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Fears in a selected group of middle childhood South Africa children : a cross cultural studyBurkhardt, Käthe-Erla 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this study was to determine the content, number, level and pattern of fears
expressed by a culturally diverse selected group of middle childhood children in the Stellenbosch
area.
The secondary aim of this study was to establish whether there were any differences in the fears
expressed with respect to culture, gender and socio-econmic status (SES) as well as to ascertain any
differences with respect to the two fear measuring instruments. The two fear measuring instruments
administered were the Free-Option Method (FOM) and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children
Revised (FSSC-R). The FOM was used to determine the content and number of fears and the
structured FSSC-R, to establish the content, number, level and pattern of fears.
A predominantly quantitative method of data collection was used. In all, three questionnaires were
completed by 404 middle childhood children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, attending four
primary schools in the Stellenbosch area. These questionnaires comprised of the Biographical
questionnaire, the FOM and the FSSC-R and were administered in the same order as mentioned.
The data was also analysed in a quantitative manner.
Culture was defined in the terms of the main representative cultural communities III the
Stellenbosch area, namely, black, white and coloured South African children.
The content of fears based on the results of the FOM yielded only a few similarities upon
comparisons to the findings of previous studies. This, however, may be due to variations in the
methodology of the FOM among studies. Similarities were found regarding the content of fears
based on the FSSC-R results implying that certain fears are universal. The fear of crime or crime
related aspects featured among the ten 11:0stcommon fears for all the children regardless of the
measuring instrument used. The number and level of fears for the three cultural groups were the
highest for the black South African children, followed by the coloured South African children while
the white South African children displayed the lowest number and level of fears. The number and
level of fears for all three cultures were generally higher than found elsewhere in the world
according to previous studies. The pattern of fear was similar for all three cultures. Gender differences for all three cultures were consistent with preVIOUS research with girls
expressing more fears than boys. Girls also displayed a higher level of fears on all the five factors
than the boys.
The number and level of fears was the highest for children coming from lower SES background
than those coming from higher SES background. Difficulties were experienced with regard to
sample size and SES and a caution to use the results regarding SES as only tentative guidelines is
given.
The similarities between the results on the two measuring instruments, the FOM and the FSSC-R,
were sparse emphasising a need for the development of emic assessment tools.
In the conclusion, recommendations for future studies are provided. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die prim ere doel van die onderhawige studie was om die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van
uitgesproke vrese deur 'n kultureel diverse geselekteerde groep van kinders in die middelkinderjare
in die Stellenboscharea, te bepaal.
Die sekondere doel van die onderhawige studie was om vas te stel of daar verskille was in die
uitgesproke vrese wat uitgedruk is met betrekking tot kultuur, geslag en sosio-ekonomiese status
(SES), sowel as die vergelyking tussen die twee meetinstrumente vir vrese. Die twee
meetinstrumente wat toegepas is, is die "Free Option Method" (FOM) en die "Fear Survey for
Children Revised" (FSSC-R). Die FOM was gebruik om die inhoud en aantal vrese te bepaal,
terwyl die FSSC-R gebruik was om die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van vrese te bepaal.
'n Oorwegende kwantitatiewe metode van data insameling is gebruik in hierdie studie. In totaal is
drie vraelyste beantwoord deur 404 kinders in die middelkinderjare tussen die ouderdomme van 8
en 12 jaar, wat tans vier primere skole in die Stellenbosch area bywoon. Die drie vraelyste bestaan
uit die Biografiese vraeIys, die FOM en die FSSC-R en is toegepas in die voorafgaande volgorde.
Die data is ook kwantitatief geanaliseer.
Kultuur is omskryf in terme van die hoof verteenwoordigende kultuurgemeenskappe III die
Stellenbosch area, naamlik: swart, wit en kleurling Suid-Afrikaanse kinders.
Die inhoud van die vrese wat op die resultate van die FOM gebaseer is, het weinig ooreengestem
met ander navorsingsbevindings. Die verskynsel kan heeIwaarskynlik toegeskryf word aan die
wisselende metodiek van die FOM in navorsing. 'n Groot mate van ooreenstemming met
betrekking tot die inhoud van vrese wat gebaseer is op die FSSC-R resuitate, is bevind met
betrekking tot verwante navorsing. Die implikasie hiervan is dat sekere vrese wel universeel is.
Vrese vir geweld of geweiddadige aspekte het gefigureer onder die tien mees algemene vrese vir al
die kinders, ongeag die meetintrument wat toegepas is. Die aantal en viak van vrese vir die
ver~killende kuItuurgroepe was die hoogste vir die swart Suid-Afrikaanse kinders, gevoig deur die
van die kleurling Suid- Afrikaanse kinders, terwyI die wit Suid-Afrikaanse kinders met die Iaagste
aantal en vlak van vrese gepresenteer het. Die aantal en viak van uitgesproke vrese vir al drie kultuurgroepe was oor die algemeen hoer as die van navorsingbevindinge elders in die wereld. Die
patroon van vrese was egter dieselfde vir die drie kultuurgroepe.
