate, maar dui nogsteeds die potensiaal aan van die struktuur om ’n ronde stralingspatroon te lewer oor ’n wye bandwydte.
356

Stereo vision for simultaneous localization and mapping

Brink, Wikus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is vital for autonomous robot navigation. The robot must build a map of its environment while tracking its own motion through that map. Although many solutions to this intricate problem have been proposed, one of the most prominent issues that still needs to be resolved is to accurately measure and track landmarks over time. In this thesis we investigate the use of stereo vision for this purpose. In order to find landmarks in images we explore the use of two feature detectors: the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and speeded-up robust features (SURF). Both these algorithms find salient points in images and calculate a descriptor for each point that is invariant to scale, rotation and illumination. By using the descriptors we match these image features between stereo images and use the geometry of the system to calculate a set of 3D landmark measurements. A Taylor approximation of this transformation is used to derive a Gaussian noise model for the measurements. The measured landmarks are matched to landmarks in a map to find correspondences. We find that this process often incorrectly matches ambiguous landmarks. To find these mismatches we develop a novel outlier detection scheme based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) framework. We use a similarity transformation for the RANSAC model and derive a probabilistic consensus measure that takes the uncertainties of landmark locations into account. Through simulation and practical tests we find that this method is a significant improvement on the standard approach of using the fundamental matrix. With accurately identified landmarks we are able to perform SLAM. We investigate the use of three popular SLAM algorithms: EKF SLAM, FastSLAM and FastSLAM 2. EKF SLAM uses a Gaussian distribution to describe the systems states and linearizes the motion and measurement equations with Taylor approximations. The two FastSLAM algorithms are based on the Rao-Blackwellized particle filter that uses particles to describe the robot states, and EKFs to estimate the landmark states. FastSLAM 2 uses a refinement process to decrease the size of the proposal distribution and in doing so decreases the number of particles needed for accurate SLAM. We test the three SLAM algorithms extensively in a simulation environment and find that all three are capable of very accurate results under the right circumstances. EKF SLAM displays extreme sensitivity to landmark mismatches. FastSLAM, on the other hand, is considerably more robust against landmark mismatches but is unable to describe the six-dimensional state vector required for 3D SLAM. FastSLAM 2 offers a good compromise between efficiency and accuracy, and performs well overall. In order to evaluate the complete system we test it with real world data. We find that our outlier detection algorithm is very effective and greatly increases the accuracy of the SLAM systems. We compare results obtained by all three SLAM systems, with both feature detection algorithms, against DGPS ground truth data and achieve accuracies comparable to other state-of-the-art systems. From our results we conclude that stereo vision is viable as a sensor for SLAM. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gelyktydige lokalisering en kartering (simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM) is ’n noodsaaklike proses in outomatiese robot-navigasie. Die robot moet ’n kaart bou van sy omgewing en tegelykertyd sy eie beweging deur die kaart bepaal. Alhoewel daar baie oplossings vir hierdie ingewikkelde probleem bestaan, moet een belangrike saak nog opgelos word, naamlik om landmerke met verloop van tyd akkuraat op te spoor en te meet. In hierdie tesis ondersoek ons die moontlikheid om stereo-visie vir hierdie doel te gebruik. Ons ondersoek die gebruik van twee beeldkenmerk-onttrekkers: scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) en speeded-up robust features (SURF). Altwee algoritmes vind toepaslike punte in beelde en bereken ’n beskrywer vir elke punt wat onveranderlik is ten opsigte van skaal, rotasie en beligting. Deur die beskrywer te gebruik, kan ons ooreenstemmende beeldkenmerke soek en die geometrie van die stelsel gebruik om ’n stel driedimensionele landmerkmetings te bereken. Ons gebruik ’n Taylor- benadering van hierdie transformasie om ’n Gaussiese ruis-model vir die metings te herlei. Die gemete landmerke se beskrywers word dan vergelyk met dié van landmerke in ’n kaart om ooreenkomste te vind. Hierdie proses maak egter dikwels foute. Om die foutiewe ooreenkomste op te spoor het ons ’n nuwe uitskieterherkenningsalgoritme ontwikkel wat gebaseer is op die RANSAC-raamwerk. Ons gebruik ’n gelykvormigheidstransformasie vir die RANSAC-model en lei ’n konsensusmate af wat die onsekerhede van die ligging van landmerke in ag neem. Met simulasie en praktiese toetse stel ons vas dat die metode ’n beduidende verbetering op die standaardprosedure, waar die fundamentele matriks gebruik word, is. Met ons akkuraat geïdentifiseerde landmerke kan ons dan SLAM uitvoer. Ons ondersoek die gebruik van drie SLAM-algoritmes: EKF SLAM, FastSLAM en FastSLAM 2. EKF SLAM gebruik ’n Gaussiese verspreiding om die stelseltoestande te beskryf en Taylor-benaderings om die bewegings- en meetvergelykings te lineariseer. Die twee FastSLAM-algoritmes is gebaseer op die Rao-Blackwell partikelfilter wat partikels gebruik om robottoestande te beskryf en EKF’s om die landmerktoestande af te skat. FastSLAM 2 gebruik ’n verfyningsproses om die grootte van die voorstelverspreiding te verminder en dus die aantal partikels wat vir akkurate SLAM benodig word, te verminder. Ons toets die drie SLAM-algoritmes deeglik in ’n simulasie-omgewing en vind dat al drie onder die regte omstandighede akkurate resultate kan behaal. EKF SLAM is egter baie sensitief vir foutiewe landmerkooreenkomste. FastSLAM is meer bestand daarteen, maar kan nie die sesdimensionele verspreiding wat vir 3D SLAM vereis word, beskryf nie. FastSLAM 2 bied ’n goeie kompromie tussen effektiwiteit en akkuraatheid, en presteer oor die algemeen goed. Ons toets die hele stelsel met werklike data om dit te evalueer, en vind dat ons uitskieterherkenningsalgoritme baie effektief is en die akkuraatheid van die SLAM-stelsels beduidend verbeter. Ons vergelyk resultate van die drie SLAM-stelsels met onafhanklike DGPS-data, wat as korrek beskou kan word, en behaal akkuraatheid wat vergelykbaar is met ander toonaangewende stelsels. Ons resultate lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat stereo-visie ’n lewensvatbare sensor vir SLAM is.
357

