Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:A lack of research on disabled women and HIV and AIDS within the South African context has been identified by various authors. The present research is a qualitative investigation into the lived experience of seventeen disabled South African women. Their knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV and AIDS and sex and sexuality, their lived experience with regards to these issues, as well as to sexual abuse, rape and violence, and their access to HIV related health care services is explored in the present study. Semi-structured questionnaires were employed. Content analysis revealed that most participants knew of HIV and of ways of HIV transmission, and slightly fewer of them knew where to access HIV and AIDS related health services. The vast majority of participants reported that they saw no difference between sexual practices and sexuality of disabled- compared to non-disabled people. Misperceptions of others’ with regard to the sexuality and sexual practices of disabled people were identified as the main barriers to disabled women’s equal access to HIV and AIDS related health services, and to their freedom of choice and expression in terms of sex and sexuality. Almost all of the women had been subjected to rape, sexual abuse and violence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Tekort aan navorsing oor gestremde vroue en HIV en VIGS binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is deur verskeie outeurs geïdentifiseer. Die huidige navorsing is ‘n kwalitatiewe ondersoek na die lewenservarings van sewentien gestremde Suid-Afrikaanse vroue. Hulle kennis van, ervanrings rondom en houdings teenoor HIV en VIGS, seks en seksualiteit, seksuele mishandeling, verkragting en geweld, en kwaliteit van toegang tot HIV en VIGS-verwante gesondheidsdienste word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met die vroue gevoer, en inhoudsanalise is toegepas. Bevindinge sluit in dat die meeste vroue van HIV en van oordragsmetodes bewus was. ‘n Effe kleiner groep van deelnemers was bewus van presies waar om toegang tot HIV en VIGS-verwante gesondheidsdienste te verkry. Die oorgrote meerderheid van die vroue het geen verskil gesien tussen die seksuele praktyke en seksualiteit van gestremde en nie-gestremde persone nie. Die wanopvattings van ander (nie-gestremdes) rakende seksuele praktyke en seksualiteit van gestremde persone is aangedui as die grootste struikelblok tot die vroue se gelyke toegang tot HIV en VIGS-verwante gesondheidsdienste, asook tot hulle vryheid van keuse en uitdrukking in terme van seksuele praktyke en seksualiteit. Bykans al die vroue in hierdie studie is al blootgestel aan verkragting, seksuele mishandeling en geweld.

Thesis (MA)--Universiteit van Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this research is to establish the effect of a hypnosis programme, based on the cognitive behavioural-hypnotherapeutical model (Araoz, 1985), on amateur golfers with a handicap of less than five in tournament golf. A secondary goal is to establish whether the programme had an effect on their general golfing attitude towards competing in tournament golf. In this research the focus is specifically on "putting", because it plays an important role in tournament golf. It is a part of the game for which there is no prescribed technique, but which involves heightened concentration, and therefore psychological preparation is of optimal importance. The importance of psychological programmes to enhance performance is confirmed by literature. The participants were golfers with a handicap of less than five, and they took part in this research voluntarily. The group was split into an experimental and control group on an equal basis. Both groups took part in the same five tournaments prior to and following the intervention. The intervention consisted of a mental training programme and was supplemented by interviews, which were held with the experimental group before and after the programme to ascertain if it had an effect on their putting performances. The averages of their scores before and after the programme were measuredand then compared with those of the control group. The results of the comparison between the two groups indicated a significant difference between the groups regarding their putting stroke averages. The results of the control group scores indicated no discernable difference between the scores. The interviews confirmed this effect and showed the positive influence of a mental training programme on the general golfing ability and attitude towards tournament golf, on the experimental group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die ondersoek is om die effek van 'n sielkundige inoefeningsprogram, gebaseer op die kognitiewe gedragshipnoterapeutiese model van Araoz (1985),op amateur-gholfspelers met 'n voorgee van minder as vyf in toernooigholf vas te stel. 