Geslagverskille ten opsigte van al drie kultuurgroepe is in ooreenstemming met ander
navorsingsresultate bevind. Meisies het, vergeleke met seuns, meer vrese, sowel as 'n hoer vlak van
vrese op al vyf faktore van die FSSC-R getoon. Kinders vanuit 'n laer SES agtergrond het 'n groter
aantal, sowel as hoer vlak van vrese ervaar as kinders vanuit 'n hoer SES agtergrond. As gevolg van
die probleme wat ondervind is met die steekproefgrootte en die bepaling van SES, word gemaan om
die resultate met betrekking tot SES net as tentatiewe riglyne te interpreteer.
Daar was baie min ooreenstemming tussen die resultate van die twee meetinstrurnente, die FOM en
die FSSC-R, wat die behoefte aan die ontwikkeling van gepaste meetintrurnente beklemtoon.
Ten slotte word enkele riglyne vir verdere navorsing aanbeveel.
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Geskiedenis van die Departement Sielkunde aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, 1917 tot 1979Scholtz, Magda 12 1900 (has links)
On t.p.: Werkstuk vir die graad van Magister in Lettere en Wysbegeerte (Voorligtingsielkunde) / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this document specific attention was given to the foundation and
development of the Department of Psychology at the University of Stellenbosch
during the period 1917 to 1979. Furthermore, the role that the Department of
Psychology played in the development of psychology in South Africa has been
addressed.
The initial development of the Department of Psychology, important staff
appointments made by the Department as well as contributions made by
individuals was mentioned. The role that the Department played in the
development of Counselling Psychology, the development of the Clinical- and
Counselling Psychology courses, the approval of these courses and the
registration of psychologists are discussed. The services rendered by the
Department of Psychology, as well as research that have been done and the
role that the Department played in the South African context is also included in
this study.
The findings entailed that the Department had an important influence in the
development of psychology. The Department of Psychology at the University of
Stellenbosch is the oldest psychology department in South Africa. A strong
scientific and experimental approach was established in the Department.
Fundamental laboratory work formed the basis for a variety of internationally
acknowledged research studies and publications. The Department followed a
preventative approach in the training of professional psychologists. The first
grade course for the training of counselling psychologists in South Africa was
instituted at the Department. The Department also played a leading role in the
establishment of the University of Stellenbosch Bureau for Student Counselling.
The Department was often criticised for not being involved in socio-political
matters in the country during the apartheid era and that the research done by
the department was focused on sustaining the apartheid ideology. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie werkstuk word die totstandkoming en groei van die Departement
Sielkunde aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch tussen 1917 en 1979 sowel as
die rol wat die departement in die ontwikkeling van sielkunde in Suid-Afrika
gespeel het, bespreek.
Die totstandkoming van die Departement Sielkunde, belangrike personeel
aanstellings wat gemaak is en die belangrikste bydraes wat gelewer is, word
bespreek. Daar word ook aandag geskenk aan die rol wat die Departement in
die ontwikkeling van Voorligtingsielkunde gespeel het, die ontwikkeling van die
Kliniese- en Voorligtingsielkunde kursusse, die goedkeuring van dié kursusse
en registrasie van sielkundiges. Verder word gekyk na dienste wat deur die
Departement Sielkunde gelewer is, navorsingswerk wat gedoen is asook die
Departement se rol en betrokkenheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks.
Daar word bevind dat die Departement 'n uiters belangrike rol in die
ontwikkeling van sielkunde gespeel het. Die Departement Sielkunde aan die
Universiteit van Stellenbosch is die oudste sielkunde departement in Suid-
Afrika. 'n Sterk wetenskaplike en eksperimentele inslag is van die begin af in
die Departement gevestig. Fundamentele laboratoriumwerk wat gedoen is, het
tot verskeie internasionaal erkende navorsingsaktiwiteite en publikasies gelei.
In die opleiding van professionele sielkundiges is 'n voorkomende benadering
deur die Departement gevolg. Die eerste graadkursus vir die opleiding van
voorligtingsielkundiges in Suid-Afrika is gevolglik ook by die Departement
ingestel. Die Departement het verder 'n leidende rol gespeel in die vestiging
van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Buro vir Studentevoorligting. Dit word
egter ten laste van die Departement gelê dat die Departement 'n mate van
onbetrokkenheid by die sosio-politiese strominge in die land gehad het en deur
sy vroeë navorsing bygedra het tot die grondlegging van die
apartheidsideologie.
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MIV/VIGS-berading in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap : 'n kritiese beskouingDu Toit, Monica 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have
already reached a magnitude in Southern Africa which can hardly be addressed by the existing structures.
HIV counselling is considered to be an important preventative and supportive strategy in the battle against
HIV. In recent years therefore, urgent attempts have been made to provide HIV/AIDS counselling
services throughout South Africa. The researcher had a firsthand experience of such an attempt as
manager of HIV counselling services for a NGO working in a peri-urban community. She realised that
although the ideal outcome and aims of HIV counselling have been widely documented, very little
research has been done on the implementation of these principles in health systems with limited
resources. It was thought that a meaningful contribution could be made to the development of HIV
counselling services in a specific South African community by critically exploring current HIV
counselling services in such a community. This exploration entailed the following:
• reviewing the literature on HIV counselling;
• clarifying the goal of HIV counselling;
• clarifying behaviour change as an outcome of HIV counselling;
• exploring the influence of the Stellenbosch context on the content and outcome of HIV counselling;
and;
• exploring to what extent the goals of HIV counselling (as prescribed by international and national
literature) are pursued in the Stellenbosch context.