Non-destructive measurement of internal fruit quality using SQUID-NMR techniques

Nturambirwe, Jean Frederic Isingizwe 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis(MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The SQUID-NMR technique has been increasingly recommended by many researchers as holding a lot of potential, and it is believed it will become an invaluable tool for non-destructive evaluation in the future. Most of its potential is yet to be exploited. Non-destructive quality control of food products is one of the applications where such a system is being tried. Much of the progress that has been made in improving such a system to the present degree of user friendliness and cost effectiveness shows that, with more effort, it would be possible to implement the technology for on-line sorting, and possibly to reduce it down to hand-held devices. The goal was to investigate the feasibility of the internal fruit quality measurements using the NMR technique, and to develop a SQUID system suitable for SQUID-NMR application, intended for a later integration in a full SQUID-NMR system. A working dc SQUID was manufactured on an YBCO (Y Ba2Cu3O7􀀀 ) thin film deposited on a 10 mm x 10 mm MgO substrate. The SQUID was made of microbridge Josephson junctions, patterned by using the double resist laser lithography method, implemented during the course of this manufacturing process. The test of the SQUID showed a non-hysteretic current-voltage characteristic. Under the action of bringing a magnet closer to the SQUID under test, and then retracting it, the modulation of the I-V curve was observed. The critical current of the SQUID was 20 A and the resistance was 5.5 A series of experiments were performed on destructive measurements of the sugar content in table grapes using NMR, in order to evaluate the feasibility of this technique. The total sugars(TSS) measurements of the same samples were carried out by refractometry, chosen as a conventional method for validation. The NMR measurements were evaluated to be 5.4% precise and have an accuracy of 9.3% relative to the refractometry measurements. A further series of experiments were carried out on a high-Tc SQUID-NMR system. A high correlation coefficient (0.85) of the increasing values of the T1 and T2 relaxation times to the decreasing concentration of sugar (sucrose) in water was obtained. Non-destructive measurements T1 and T2 in table grapes suggested a possible prediction of sugar content in table grapes from the values of T1 or T2. This technique also presented many advantages compared to the conventional high field NMR technique, such as the fast measurements that do not require spectral processing, the ease of sample preparation, and its non-destructive nature. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die SQUID-NMR tegniek word al hoe meer aanbeveel deur navorsers oor die groot potensiaal, en dit beloof om in die toekoms van onskatbare waarde te wees in nie vernietigende evaluering. Die potensiaal moet grotendeels nog ontgin word, en die nie vernietigende kwaliteitsbeheer van voedselprodukte is een van die toepassings wat hier getoets word. Die vooruitgang tot dusver om die stelsel te verbeter wat die gebruikersvriendelikheid en koste-effektiwiteit betref, toon dat met effens meer moeite dit moontlik sal wees om die tegnologie aan te pas vir lynsortering van vrugte, en om dit dalk ook as handtoestel beskikbaar te stel. Die vooruitgang tot dusver om die stelsel te verbeter wat die gebruikersvriendelikheid en koste-effektiwiteit betref, toon dat met effens meer moeite dit moontlik sal wees om die tegnologie aan te pas vir lynsortering van vrugte, en om dit dalk ook as handtoestel beskikbaar te stel. Die doel is om die uitvoerbaarheid van interne vrugtekwaliteit metings deur hierdie tegniek te ondersoek en om ’n SQUID stelsel te ontwikkel wat gepas is vir SQUIDNMR toepassing, met die doel om dit later in ’n volledige SQUID-NMR stelsel te kan integreer. ’n Werkende GS-SQUID is vervaardig op ’n YBCO dunfilm wat op ’n 10 mm x 10 mm MgO substraat gedeponeer is. Die SQUID is van mikro-brug Josephson aansluitings/ voegvlakke, waarop in die loop van die vervaardigingsproses ’n patroon m et dubbelweerstand laser litografie