'n Newe-doelstelling sal wees om vas te stelof algemene gholfgedrag en ingesteldheid teenoor kompeterende toernooigholf gewysig is, al dan nie. In die ondersoek word spesifiek op die setwerk van gholfspelers gefokus omdat dit 'n beduidende rol in toernooigholf speel. Setwerk is 'n aspek van die spel wat baie konsentrasie verg, en omdat daar geen spesifieke tegniek voorgeskryf word nie, is sielkundige voorbereiding noodsaaklik. Die belangrikheid van sielkundige programme om sportprestasie te verbeter, word deur die literatuur bevestig. Die proefpersone wat aan die ondersoek deelgeneem het, het bestaan uit 'n vrywillige groep ghOlfspelers met 'n voorgee van minder as vyf. Die ondersoekgroep is op 'n ewekansige wyse in 'n eksperimentele en 'n kontrolegroep verdeel. Beide groepe het aan dieselfde toernooie voor en na die intervensie deelgeneem. Die eksperimentele groep is aan die sielkundige inoefeningsprogram blootgestel. Daar is voor- en na-onderhoude met die eksperimentele groep gevoer om vas te stelof die program 'n effek op hulle spel of gedrag gehad het. Die voor- en na-toetsgemiddeldes van die eksperimentele groep (blootgestel aan 'n sielkundige inoefeningsprogram) en kontrolegroep (geen inwerking van 'n onafhanklike veranderlike nie) is met mekaar vergelyk. Na die ingreep het dit geblyk dat die eksperimentele groep nie 'n beduidende verbetering ten opsigte van setwerk getoon het nie. Waar die resultate van die eksperimentele groep met die kontrolegroep vergelyk is, is 'n betekenisvolle verskil tussen die twee groepe gevind. By die kontrolegroep is daar geen beduidende resultate ten opsigte van enige veranderlike gevind nie. Uit die onderhoude het dit geblyk dat die sielkundige inoefeningsprogram 'n beduidende wysiging in die algemene gholfgedrag en ingesteldheid van die eksperimentele groep teenoor kompeterende gholf tot gevolg gehad het.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is well known that coronary bypass graft surgery influences the psycho-social adjustment of the patient, but little is known about the effect of bypass surgery on the family members of the patient. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of coronary bypass graft surgery on certain aspects of the marital relationship and family functioning of the patient. The secondary aim was to determine which coping strategies families used during the two months after the operation. An experimental pre-test and post-test research design was used. Data during the first measure was collected by means of Biographical, Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH)- and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-II (FACES II)-questionnaires, which were completed by the patient, the spouse of the patient and the eldest child still living with the parents. ENRICH-, FACES 11-and Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES)-questionnaires were used during the second measure which was conducted two months after the operation. The results indicated that bypass surgery affected the patients' marital satisfaction and communication negatively and changed their attitudes toward the division of new roles in the marriage and family. Bypass surgery had a further negative influence on the emotional bonding of the patients and their spouses with other members of the family. The patients' adaptability regarding new challenges facing the family was also negatively affected. The patients in the experimental group who were still working also showed a greater decline than the retired patients with regards to some of the measured variables. The coping strategies most often used by the families were the seeking of spiritual support and the reframing of the problem. Correlation coefficients between changes in the marital and family variables of the patient and the coping strategies used indicated that if passive appraisal was used, the patients' marital satisfaction would decrease and if reframing of the problem was used, the patients' adaptability regarding new challenges facing the family would increase. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel kroonaarsiektes die psigo-sosiale aanpassing van die pasiënt beïnvloed, bestaan daar min inligting oor die invloed wat kroonaarhartomleidingchirurgie op die huweliksverhouding en gesinsfunksionering van die pasiënt het. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om te bepaal hoe kroonaarhartomleidingchirurgie sekere aspekte van die pasiënt se huweliks- en gesinslewe beïnvloed. Verder het die ondersoek ten doelom te bepaal watter coping-strategieë die gesin post-operatief gebruik. Daar is van 'n eksperimentele voor- en na-metingnavorsingsontwerp gebruik gemaak. Data is ingesamel met Biografiese, Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH)- en Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-II (FACES II)-vraelyste wat gedurende 'n voormetingsgeleentheid deur die pasiënt, huweliksmaat van die pasiënt en oudste kind wat nog in die huis bly, voltooi is. Die na-meting, wat bestaan het uit die voltooing van ENRICH-, FACES 11-en Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES)-vraelyste, het twee maande na die operasie plaasgevind. Die resultate toon dat kroonaarhartomleidingchirurgie die pasiënte se huwelikstevredenheid en -kommunikasie nadelige beïnvloed het en 'n veranderinge in hul houding oor die rolverdeling in die huwelik en gesin teweeg gebring het. Verder het die operasie 'n nadelige effek op die pasiënte en hul huweliksmaats se gevoel van emosionele binding met ander gesinslede gehad. Die pasiënte se vermoë om by nuwe eise en uitdagings wat aan die gesin gestel word aan te pas, is ook nadelig beïnvloed. Verder is bevind dat die werkende pasiënte 'n groter verandering as die afgetrede pasiënte ten opsigte van sekere van die gemete veranderlikes getoon het. Die coping-strategieë wat die meeste deur die gesinne gebruik is, is die soeke na geestelike ondersteuning en die herdefiniëring van die probleem. Die resultate het ook aangedui dat as passiewe waardering as coping-strategie gebruik word, die pasiënte se tevredenheid met hul huwelik sal afneem. Verder sal gesinne se vermoë om by nuwe eise en uitdagings wat aan die gesin gestel word aan te pas, toeneem indien herdefiniëring van die probleem as coping-strategie gebruik word.