The ecological model and an action research method were used to direct this study. The researcher used
her position and experience as manager of the HIV counselling services within a non-governmental
organisation to access sources of information. Direct and participatory observations were utilised to
gather information regarding the implementation of HIV counselling services in the community. The
model of Raeburn and Seymour (1979) and specifically the overview phase have been used as a
framework to organise the data and to describe the HIV counselling system in the specific community.
The researcher concluded that the theoretical principles that were identified as prerequisites for effective
HIV counselling services were often irreconcilable with the management skills, context, infrastructure
and aims of the primary health services within the district. It was highlighted that a systemic
understanding of the impact of the environment should be considered when future models and outcomes
are formulated and implemented. Finally, alternative suggestions for the management, the formulation of
outcomes and the utilisation of personnel in HIV counselling in this specific community were discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Menslike Immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) en Verworwe Immuniteitsgebreksindroom (Vigs) in
Suider-Afrika het reeds 'n omvang bereik wat beswaarlik deur die bestaande strukture aangespreek kan
word. MIV-berading word beskou as 'n belangrike voorkomende en ondersteunende strategie in die stryd
teen MIV. In die laaste paar jaar is dringende pogings dus aangewend om MIV-beradingsdienste in die
hele Suid Afrika beskikbaar te stel. Die navorser het eerstehandse ervaring gehad van hierdie inisiatief as
bestuurder van MIV -beradingsdienste vir 'n nie-regeringsorganisasie wat werksaam is in 'n semilandelike
gemeenskap. Alhoewel die ideale uitkoms en doel van MIV -berading wyd gedokumenteer is,
het sy besef dat baie min navorsing gedoen is oor die implementering van hierdie beginsels in
gesondheidsisteme met beperkte bronne. Daar is geredeneer dat 'n betekenisvolle bydrae gemaak kan
word tot die ontwikkeling van MIV -beradingsdienste binne 'n spesifike Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap
deur die huidige MIV -beradingsdienste in so 'n gemeenskap krities te verken. Hierdie verkenning het die
volgende behels :
• literatuur oor MIV -berading te bestudeer;
• MIV-berading se doelwitte te verhelder;
• gedragsverandering as uitkoms van MIV -berading te verhelder;
• te eksploreer hoe die Stellenbosch konteks die inhoud en uitkoms van MIV -berading beïnvloed; en
• te eksploreer tot watter mate die doelwitte van MIV -berading ( soos voorgeskryf deur internasionale
en nasionale literatuur) in die Stellenbosch konteks nagestreefword.
Die ekologiese model en 'n aksienavorsingsmetode is gebruik om die ondersoek te rig. Die navorser het
haar posisie en ervaring as bestuurder van MIV -beradingsdienste binne 'n nie-regeringsorganisasie
gebruik om toegang te verkry tot inligting. Direkte en deelnemende waarneming is gebruik om inligting
in te samel rakende die implementering van MIV -beradingsdienste in die gemeenskap. Die model van
Raeburn en Seymour ( 1979) en spesifiek die oorsigfase is gebruik as 'n raamwerk om data te organiseer
en die MIV -beradingsisteem in die spesifieke gemeenskap te beskryf.
Die navorser het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die teoretiese beginsels wat geïdentifiseer is as
essensiële voorvereistes vir effektiewe MIV -beradingsdienste in soveelopsigte onversoenbaar is met die
bestuursvaardighede, konteks, infrastruktuur en doelwitte wat binne die spesifieke primêre
gesondheidsdienste geld. Dit is beklemtoon dat In sistemiese verstaan van die invloed van die omgewing
en die inagneming van die sisteem belangrik is wanneer toekomstige doelwitte geformuleer en modelle
geïmplementeer word. Alternatiewe voorstelle vir die bestuur van beradingsdienste, die formulering van
uitkomsdoelwitte en die benutting van personeel in hierdie dienste is ten slotte bespreek.
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Mothers' constructions of daughters' sexualityAnthony, Liezl Elona 12 1900 (has links)
On t.p.: Degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV-infection and AIDS are major problems not only in South Africa, but worldwide. It has
become evident that not only is HIV-infection and AIDS rife amongst the youth of South Africa,
but the rate of infection is likely to increase within the next few years. Second to the HIV-infection
pandemic in South Africa, is the high prevalence of teenage pregnancies. These have been shown to
increase rapidly with more teenage girls becoming pregnant than a few years back. Teenagers tend
not to use contraceptives and do not make use of their parents as sexual informants. It is believed
that parents do not play an active role in the imparting of knowledge and sexual information. The
youth and especially teenage girls' sense of personal agency are limited, when they are confronted
with dangerous sexual situations.
Furthermore, it has been argued that a person's socio-economic status plays an important role in
HIV-infection, contraceptive use and pregnancy - with teenagers from lower socio-economic
groups more likely to be the higher risk group. This study proposed to address the need for research
on female reproductive health in all the diverse South African communities, by focusing
specifically on working-class mothers' constructions of daughters' sexuality in a "coloured"! semirural
area of South Africa.