neergelê is. Toets van die SQUID het ’n niehisterese stroom-spanning as kenmerkend getoon. Die nader bring en terugtrekking van ’n magneet het gelei tot waarneming van die modulasie van die I-V kurwe. Die kritieke stroom van die SQUID was 20 A en die weerstand was 5.5 ohm. ’n Reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer oor vernietigende metings van die suikerinhoud van tafeldruiwe met gebruik van NMR, om die gangbaarheid van hierdie tegniek te evalueer. Totale suikers (TSS) metings van dieselfde monsters is uitgevoer deur refraktometrie, wat gekies is as gebruiklike metode vir geldigheidsbepaling. Die NMR metings is as 5.4% presies/noukeurig evalueer, en met ’n akkuraatheid van 9.3% teenoor die refraktometrie metingsyfers. ’n Verdere reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer op ’n hoë-Tc SQID-NMR stelsel. ’n Hoë korrelasiekoëffisiënt van 0.85 van die toenemende waardes van T1 en T2 ontspantye teenoor die afname in konsentrasie van sukrose in water is waargeneem. Nie-vernietigende metings van T1 eb T2 in tafeldruiwe het gelei tot die moontlikheid van gebruik van hierdie tegniek om suikerinhoud van tafeldruiwe te voorspel. Die tegniek het ook baie voordele getoon in teenstelling met die gebruiklike hoëveld NMR tegniek, onder andere dat hierdie metings vinniger is, nie verdere verwerking van die spektrum benodig nie, die maklike voorbereiding van die monsters en die nie-vernietigende aard van die proses.
358

The design of a two-element correlation interferometer operating at L-band

Jansen van Rensburg, Juan-Pierre 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the design and construction of a two-element digital correlation interferometer operating at 1.42 GHz. This instrument consists of two 92cm off set-parabolic reflectors arranged in an east-west baseline, with a maximum length of 24m. The reflectors are out-fi tted with helical beam antennas as primary feeds, and are further equipped with low-noise front-ends. A wideband dual-conversion superheterodyne receiver processes the astronomical signals before digitisation. The receiver is implemented as far as possible using a ffordable off -the-shelf technologies. The cross-correlation between the two antenna signals is measured using a 256MHz bandwidth digital FX correlator, and is implemented on a Reconfi gurable Open Architecture for Computing Hardware (ROACH) board. The preliminary observations made with this interferometer, suggests that it is possible to detect the sun, and some other much weaker sources such as Taurus A. The design of an interferometer in general is presented, from the formulation of the underlying instrumental requirements, to making meridian drift scan observations. The interferometer developed may serve as a demonstrator for other engineering students to gain a working knowledge of radio interferometry, which should prove invaluable when addressing the challenges the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is faced with. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die ontwerp en konstruksie van 'n twee-element digitale korrelasie interferometer wat by 1.42 GHz ontvang beskryf. Die instrument bestaan uit twee 92 cm afsetparaboliese re ektorantennas met 'n oos-wes basislyn, met maksimum lengte 24 m. Heliese antennas word gebruik as primêre voer vir die reflektors, en verder maak die voorent gebruik van laeruis versterkers . Die wyeband superheterodineontvanger verwerk die astronomiese seine in twee stappe voordat dit digitaliseer word. Bekostigbare kommersiëele komponente word gebruik in die vervaardiging van die ontvanger. Die kruiskorrelasie tussen die twee antenna seine word digitaal gemeet deur 'n FX korreleerder met 'n 256MHz bandwydte op 'n ROACH bord. Die resultate toon aan dat dit moontlik is om die son waar te neem, sowel as sommige ander swakker bronne, soos Taurus A. Al die kwessies insluitende die instrumentale vereistes betrokke by die ontwerp van 'n interferometer word bespreek. Verder word die gebruik van interferometers om meridiaan meetings te doen bespreek. Die interferometer dien as 'n praktiese demonstrasie van radio interferometrie vir ingenieurstudente. Hierdie demonstrasie is voordelig vir studente om die uitdagings van die SKA te bestudeer.
359