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: AIDS is a killer disease which is spreading like wildfire in all sectors of the population of Southern Africa, in spite of AIDS prevention programmes that are implemented in these communities. Why does this state of affairs exist? Conflicting views exist about the origin of AIDS and about the knowledge of different racial groups with regard to the disease. A number of researchers have argued that knowledge or information dissemination is not a necessary condition for behavioural change, as is evident from historical efforts to combat sexually transmitted disease. However, this thesis shows that knowledge is a variable or component that has frequently been used in almost all studies done on AIDS in Southern Africa. The present author thus searches for the rationale for the phenomenon that knowledge of AIDS does not necessarily result in preventative behavioural change. In this regard the importance of effective communication strategies and cognisance of the nature of target groups are highlighted, because negligence regarding these factors can serve as an impediment to behavioural change. The whole social fabric of the target community and basic individual needs are important elements that should also be major considerations before preventative programmes are implemented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: VIGS is 'n dodelike siekte wat snel versprei in aile sektore van die bevolking van Suider- Afrika, ten spyte van VIGS-verkomingsprogramme wat in hierdie gemeenskappe qermplementeer word, Waarom gebeur dit? Botsende menings bestaan oor die oorsprong van VIGS en oor die kennis van die verkillende rassegroepe ten opsigte van die siekte. 'n Aantal navorsers is van mening dat kennis of informasieverspreiding nie 'n noodsaaklike vereiste is om gedrag te verander nie, soos blyk uit die geskiedenis van vorige pogings om seksueel oordraagbare siektes te beveg, In hierdie tesis word egter ge'illustreer dat kennis 'n veranderlike of komponent is wat dikwels gebruik is in byna aile vorige studies oor VIGS in Suider-Afrika. Die huidige skrywer ondersoek dus die rasionaal vir die verskynsel dat kennis van VIGS nie noodwendig tot voorkomende gedragsverandering lei nie. In hierdie verband word die belangrikheid van effektiewe kommunikasiestrategiee en kennis van die aard van die teikengroep beklemtoon, aangesien verwaarlosing van hierdie faktore as struikelblok in gedragsverandering kan dien Die totale sosiale struktuur van die teikengemeenskap en basiese individuele behoeftes is belangrike elemente wat ook in ag geneem moet word voordat voorkomingsprogramme ge'implemeteer word,

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Owing to the dramatic change in the South African political and economic environment during the last few years, it seems more important than ever for upper level management in organizations to be aware of the sources which encourage and discourage their middle level managers to strive to implement the organizational goals. The focus of this study is on male and female middle level managers, and as no documented South African study based on such a sample group could be found, the study is largely investigativeby nature. The general aim of the study is to investigate the different attitudes and perceptions of men and women with regard to sources of job satisfaction, sources which contribute to job dissatisfaction, and job stress. In this regard it was decided to make use of triangulation by which qualitative and quantitative research methods are used. Thematic analysis is used on the qualitative level to identify the possible sources of job satisfaction, dissatisfaction and job stress. This method is quantitatively supported by a determination of the frequencies and percentages of subject responses by means of semi structured interviews. Although certain limitations are identified in the study, significant differences were found in the quantitative data with regard to the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction between men and women. The causes of job stress seems to be similar for both sexes. On a qualitative level it was found that the experience of success is rated as the most important source of job satisfaction and that interpersonal relationships are the most significant source of job dissatisfaction. Further it seems that work expectations / demands are the major source of job stress for the subjects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Omdat die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke- en ekonomiese omgewing die afgelope paar jaar geweldig verander het, blyk dit noodsaakliker as ooit te wees dat die topbestuur van organisasies bewus sal wees wat hul werkers - in die besonder middelvlakbestuurders- aanmoedig, maar ook ontmoedig om organisatoriese doelwitte na te streef en te implementeer. Die fokus van hierdie studie is op manlike en vroulike middelvlakbestuurders. Aangesien daar geen gedokumenteerde studies rakende die bronne van werksatisfaksie én werkstres by middelvlakbestuurders in die bedryf onderneem is nie, is die studie tot 'n groot mate ondersoekend van aard. Die algemene doelstelling van die studie is om ondersoek in te stel na die verskillende houdings en persepsies van mans en dames rakende werksatisfaksie, bronne wat bydra dat werksatisfaksie nie ervaar word nie, en werkstres. In dié verband is besluit om van triangulasie gebruik te maak, dit wil sê van kwalitatiewe- en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes. Op die kwalitatiewe vlak word tematiese analise gebruik om potensiële bronne van werksatisfaksie, dissatisfaksie en werkstres te identifiseer. Hierdie metode word verder kwantitatief ondersteun deur 'n bepaling van frekwensies en persentasies van subjekte se response wat uit semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude verkry is. Alhoewel daar heelwat beperkings in die studie geïdentifiseer is, is daar uit die kwantitatiewe data gevind dat daar 'n verskil is in die bronne van werksatisfaksie en dissatisfaksie by mans en dames. Die bronne van werkstres is egter dieselfde vir beide geslagte. Op 'n meer kwalitatiewe vlak blyk dit dat die ervaring van sukses die grootste bron van ....werksatisfaksie is en dat interpersoonlike verhoudings die bron is wat die meeste bydra tot dissatisfaksie. Verder blyk dit dat werksverwagtinge / -eise die grootste bron van werkstres vir die subjekte is.