In the current study, data were obtained from ten women aged 32 to 55 years about their views of
their daughters' sexuality and their experiences with their own sexuality. All of the participants
were mothers of teenage daughters. The women all came from a semi-rural "coloured" community
and mostly varied only in terms of age and educational level. All of these participants were from a
working-class background.
Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the women and using a feminist social
constructionist grounded theory these women's accounts were explored and analysed. The analysis
revealed that women still uphold the belief that sexuality is an entity that should be feared. The
focus of mothers' discussions with their daughters centered on the dangers of sexuality.
Furthermore the analysis indicated that mothers aspired to reduce the sexual dangers that their
daughters face. They endeavored to protect their daughters by continuously subjecting them to
various messages - such as "sex is bad", "sex and sexuality can ruin one's future" and "virginity is
the key to successful womanhood". Mothers also strived to protect their daughters through constant scrutiny. However, mothers, in their efforts to preserve their daughters innocence, were unwittingly
seen to endanger the girls. They were endangering their daughters by keeping them ignorant and
through shaming sexual experimentation and sexual curiosity. A restricted focus on the danger and
perils of sexuality is found to be extremely hazardous. It overshadowed all the other sexual
experiences that women might have. The emphasis on danger portrays women solely as victims and
as sexually vulnerable. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Statistieke toon dat alle seksueel-oordraagbare infeksies, MIV-infeksie, VIGS en reproduktiewe
gesondheidsprobleme op globale vlak toeneem, asook in Suid-Afrika. Baie duidelik is die invloed
van MIV-infeksies asook VIGS onder die jeudiges van Suid-Afrika. Daar word gespekuleer dat die
aantal infeksies aansienlik oor die volgende paar jaar sal toeneem. Naas die MIV-infeksie
pandemonium is die hoë tienerswangerskappe 'n verdere probleem onder Suid-Afrikaanse tieners.
Swangerskappe neem al hoe meer toe met meer tienerdogters wat swanger raak as 'n paar jaar
gelede. Verder maak tieners nie gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels nie en gebruik ook nie hulouers as
seksuele inligtingbronne nie. Daar is ook bevind dat ouers nie 'n aktiewe rol speel om seksuele
informasie met hulle kinders te deel nie. Tieners, en veral tienerdogters, se siening oor hul
persoonlike agentskap is beperk en veral wanneer hulle gekonfronteer word met gevaarlike seksuele
situasies.
Verder is daar bevind dat 'n persoon se sosio-ekonomiese status 'n belangrike rol speel by MIVinfeksie,
die gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels en swangerskap. Tieners van 'n laer sosio-ekonomiese
agtergrond is geïdentifiseer as die hoër risiko groep. Die huidige studie het beoog om die leemte
van navorsing oor reproduktiewe gesondheid van vroue in alle diverse gemeenskappe in Suid-
Afrika aan te spreek deur te fokus op "kleurling" werkersklas ma's in 'n semi-landelike area van
Suid-Afrika.
Tien vroue het aan die huidige studie deelgeneem. Hulle ouderdomme het gewissel vanaf 32 tot 55
jaar. Inligting aangaande hulle sienings oor hul dogters se seksualiteit sowel as hul eie was verkry.
Al die vroue was ma's van tienerdogters en afkomstig uit 'n semi-landelike "kleurling"
gemeenskap. Die deelnemers was almal vanuit 'n werkersklas agtergrond afkomstig.
Semi-gestruktureerde in-diepte onderhoude is met die vroue gevoer. Die "feminist social
constructionist grounded theory" metode is gebruik om die onderhoude te analiseer. Uit die analise
blyk dit dat vroue glo dat seksualiteit 'n entiteit is wat gevrees moet word. Die fokus van ma's se
besprekings met hulle dogters sentreer op die gevare van seksualiteit. Die analise toon verder dat
ma's aspireer om die seksuele gevare te verminder wat hulle dogters in die gesig staar. Ma's wil
hulle dogters beskerm deur hulle gedurig dop te hou asook deur boodskappe wat die ma's aan hulle
dogters weergee. Boodskappe soos "seks is nie goed nie", "seks en seksualiteit kan jou toekoms
verongeluk" en "maagdelikheid is die sleutel tot suksesvolle vrouwees" is van die boodskappe wat
ma's aan hulle dogters weergee. Alhoewel ma's probeer om hul dogters se onskuld te beskerm, is hulle terselfdertyd onbewustelik besig om hulle dogters aan gevaar bloot te stel. Deur hulle dogters
onkundig te hou en deur seksuele eksperimentasie asook seksuele nuuskierigheid as skandalig en
onbetaamlik voor te hou, stel ma's hulle dogters bloot aan gevaar. Daar is 'n risiko verbonde aan
die beperkte fokus op die gevaar van seksualiteit. Dit oorskadu alle ander seksuele ervarings wat
vroue mag hê. Die klem op seks as 'n bedreiging stel vroue slegs voor as slagoffers en as seksueel
weerloos.
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n Ouerleidingsprogram vir enkelouers : 'n oplossingsgerigte benaderingMalherbe, Henriëtte 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This programme is aimed at providing parent guidance to single parents. It is
based on a reciprocal and egalitarian work relationship, using the parent's own
skills, knowledge, unique strengths and previous successes.