An investigation into OFDM as a suitable modulation tecnique for an acoustic underwater modem

Du Preez, Johannes 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a viable modulation technique for an ultrasonic acoustic underwater modem. The underwater environment provides a challenging setting for acoustic communications. Long delay spreads due to multipath propagation, severe Doppler frequency shifts, frequency dependent absorption and very limited bandwidth are but some of the challenges to overcome. OFDM essentially provides the parallel transmission of symbols in the frequency domain by simultaneously modulating many closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. The resulting long parallel symbol rate together with the cyclic extension of symbols render the signal robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. Intercarrier interference (ICI) between the overlapping frequency responses of subcarriers is mitigated by their property of orthogonality. Doppler spread contributes to the loss of orthogonality and can result in severe ICI. A method of measuring the Doppler shift by means of including a preamble and postamble symbol with each data frame is proposed. The detected frequency offset is corrected by resampling the frame at the desired sample rate. Not only do the ambles serve as a mechanism for timing and frequency synchronisation, but they are also applied in the channel estimation process. The equalisation of channel response is required for the coherent demodulation of the received symbols. An investigation into different phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations reveal optimal arrangements for minimal symbol errors. The optimised QAM constellations do not lend themselves to Gray-coding, so that an efficient interleaving scheme is needed to mitigate the non-uniform distribution of bit errors among symbol errors. Forward error correction is provided via a Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) block code. Variable code rates, together with the ability to switch between different constellations, enable the modem to perform so-called variable modulation in an attempt to maximise the throughput under specific channel conditions. The modulation/demodulation scheme is wholly defined in software as to provide flexibility and facilitate experimentation with different signal processing methods. The accompanying hardware platform allows for the transmission of a pre-generated signal and the recording of a received signal for off-line processing. The prototype design serves as a proof of concept and thus provides only simplex communication. Field tests over limited distances demonstrate the successful operation of the prototype modem. We conclude that OFDM is indeed a suitable modulation technique for acoustic underwater communication. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die toepassing van ortogonale frekwensiedeling multipleksering (OFDM) as modulasie tegniek op ʼn onderwater kommunikasie modem. Die onderwater omgewing bied vele uitdagings vir akoestiese kommunikasie. Lang vertraging-verstrooiings as gevolg van multipad voortplanting, Doppler frekwensieskuif, frekwensieafhanklike absorpsie, en beperkte bandwydte is van die uitdagings wat oorkom moet word. In essensie bied OFDM die parallelle versending van ʼn aantal simbole deur die gelyktydige modulasie van verskeie nou-gespasieerde subdraers in die frekwensiegebied. Die gevolglike lang parallelle simboolperiodes, tesame met die sikliese uitbreiding van simbole, verleen immuniteit teen intersimbool steurnisse (ISI) wat ontstaan as gevolg van multipad voortplanting. Die ortogonaliteit van naburige draers in die frekwensiegebied beperk interdraer steuring (ICI) tussen hul oorvleuelende frekwensie weergawes. Doppler frekwensieskuif kan egter lei tot die verlies aan ortogonaliteit en bydra tot ernstige interdraer steurings. ʼn Metode wat gebruik maak van aanhef en slot simbole, ingesluit by elke raam, word voorgestel om die Dopplerskuif te meet. Die bepaalde frekwensieafset word gekorrigeer deur die monstertempo van die raam aan te pas na die verlangde tempo. Buiten die tyd- en frekwensie-sinkronisasie funksies van die aanhef en slot simbole, speel dit ook ʼn belangrike rol in die ontrekking van die frekwensie weergawe van die kanaal. Die effening van die kanaal se frekwensieweergawe is noodsaaklik vir die koherente demodulasie van die ontvangde simbole. ʼn Ondersoek na verskillende fase verskuif sleuteling (PSK) en kwadratuur amplitude modulasie (QAM) konstellasies het optimale rangskikkings opgelewer vir minimale simboolfoute. Hierdie optimale QAM konstellasies verleen hulself egter nie na Gray-kodering nie. ʼn Effektiewe invlegtegniek is nodig om die nie-uniforme verspreiding van bisfoute tussen simboolfoute te beperk. Fout korrigering funksionaliteit word gebied deur ʼn Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) blokkode. Verstelbare koderingstempo’s en die vermoë om tussen verskillende konstellasies te skakel, stel die modem in staat om sogenaamde verstelbare modulasie te gebruik in ʼn poging om die data deurset te optimeer onder spesifieke kanaal kondisies. Die modulasie en demodulasie skema is volledig in sagteware gedefinieer. Dit verleen buigbaarheid en vergemaklik eksperimentering met verskeie seinverwerkingstegnieke. Die meegaande hardeware platvorm stel die modem in staat om vooraf opgewekte seine uit te saai en rou ontvangde siene op te neem vir na-tydse verwerking. Die prototipe ontwerp dien as ʼn konseptuele bewys en bied dus slegs simplekse kommunikasie. Die suksesvolle werking van die modem is gedemonstreer deur toetsing oor beperkte afstande. Hieruit word afgelei dat OFDM inderdaad geskik is vir akoestiese onderwater kommunikasie.
360