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the achievement motivation levels of male and female subjects, and those of white and black subjects. Gender and race are, according to research, two key factors in determining the achievement motivation level of people. These two factors will also, as the result of legislation, play an increasingly significant role in the future in determining the career progress of employees in South African organisations. The secondary aim of the present study was firstly to determine what effect gender, race, age and education had on the achievement motivation level of subjects. Secondly, the present study focussed on the relationship between achievement motivation, work performance and salary progression. A stratified sample of 240 subjects was selected from the clerical staff employed by an Insurance company. The sample reflected the composition of the company in respect of gender and race. The Indian, coloured and black subjects were grouped together under the classification of "black subjects". The 89 subjects utilised in the research around the relationship between achievement motivation, work performance and salary progression, were a part of the total sample of 240 subjects. The 89 subjects were not selected in a specific manner. They were, however, employees for whom salary information and supervisor assessment of work performance were available. The Work Preference Questionnaire was used to assess the achievement motivation of subjects. Work performance of subjects was assessed by supervisors on a four point scale. Salary progression was calculated by expressing subjects' 1994 salary as a percentage of their 1992 salary. Information in respect of educational level and age was provided by subjects themselves. Correlation coefficients between the variables were calculated to determine the existence and direction of any relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analysis was then used. The significance of the difference between the averages of white and black subjects in respect of achievement motivation scores was calculated. The most important findings can be summarised as follows: A significant difference was found between the achievement motivation scores of white (X = 10,95) and black subjects (X = 9,6), t(238) = 3,5736, p<O,OOl. The difference between the achievement motivation scores of men and women was not significant. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the effect of race on achievement motivation was significant after the effect of age, education level and gender was eliminated, F(I,235) = 4,425, P < 0,05. Multiple regression analyses in respect of the effect of gender, age and educational qualifications on achievement motivation, indicated that the effect of each of these variables on achievement motivation was not significant after the effect of the other variables was eliminated. A significant relationship was found to exist between achievement motivation and salary progression, r(89) = 0,21, P < 0,05. Decisionmakers and policymakers involved with affirmative action in the company where the research was undertaken, should take note of a finding of the study which suggests that the beneficiaries of affirmative action (blacks, coloureds and Indians) do not have the same level of achievement motivation as the people they have to replace. If one accepts that achievement motivation contributes significantly to the economical growth of society and that economic prosperity could play an important role in determining the success of affirmative action, it is obvious and essential that the development of the achievement motivation of these people should receive attention. Another finding which decisionmakers in business enterprise should take note of, is that women in the present study do not have a lower level of achievement motivation than men. The reasons for the slow progress of women in the business world, when compared to men, should probably rather be ascribed to factors outside the control of women. These factors will include company policy, company politics and management practices resulting from perspectives based on stereotypes of women. The results of the research suggested that management rewards employees financially in accordance with their levels of achievement motivation. This practice could be seen as a calculated attempt on the side of management to maintain the services of employees who contribute constructively to company results. At the same time, this practice serves as an incentive to employees who do not contribute to the same extent to company results, to try to do so. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoelstelling met hierdie ondersoek was om te bepaal of daar 'n beduidende verskil tussen die prestasiemotiveringsvlakke van manlike en vroulike subjekte, en tussen dié van blanke en swart subjekte was. Geslag en ras wat volgens navorsing twee sleutelfaktore is in die bepaling van die prestasiemotiveringvlak van persone gaan, as gevolg van wetgewing, in die toekoms 'n toenemende belangrike rol in die beroepsvordering van persone in Suid- Afrikaanse organisasies speel. Die newedoelstellings met die ondersoek was eerstens om te bepaal wat die effek van geslag, ras, ouderdom en opvoedkundige vlak op die prestasiemotiveringsvlak van subjekte was. Tweedens het die ondersoek ook gefokus op die onderlinge verband tussen prestasiemotivering, werksprestasie en salarisprogressie . 'n Gestratifiseerde steekproef van 240 subjekte is uit die klerklike personeel van 'n lewensversekeringsmaatskappy geselekteer. Die steekproef is so saamgestel dat dit die komposisie van die maatskappy in terme van geslag en ras weerspieël het. Die Indiër, bruin en swart subjekte is saamgegroepeer onder die klassifikasie van "swart subjekte". Die 89 subjekte wat betrek is by die navorsing rondom die onderlinge verband tussen prestasiemotivering, werksprestasie en salarisprogressie, was 'n deel van die totale steekproef van 240 subjekte. Die 89 subjekte is nie op 'n spesifieke wyse uit die steekproef geselekteer me. Hulle was egter werknemers vir wie inligting ten opsigte van salarisprogressie en toesighouerbeoordeling beskikbaar was. Die Werkvoorkeurvraelys is gebruik om 'n meting van die prestasiemotiveringsvlak van elke subjek te verkry. Werksprestasie van subjekte is deur toesighouers op 'n vierpuntskaal beoordeel. Subjekte se 1994-salaris is uitgedruk as 'n persentasie van hul 1992-salaris om 'n aanduiding van salarisprogressie te verskaf. Inligting ten opsigte van opvoedkundige vlak en ouderdom is deur subjekte self verstrek. Korrelasiekoëffisiënte tussen die onderskeie veranderlikes is eers bereken sodat enige moontlike verwantskappe tussen die veranderlikes en die rigting daarvan bepaal kon word. Meervoudige regressieanalise is daarna uitgevoer. Beduidendheid van verskille tussen die rekenkundige gemiddeldes van swart en blanke subjekte ten opsigte van prestasiemotiveringstellings is bepaal. Die belangrikste bevindinge kan soos volg opgesom word: Daar is 'n beduidende verskil gevind tussen die prestasiemotiveringstellings van blanke (X = 10,95) en swart subjekte (X = 9,6), t (238) = 3,5736, P < 0,001. Die verskil tussen die prestasiemotiveringstelling van mans en vroue was nie beduidend nie. Meervoudige regressieontleding het getoon dat die effek van ras op prestasiemotivering beduidend was, nadat die effek van ouderdom, opvoedkundige vlak en geslag verwyder is, F(I,235) = 4,425, P < 0,05. Meervoudige regressieontledings ten opsigte van die effek van geslag, ouderdom en opvoedkundige kwalifikasies op prestasiemotivering, het daarop gedui dat die effek van elk van hierdie veranderlikes op prestasiemotivering nadat die effek van die ander veranderlikes verwyder is, nie beduidend was nie. Daar is 'n beduidende verband gevind tussen prestasiemotivering en salarisprogressie, r(89) = 0,21, P < 0,05. 'n Belangrike bevinding van die ondersoek waarvan besluitnemers en beleidmakers wat betrokke is by regstellende aksie binne die organisasie waar die navorsing onderneem is, behoort kennis te neem, is dat die persone (swartmense, bruinmense en Indiërs) wat die begunstigdes van hierdie aksies is, nie oor dieselfde vlak van prestasiemotivering beskik as die persone (blankes) wat hulle moet vervang nie. Indien aanvaar word dat prestasiemotivering 'n beduidende bydrae lewer tot die ekonomiese welvaart van gemeenskappe, en dat ekonomiese welvaart 'n belangrike rol kan speel in die bepaling van die sukses van regstellende aksie, is dit vanselfsprekend en noodsaaklik dat die ontwikkeling van prestasiemotivering by hierdie persone aandag moet geniet. Nog'n bevinding waarvan besluitnemers in sakeondernemings spesifiek moet kennis neem, is dat vroue in hierdie ondersoek nie oor 'n laer prestasiemotiveringsvlak as mans beskik nie. Dieredes vir die stadige vordering van vroue in vergelyking met mans in die sakewêreld, moet waarskynlik eerder toegeskryf word aan faktore buite beheer van vroue, soos byvoorbeeld maatskappybeleid, maatskappypolitiek en bestuurspraktyke gebaseer op stereotipe aannames oor vroue. Die resultate van die ondersoek het ook getoon dat werknemers finansieel beloon word na gelang van hul vlak van prestasiemotivering. Hierdie benadering is waarskynlik 'n berekende poging deur bestuur om deur middel van die verlening van erkenning, werknemers wat 'n positiewe bydrae tot maatskappy resultate lewer, te behou. Terselfdertyd dien dié praktyk ook as 'n aansporing vir werknemers wat nie dieselfde mate van positiewe bydrae tot die maatskappy lewer nie, om dit wel te probeer doen.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study duplicates the research done by Vedeler (1997) in which she investigates dramatic playas a format for" literate language". Particular attention is given to the limitation she identified in her study, namely that the same results might not be obtained in studies using children from other cultures/ socio-economic environments. This study using children from another cultural! socio-economic environment, in this case a particular South African environment, was undertaken to determine whether or not her postulation that, sociodramatic play elicits literacy, was true. The extent to which Vedeler' s findings are transmittable to a third world context was also investigated. In this study Vedeler's methodology was implemented as far as possible. The results of this study partially confirm Vedeler' s