Solution-focused therapy developed from postmodernism. Therefore the
absence of an objective reality functions independently of a reality that is
linguistically constructed. The assumptions that underpin Solution-focused
therapy are discussed, since they form an essential element in the composition
of this programme. Since the guidance programme is implemented in a group
context, attention is paid to the therapeutic factors, dynamics and principles of
solution-focused group work. Techniques unique to Solution-focused work, such
as the miracle question, exceptions questions and grading questions are
explained.
These techniques are put into practice over six sessions: (1) identifying
problematic issues in single parent families, (2) focusing on any slight change,
(3) if it works, don't fix it, (4) if it doesn't work, do something else, (5) focus on
what is right, (6) celebrate changes and exceptions. Goals are set and
procedures work out for each session.
The programme is aimed at enhancing the single parent's own capacity for
generating solutions and constructing alternative meaning in a move away from a
problem orientation towards a solution orientation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie program is op ouerleiding aan enkelouers gerig. Oit berus op 'n
wederkerige en eqalitere werksverhouding, gebaseer op die ouer se vaardigheid,
eie kennis, unieke vermoens en vorige suksesse.
Oplossingsgerigte terapie het ontwikkel vanuit die postmodernisme.
Hiervolgens is daar nie 'n objektiewe werklikheid wat onafhanklik funksioneer van
die lingu"istiese gekonstrueerde weergawe van die realiteit nie. Die aannames
waarop Oplossingsgerigte terapie berus word bespreek, aangesien dit 'n
belangrike element in die samestelling van hierdie program vorm. Aangesien die
ouerleiding in groepverband geskied, word daar aandag geskenk aan die
terapeutiese faktore, dinamiek en beginsels van oplossingsgerigte groepwerk.
Tegnieke eie aan oplossingsgerigte werk, soos die wonderwerkvraag,
uitsonderingsvrae en graderingsvrae, word verduidelik.
Die verpraktisering van bogenoemde geskied in ses sessies wat soos volg
uiteengesit is: (1) die identifisering van problematiese kwessies by
enkelouergesinne, (2) fokus op klein veranderinge, (3) as dit werk, moet dit nie
'regmaak' nie, (4) as dit nie werk nie, doen iets anders, (5) fokus op dit 'wat reg
is', (6) die viering van verandering en uitsonderings.
uiteengesette doelwitte en prosedurenotas.
Hierdie program poog om die ouer se eie kapasiteit vir die generering van
Elke sessie het
oplossings te fasiliteer en alternatiewe betekenisse te konstrueer, deur die klem
te verskuif van 'n probleemgerigtheid na 'n oplossingsgerigtheid.
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Personality changes after complex trauma : a literature survey and case studyVan Niekerk, Lydia Mary 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A century of clinical observations and literature has repeatedly noted that trauma
responses occur in across a spectrum and on a continuum of severity. The existing, DSMIV
trauma response classifications include Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD as anxiety
disorders. Complex PTSD or DESNOS was considered as a proposed, alternative
classification during the DSM-IV PTSD Field Trials. It was not included as a separate
diagnosis, but briefly mentioned as an associated feature ofPTSD. Subsequent research
and replica studies have not proved conclusively whether Complex PTSD should be a
separate or associated feature ofPTSD, and the controversy continues to date.
Childhood traumatization is strongly associated with adult psychopathology, and
various Axis I and Axis II disorders, especially Borderline Personality Disorder, and to a
lesser extent, Antisocial Personality Disorder. Prolonged, repeated traumatization during
adulthood is also associated with subsequent Axis II pathology, including Borderline,
Obsessive-Compulsive and Avoidant Personality Disorders. Chronically traumatized
people with Axis II pathology often present with comorbid Axis I disorders including
Major Depression, PTSD, Substance Abuse, Somatization Disorder, and Dissociative
Disorders.
There are divergent views regarding the etiology of personality disorders in
chronically traumatized individuals. On the one hand, repeated, prolonged trauma could
cause enduring personality dysfunction in individuals despite normal premorbid
functioning. On the other hand, genetics, temperament, environmental factors and even a
pre-existing stress diathesis in the pre-trauma personality could contribute to the
development of post-trauma personality disorders. These two views do not necessary
contradict each other, but illustrate the complexity the human stress reaction.
Despite the controversy the inclusion of DESNOS into the diagnostic canon, it is
a valuable measure of predicting prognosis to existing treatment options. The present
main psychological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders has been a cognitive-behavioral based, exposure intervention. Alternative therapies include psychodynamic
approaches, pastoral interventions and more recently, ecological and recovery based
models.
The Complex PTSD conceptualization contributes to a better understanding of the
personality structure of chronically traumatized people. There are three main areas of
disturbance. Firstly, a complex symptomatic presentation including somatization,
dissociation, and affect dysregulation. Secondly, deep characterological shifts including
deformations in concepts of relatedness and identity. Thirdly, and increased vulnerability
to harm, either self-inflicted or at the hands of others. The usefulness of integrating
these three concepts into the personality conceptualization of chronically traumatized
individuals is illustrated a case study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die literatuur en kliniese waarneming vand die afgelope eeu dui herhaaldelik op trauma
reaksies oor 'n spektrum. In die bestaande DSM-IV stelsel, val trauma reaksies net Akute
Stress Steuring and Post-Traumatiese Stress Steuring. Hoewel Komplekse PTSD in 1992
voorgestel was as 'n alternatiefin die DSM-IV, is dit nie as aparte diagnose ingesluit is
nie, maar wel wel gelys as geassosieerde symptoom van PTSD. Latere navorsing en
duplikaat studies het nog nie konklusiefbewys of Komplekse PTSD 'n geassosieerde or
aparte simptoom van PTSD is nie, en debat duur nog voort.