Comparative evaluation of video watermarking techniques in the uncompressed domain

Van Huyssteen, Rudolph Hendrik 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Electronic watermarking is a method whereby information can be imperceptibly embedded into electronic media, while ideally being robust against common signal manipulations and intentional attacks to remove the embedded watermark. This study evaluates the characteristics of uncompressed video watermarking techniques in terms of visual characteristics, computational complexity and robustness against attacks and signal manipulations. The foundations of video watermarking are reviewed, followed by a survey of existing video watermarking techniques. Representative techniques from different watermarking categories are identified, implemented and evaluated. Existing image quality metrics are reviewed and extended to improve their performance when comparing these video watermarking techniques. A new metric for the evaluation of inter frame flicker in video sequences is then developed. A technique for possibly improving the robustness of the implemented discrete Fourier transform technique against rotation is then proposed. It is also shown that it is possible to reduce the computational complexity of watermarking techniques without affecting the quality of the original content, through a modified watermark embedding method. Possible future studies are then recommended with regards to further improving watermarking techniques against rotation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Elektroniese watermerk is ’n metode waardeur inligting onmerkbaar in elektroniese media vasgelê kan word, met die doel dat dit bestand is teen algemene manipulasies en doelbewuste pogings om die watermerk te verwyder. In hierdie navorsing word die eienskappe van onsaamgeperste video watermerktegnieke ondersoek in terme van visuele eienskappe, berekeningskompleksiteit en weerstandigheid teen aanslae en seinmanipulasies. Die onderbou van video watermerktegnieke word bestudeer, gevolg deur ’n oorsig van reedsbestaande watermerktegnieke. Verteenwoordigende tegnieke vanuit verskillende watermerkkategorieë word geïdentifiseer, geïmplementeer en geëvalueer. Bestaande metodes vir die evaluering van beeldkwaliteite word bestudeer en uitgebrei om die werkverrigting van die tegnieke te verbeter, spesifiek vir die vergelyking van watermerktegnieke. ’n Nuwe stelsel vir die evaluering van tussenraampie flikkering in video’s word ook ontwikkel. ’n Tegniek vir die moontlike verbetering van die geïmplementeerde diskrete Fourier transform tegniek word voorgestel om die tegniek se bestandheid teen rotasie te verbeter. Daar word ook aangetoon dat dit moontlik is om die berekeningskompleksiteit van watermerktegnieke te verminder, sonder om die kwaliteit van die oorspronklike inhoud te beïnvloed, deur die gebruik van ’n verbeterde watermerkvasleggingsmetode. Laastens word aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing aangaande die verbetering van watermerktegnieke teen rotasie gemaak.

Page generated in 0.1508 seconds