postulation that studies usmg different participants could produce different results. They also partially contradict her postulation. The present study confirms that cultural context probably affects the results obtained in duplicating Vedeler's experiment. However, sufficient evidence was found to confirm Vedeler' s hypothesis that participation in sociodramatic play results in the use of more advanced syntactic language by children. The conclusion can be drawn that, although the findings in her research can be generalised to different contexts, strong account will have to be taken of various factors. These factors are the nature of the cultural context in which the experiment is conducted, the development of the child in this context and the influence this context has on the child's language development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is il duplisering van Vedeler (1997) se studie wat ondersoek ingestel het na dramatiese spel as il formaat vir "geletterde taal". Die doel van die huidige studie was om die leemte wat Vedeler in haar studie geidentifiseer het, naamlik dat die resultate met kinders van ander kulture/ sosio-kulturele omgewings as deelnemers mag verskil van haar resultate, aan te spreek. Die huidige studie waarin kinders van il ander kulturele/ sosio-ekonomiese omgewing, in hierdie geval il spesifieke Suid-Afrikaanse omgewing, gebruik is, was onderneem om vas te stelof haar postulasie, naamlik dat sosiodramatiese spel aanleiding gee tot geletterdheid, korrek is. Daar is ook ondersoek in hoe h mate Vedeler (1997) se resultate binne il derdewêreld konteks veralgemeenbaar is. Die huidige studie het so na as wat moontlik was die metodiek van Vedeler gevolg. Die resultate in die huidige studie verskaf gedeeltelike bevestiging van Vedeler (1997) se postulasie dat die resultate met ander deelnemers van háár resultate mag verskil. Dit verskaf ook gedeeltelike weerlegging van haar postulasie. Die huidige studie bevestig dat die kulturele konteks waarskynlik die resultate wat vanuit die duplisering van Vedeler se eksperiment verkry is, geaffekteer het. Voldoende bevestiging is egter gevind vir Vedeler se hipotese dat deelname in sosiodramatiese spel aanleiding gee tot meer gevorderde sintaktiese taal in kinders. Die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat, alhoewel die bevindings van haar navorsing binne verskillende kulturele kontekste veralgemeenbaar is, daar met die invloed van verskillende faktore noukeurig rekening gehou sal moet word. Hierdie faktore behels die aard van die kulturele konteks, die ontwikkeling van die kind binne hierdie konteks en die invloed wat die konteks op die kind se taalontwikkeling het.

Thesis (MA) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Judgement of risk for negative events in certain situations was investigated in a group of emergency medical service (EMS) personnel with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 27) and a group without PTSD (n = 74). Participants completed the PTSD Symptom Scale: Self-Report version (Faa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993), an EMS work experiences questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), and an event probability questionnaire designed to assess judgement of risk. Participants with PTSD overestimated amount of risk involved in comparison to participants without PTSD, thereby demonstrating a judgement bias for risk related events. The present study found that the judgement bias in PTSD participants extended to include not just external harm related events but also general negative events (without potential threatening/harmful consequences), negative social events, and negative workrelated events. Of the posttraumatic symptomatology assessed, avoidance symptomatology was found to be the best predictor of judgement bias. The results of the present study are discussed in terms of the cognitive clinical psychology theories of PTSD, which predict the manifestation of judgement bias in PTSD, and cognitive experimental psychology explanations of the effect of negative emotional states on judgement processes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oordeeloor risiko vir negatiewe gebeurtenisse in sekere situasies is ondersoek by "n groep mediese nooddienspersoneel met "n diagnose van posttraumatiese stresversteuring (PTSV; n = 27) en "n groep sonder PTSV (n = 74). Deelnemers het die PTSD Symptom Scale: Self-Report version (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993), "n mediese nooddiens werkservaringe-vraelys, die Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), en "n gebeurtenis-waarskynlikheidsvraelys wat opgestel is om oordeeloor risiko te meet, voltooi. Deelnemers met PTSV het die mate van risiko betrokke oorskat in vergelyking met deelnemers sonder PTSVen sodoende "n beoordelingsydigheid vir risiko-verbandhoudende situasies gedemonstreer. In die huidige studie is gevind dat beoordelingsydigheid by PTSV deelnemers nie beperk was tot eksterne skade-verbandhoudende gebeurtenisse nie, maar dat dit ook veralgemeen het na algemene negatiewe gebeurtenisse (sonder potensieel skadelike gevolge), negatiewe sosiale gebeurtenisse, en negatiewe werksverwante gebeurtenisse. Daar is gevind dat, wat PTSV-simptomatologie betref, vermyding die beste voorspeller van beoordelingsydigheid was. Die resultate van die huidige studie word bespreek in terme van kognitiewe klinies-sielkundige teorieë van PTSV, wat die aanwesigheid van beoordelingsydigheid voorspel, en kognitiewe eksperimentele-sielkunde verklarings van die effek van negatiewe emosionele toestande op beoordelingsprosesse.