Trauma gedurende kinderjare word sterk geassosieer met volwasse psigopatologie en
verskeie As I en As II steurings, veral Grenslyn Persoonlikheids Steuring, en tot In
mindere mate, Antisosiale Persoonlikheids Steuring. Langstaande, herhaalde
traumatisering gedurende volwassenheid word ook geassosieer met latere As II patologie,
insluitende, Grenslyn, Obsessief-Kompulsief en Vermydende Persoonlikheids Steurings,
Kronies getraumatiseerde individue met As II patologie presenteer ook dikwels met
komorbiede As II steurings insluitende Major Depressie, Post-Traumatiese Stres
Steuring, Somatiserings Steuring, and Dissosiatiewe Steurings.
Daar is uiteenlopende sienings oor die etiologie van persoonlikheids steurings in kronies
getraumatiseerde individue. Aan die een kant, kan langstaande, herhaalde trauma
persoonlikheids veranderinge veroorsaak ongeag normale premorbide funksionering.
Aan die ander kant, kan genetika, temperament, omgewing en'n pre-morbide stressvatbaarheid
almal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van post-trauma persoonlikheids steurings.
Hierdie twee sienings weerspreek mekaar nie noodwendig nie, maar dui op die
kompleksiteit van die menslike stres reaksie.
Ongeag die akademiese debakeloor die insluiting van die Kompleks PTSD
konseptualisasie in DSM-IV diagnostiese stelsel, is dit 'n waardevolle praktiese
meetinstrument van prognose onder bestaande behandelings opsies. Tot dusver word die
primere sielkundige intervensies gebaseer op 'n kognitiewe-gedragsterapie model. Alternatiewe terapieë sluit in psigodinamiese, pastorale en meer onlangse ekologiese en
herstel-gebasseerde intervensies.
Die Kompleks PTSD konseptualisasie dra by tot beter kennis oor die persoonlikheids
struktuur van kronies, getraumatiseerde mense. Daar is drie hoof areas of versteuring.
Eerstens, a komplekse simptomatiese presentasie insluitende somatisering, dissosiasie en
affek disregulasie. Tweedens, diep veranderings in karakter insluitende versteurings in
identiteit en interpersoonlike verhoudings. Derdens, in groter vatbaarheid vir seerkry, of
aan hulle eie hande, of aan die hande van ander. Die waarde van die integrasie van
hierdie drie konsepte in die persoonlikheids konseptualisasie van kronies
getraumatiseerde individue word geillustreer deur 'n gevallestudie.
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Stress and coping strategies in recently widowed rural black womenSomhlaba, Ncebazakhe Z. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The relationship between stress and coping strategies in bereavement was examined in 70 recently
widowed rural black women (mean age 36.53 years). Correlations were sought between coping
strategies (as measured by the Coping Strategy Indicator) and anxiety (as measured by the S-scale of the
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory), social
support (as measured by the Social Support Scale) and biographical variables. Of the participants,
88.57% were at least mildly depressed, while 78.57% experienced anxiety of above average intensity.
Depression scores were significantly higher for those who were unemployed than for those who had
paid work. Those with an education of Standard 6 or below made significantly more use of social
support-seeking strategies than those with high school and tertiary education. Those whose husbands
had died suddenly made more use of problem-solving strategies, while those whose husbands had died
of chronic illness made more use of social support-seeking coping strategies. Significant positive
correlations were found between an avoidant coping strategy and both depression and anxiety. A
significant positive correlation was found between a social support-seeking coping strategy and
perceived social support. Significant negative correlations were found between both problem-solving
and social support-seeking coping strategies and anxiety as well as depression scores. An avoidant
coping strategy emerged as a significant positive predictor of both anxiety and depression, while
problem-solving and social support-seeking coping strategies emerged as significant negative predictors
of depression. A problem-solving coping strategy alone emerged as a significant negative predictor of
anxiety. These findings point to the need for interventions aimed at more effective use of problemsolving
and social support-seeking coping strategies, rather than avoidance, if the widowed are to
effectively deal with their conjugal loss. Another implication of these findings is the importance of
helping those who are undergoing bereavement to continuously re-define their social support structures
for continued sustenance of social and emotional support. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verband tussen stres en hanteringstrategieë is in 'n groep van 70 landelike swart vrouens (gemiddelde
ouderdom 36.53 jaar) wat hul eggenote onlangs aan die dood afgestaan het, ondersoek. Korrelasies tussen
hanteringstrategieë (gemeet deur die Coping Strategy Indicator) en angs (gemeet deur die S-skaal van die State-
Trait Anxiety Inventory), depressie (gemeet deur die Beck Depression Inventory), sosiale ondersteuning (gemeet
deur die Social Support Scale) en biografiese veranderlikes is ondersoek. Van die deelnemers was 88.57%
minstens tot 'n ligte mate depressief, terwyl 78.57% bogemiddelde angsvlakke ervaar het. Depressietellings van
werklose vroue was hoër as van diegene met 'n gesalarieerde werk. Diegene met Standerd 6 opleiding of laer het
beduidend meer gebruik gemaak van sosiale ondersteuning-soekende strategieë as diegene met hoërskool en
tersiêre opleiding. Diegene wie se eggenote skielik afgesterf het, het meer gebruik gemaak van
probleemoplossende hanteringstrategieë terwyl diegene wie se eggenote afgesterf het as gevolg van 'n chroniese
siekte, meer gebruik gemaak het van sosiale ondersteuning-soekende hanteringstrategieë. Beduidende positiewe
korrelasies is aangetref tussen 'n vermydende hanteringstrategie en beide depressie en angs. 'n Beduidende
positiewe korrelasie is aangetref tussen 'n sosiale ondersteuning-soekende hanteringstrategie en waargenome
sosiale ondersteuning. Beduidende negatiewe korrelasies is aangetref tussen beide probleem-oplossende en
sosiale ondersteuning-soekende hanteringstrategieë en angs sowel as depressie. 'n Vermydende hanteringstrategie
was 'n beduidende positiewe voorspeller van beide angs en depressie, terwyl probleem-oplossende en sosiale
ondersteuning-soekende hanteringstrategieë beduidende negatiewe voorspellers was van depressie. 'n
Probleemoplossende hanteringstrategie was 'n beduidende negatiewe voorspellers van angs. Hierdie bevinding
dui op die noodsaaklikheid van intervensies wat gemik is op die meer effektiewe gebruik van probleemoplossende
en sosiale ondersteuning-soekende hanteringstrategieë, eerder as vermyding, vir die weduwee om die
afsterwe van haar eggenoot effektief te kan hanteer. Nog 'n implikasie van die bevindinge is die belangrikheid
daarvan om diegene wat rou te help om voortdurend hul sosiale ondersteuningstrukture te herdefinieer vir
voortdurende onderhouding van sosiale en emosionele ondersteuning.
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Towards identifying effective leaders : the validity of the wheel as indicator of effective leadership behaviour during organisational changeTrümpelmann, Inge 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On the basis of a literature review regarding effective leadership, coping with change
and the assessment of effective leadership and coping, this study investigated the use of
The Wheel, a free-format, projective technique, which lends itself to a qualitative and
quantitative analysis. A group of (N=75) managers, within a large South African
engineering organisation, were assessed during organisational change. Human
Resource practitioners and supervisors evaluated participants' leadership effectiveness
by using a six-point Lickert scale. Overall performance scores were calculated based on
a gap analysis between perceived performance and required performance. High,
Medium and Low performance groups were identified and compared in terms of The
Wheel results. On a quantitative level significant differences were obtained with regards
to Overall performance scores and the Number of Segments completed by participants.
Furthermore, some of The Wheel constructs correlated with individual performance
rating items and also appears to reflect the impact of organisational change on
participants' Attitudes, Discrimination and Sense of Control towards key words "My
Work". On a qualitative level, the contents of The Wheel profiles indicated themes that
may be an indication of different approaches and lor problems experienced respectively
by High and Low performance groups during organisational change. The Wheel may
thus have predictive validity for assessing leadership effectiveness during organisational
change, but due to limitations of this explorative study, further research is
recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op grond van 'n literatuurstudie van effektiewe leierskap, hantering van verandering en
die meting van effektiewe leierskap en probleemhantering, word die gebruik van The
Wheel, 'n projeksietegniek wat kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe interpretasie behels,
ondersoek. Vervolgens is 'n groep (N=75) bestuurders, vanuit 'n groot Suid-Afrikaanse
ingenieurs organisasie, tydens organisatoriese verandering en herstrukturering
geëvalueer. Prestasie beoordelings vir elk van die deelnemers is deur menslike
hulpbronpraktisyns en supervisors gedoen op grond van 'n ses-punt Lickert skaal.
Algehele prestasietellings is vir elke deelnemer bereken op grond van 'n gapingsanalise
tussen waargenome prestasie en vereiste prestasie. Hoë, Medium en Lae
prestasiegroepe is geïdentifiseer en vergelyk in terme van die The Wheel resultate. Op
'n kwantitatiewe vlak was daar betekenisvolle verskille tussen verskillende prestasiegroepe
en die Getal Segmente ingevul deur deelnemers. Sommige van die The Wheel
konstrukte het ook betekenisvolle korrelasies getoon met van die prestasiebeoordelingsitems.
Die The Wheel resultate het ook die situasionele impak van organisatoriese
verandering en herstrukturerinq gereflekteer in terme van deelnemers se Houdings-,
Diskriminasie- en Kontroletellings behaal vir sleutelwoorde "My Werk". Op 'n
kwalitatiewe vlak dui die inhoud van die The Wheel profiele daarop dat Hoë en Lae
prestasiegroepe onderskeidelik verskillende temas meld tydens die vrye assosiasie
oefening. Die The Wheel mag belofte inhou vir die met1ng van effektiewe leierskap,
maar as gevolg van beperkings in hierdie eksploratiewe-studie. word verdere navorsing
aanbeveel.
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A cognitive conceptualization of depression in adults with diabetes mellitusDrake, Bradley Stuart 11 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk for
developing depression. According to the literature, depression in diabetes
mellitus has been associated with a poorer quality of life, poorer regimen
adherence, poorer adjustment to diabetes, poorer glycaemic control, and an
increased risk of developing diabetes related complications. While the role of
certain psychosocial determinants in the onset and maintenance of depression
has been investigated, mental health professionals and researchers have
neglected the task of conceptualizing the relationship between depression and
diabetes from a psychological perspective. This assignment presents a
psychological conceptualization of the relationship between diabetes and
depression, using Beck's (1967, 1979) cognitive model of depression as a
framework. This conceptualization may serve as a means of theoretically
understanding the relationship between these two conditions and as a framework
in directing future research on this relationship. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Individue wat met diabetes mellitus gediagnoseer word, toon 'n verhoogde risiko
om depressie te ontwikkel. Volgens die literatuur word depressie in diabetes
mellitus geassosieer met 'n swakker lewensgehelte, swakker nakoming van
behandeling, swakker aanpassing by diabetes, swakker glisemie-kontrole, en 'n
verhoogde risiko om diabetes verwante komplikasies te ontwikkel. Hoewel die rol
van bepaalde psigososiale verandelikes in die ontstaan en instandhouding van
depressie reeds ondersoek is, is min nog gedoen oor 'n konseptualisering van
die assosiasie tussen diabetes en depressie. Hierdie werkstuk handeloor 'n
konseptualisering van die verband tussen diabetes en depressie, gebaseer op
Beck (1967, 1979) se kognitiewe model van depressie. Die konseptualisering
dien as 'n naamwerk om hierdie verband te verstaan en toekomstige narvorsing
hieroor te rig.
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An impact assessment of a current inpatient alcohol rehabilitation programme in the Western CapeDavis, Lauren (Lauren Jodi) 12 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the South African context, research on the impact of alcohol rehabilitation is particularly
limited. This study aimed at describing the impact of the alcohol rehabilitation programme
offered at Neuro Clinic D, Stikland Hospital. Outcome was assessed at 12-15 months with the
objective of exploring the perceptions and experiences of the ex-patients to ascertain whether
there has been an improvement in psychological well-being and positive lifestyle changes. The
study was motivated by a request made by the staff at Neuro Clinic D; as such an investigation
has never been conducted. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to gather
data from 44 out of the 166 ex-patients admitted to Neuro Clinic D between January and June
2002. The relationships between the rate of relapse and age, gender, marital status, employment
status, previous rehabilitation, health problems, police contact, aftercare attendance, participation
in the 3- or 4- week programme and other medication/substance abuse were explored. While no
statistically significant relationships were found between any of the variables, some evidence of
interaction emerged with regards to the relationships between relapse status and participation in
the 3- or 4-week programme, aftercare attendance, employment and marital status. The
qualitative analysis revealed four central themes, namely coping mechanisms; responses to
specific components of the programme; confounding factors and the impact of the programme.
An integration of the quantitative and qualitative data supports the conclusion that while there
was a low rate of consistent abstinence, the respondents reported an overall post-treatment
improvement in psychological well-being and positive lifestyle changes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing op die impak van alcohol rehabilitasie is besonder beperk in die Suid-Afrikaanse
konteks. Hierdie studie het ten doelom die impak van die alcohol rehabilitasie program, gebied
deur Neuro Kliniek D, Stikland Hospitaal, te beskryf. Die uitkoms is bepaal na 12-15 maande
deur die persepsies en envaringe van eks-pasiente te ondersoek om sodoende vas te stelof daar
verbetering was in sielkundige welstand en of positiewe leefstyle veranderinge aangegaan is.
Die betrokke studie is gemotiveer deur 'n versoek gerig deur die personeel van Neuro Kliniek D,
aangesien so 'n ondersoek nog nooit vantevore gedoen is nie. Beide kwantitatiewe en
kwalitatiewe metodologieë is gebruik om data in te samel van 44 die 166 eks-pasiente toegelaat
tot Neuro Kliniek D tussen Januarie en Junie 2002. Die korrelasie/verhouding tussen die
terugvalkoers en ouderdom, geslag, huwelikstatus, werkstatus, vonge rehabilitasie,
gesondheidsprobleme, polisie kontak, nasorg bywoning, deelname in die 3- of 4-week program
en ander medikasie/substans misbruik is ondersoek. Terwyl geen statisties beduidende
verhoudinge gevind is tussen enige van die veranderlikes nie, is daar wel aanduidings van
interaksie met betrekking tot die verhouding tussen terugvalstatus en deelname aan die 3- of 4-
week program, nasorg bywoning, werkstatus en huwelikstatus. Die kwalitatiewe analise het 4
sentrale temas onthul, naamlik, hanteringsmeganismes; response tot spesifieke komponente van
die program; verydelende faktore en die impak van die program. 'n Integrasie van die
kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data steun die gevolgtrekking dat alhoewel daar 'n lae voorkoms
was van volgehoue onthouding, die respondente wel 'n algemene verbetering in sielkundige
welstand en postiewe leefstyle veranderinge na behandeling gerapporteer het.
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