Thesis (MA) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the outcome of cognitive restructuring for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse in terms of clinically significant change. Twenty-six participants were assessed for depression, State anxiety, State anger, State guilt and self-esteem before and after 10 weekly sessions of group Rational-emotive behaviour therapy and at follow-up after 8 weeks. In contrast to a previous analysis of the data in terms of statistical significance indicating significant improvements on all variables from pre- to post-treatment, an analysis based on clinically significant change showed a differentiated treatment effect. Cognitive restructuring was found to be highly effective in facilitating recovery on measures of anxiety, depression and anger, but less effective for guilt and self-esteem. Only 3 participants (11.54%) recovered on all five variables, while 10 participants (38.46%) showed recovery on at least four variables. Relationship to perpetrator and pre-treatment irrational evaluative beliefs (measured by means of the Survey of Personal Beliefs) were found to be the best predictors of treatment outcome. A poor response to treatment was associated with the perpetrator being a close family member and with more Otherdirected Shoulds, while recovery was associated with the perpetrator being a friend or stranger and with more Awfulizing, Self-directed Shoulds and Negative Self-worth beliefs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die uitkoms van kognitiewe herstrukturering, as behandelingsprosedure VIr volwasse slagoffers van kindermolesteuring, in terme van kliniese betekenisvolheid ondersoek. Sesen- twintig deelnemers is voor en na behandeling (10 weeklikse groepsessies van Rasioneelemotiewe gedragsterapie) en by opvolg na 8 weke in terme van depressie, Staat-angs, Staat-woede, Staat-skuldgevoelens en selfwaarde geassesseer. In 'n vorige analise van die data in terme van statistiese betekenisvolheid is betekenisvolle verbetering na behandeling op al die veranderlikes gevind. 'n Heranalise van die data in terme van kliniese betekenisvolheid toon egter 'n gedifferensieerde behandelingseffek. Daar is gevind dat kognitiewe herstrukturering hoogs effektief was om herstel in terme van angs, depressie en woede te fasiliteer, maar minder effektief was ten opsigte van skuld en negatiewe selfwaarde. Slegs 3 patiente (11.54%) het klinies betekenisvol op al vyfveranderlikes verbeter, terwyl 10 pasiente (38.46%) op minstens vier veranderlikes herstel het. Die pasient se verhouding tot die molesteerder en irrasionele kognisies voor behandeling (gemeet met die Survey of Personal Beliefs) was die beste voorspellers van behandelingsuitkoms. 'n Swak respons op behandeling het verb and getoon met 'n naby familielid as molesteerder en met meer Ander-gerigte Eise, terwyl herstel geassosieer het met 'n vriend of vreemdeling as molesteerder en met die irrasionele kognisies van Katastrofering, Self-gerigte Eise en Negatiewe Selfbeoordeling.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The construction of macro-structures. Four reading-improvement courses were offered to grade ten pupils in an attempt to improve their general reading skills and more specifically their ability to abstract the gist (macrostructure - Van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983) of texts as well as their ability to recall detail about texts. The macro-structures that learners constructed and the number of propositions recalled from a specific section of the text during a pre-test were compared to the macrostructures they formulated and the number of propositions that they recalled during a post-test. The courses were presented in Afrikaans to four of the five grade 10 classes in a Western Cape school. (The course was also presented in English to the fifth class but that course was not taken into consideration.) The courses were conducted over eight periods of approximately 40 minutes. The content of the first three periods were the same for all four courses. During the first period the learners did a reading exercise in order to determine their reading speed and reading index. During the second and third periods they were taught skimming and study skills respectively. The first course focused on questioning skills in the last five sessions. The second course was presented in order to improve learners' structuring skills. The third course was a combination of the first two courses. A conventional speed reading course was presented to learners who did the fourth course. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether (1) the construction of macro-structures and (2) the recall of propositions from the texts could be ascribed to questioning skills, structuring skills or the combination of those skills. This was done after variance in the dependant variables brought about by differences in intelligence was controlled statistically. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant improvement to construct macro-structures for the learners who completed the courses aimed at improving structuring and questioning/structuring abilities. This improvement can be ascribed to the skills that they acquired during the courses. Traditional schema theories regard schemas or schemata as pre-fabricated structures that need only to be activated by readers. In these courses, however the emphasis was placed on the formation of a structure by the reader; on the activity performed by the reader. Hence it was referred to as a structuring course. During the courses the learners were encouraged not only to "chunk" the content of the texts, but to generalize and to construct the structure of the texts. They were encouraged to use their own words or categories. Several studies indicated that an improvement in the ability to structure texts lead to an improvement in text comprehension. There are five other reasons why structuring the content of texts will facilitate the construction of macro-structures. The first is that when subjects are given the task to remember unorganized material they structure the material to be remembered spontaneously. The second is that the semantic organization of material facilitate recall and the third that normal perception is highly structured. The fourth argument is that experts make effective use of schemes. The fifth argument is that the activity of structuring forces the reader to process the text at a deeper level of processmg. Since it was assumed that top achievers are good readers who have mastered the ability to construct macro-structures efficiently, it was argued that they would benefit more from a course that aimed at improving their question-generating skills. Thus, the fact that there was not a statistically significant improvement in their ability to construct macrostructures can be attributed to the fact that they have already mastered that ability sufficiently. It is also possible to attribute the fact that there was not a statistically significant improvement to the fact that they did not master the question-generating activities. The results of this study also indicated that learners who did the structuring, questioning and questioning/structuring courses improved their ability to recall propositions from the texts in a pre-test to a post-test. Their improved ability to recall propositions, can be ascribed to the fact that detail can be inferred from a hierarchical structure since detail facts are subsumed under thematic propositions. Put differently, micro-propositions can be inferred from macro-propositions. The improvement in the ability of subjects who did the questioning course can be ascribed to the fact that questioning helps to focus attention and that the activity of questioning leads to deeper levels of processing. Three assumptions concerning macro-structures were made in this study. It was assumed that the construction of macro-structures is an automatic and integral part of the (normal) reading process. Readers do not construct macro-structures only when they are required to do so. Good readers construct better macro-structures than poor readers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konstruksie van makrostrukture. Vier leesverbeteringskursusse is vir graad 10-leerders aangebied ten einde hul leesvaardighede te probeer verbeter; meer spesifiek, hul vermoe om die kern (die makrostrukture - Van Dijk en Kintsch, 1983) van tekste te kan konstrueer en ook om proposisies van die tekste te kan herroep. Die makrostrukture wat leerders gevorrn het en die getal proposisies wat hulle kon herroep oor 'n spesifieke teksgedeelte nadat 'n leeskursus vir hulle aangebied is, is vergelyk met die makrostrukture wat hulle gevorrn het en getal proposisies wat hulle kon herroep, voordat die kursus vir hulle aangebied is. Die kursusse is in Afrikaans aangebied vir vier van die vyf graad 10-klasse van 'n skiereilandse skool. (Die kursus is ook in Engels aangebied vir die vyfde klas, maar hul resultate is nie in berekening gebring nie, aangesien die inhoud van die tekste verskil het.) Die kursusse het bestaan uit agt lesure van 40 minute. Die inhoud van die eerste drie ·lesure was dieselfde vir al vier kursusse. Tydens die eerste lesuur het die leerders 'n leesoefening gedoen en daarna het hulle hul leesspoed en leesindeks uitgewerk. Tydens die tweede en derde lesuur is vlugleesvaardighede vir die leerders aangeleer. In die eerste kursus IS die klem tydens die laaste vyf lesure geplaas op vraagstellingsvaardighede bene wens vlugleesvaardighede en studievaardighede. Leerders is geleer om kemvrae en detailvrae te forrnuleer. Tydens die tweede kursus is struktureringsvaardighede vir leerders aangeleer in die laaste vyf lesure. Die derde kursus was 'n kombinasie van die eerste twee kursusse. Tydens die vierde kursus is 'n konvensionele spoedleeskursus vir die leerders aangebied. Deur middel van meervoudige regressie-ontledings is vasgestel of vraagstelling, strukturering of die interaksie tussen vraagstelling en strukturering variansie in (1) die konstruksie van rnakrostrukture en (2) die herroep van proposisies of feite verklaar. Dit is gedoen nadat daar statisties gekontroleer is vir die variansie in die afhanklike veranderlikes wat opgewek is deur verskille in intelligensie. Uit die resultate het dit geblyk dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verbetering was by die leerders wat die strukturering-kursus gevolg het en ook by die leerders wat die vraagstelling/strukturering-kursus gevolg het om makrostrukture te konstrueer. Hierdie verbetering sou toegeskryf kon word aan die vaardighede wat hulle tydens die kursus aangeleer het. In teenstelling met skema-teoriee wat van die veronderstelling uitgaan dat skemas vaste strukture is wat slegs deur lesers geaktiveer word, is die klem in hierdie ondersoek geplaas op die aktiewe strukturering van teksinhoude. Dit is die rede waarom na die kursus verwys word as die "strukturering' -kursus. Tydens die kursus is die leerders aangemoedig om nie net die afdelings van die tekste te groepeer nie, maar om te veralgemeen; om die teksinhoude self te struktureer deur hul eie woorde te gebruik. Benewens die feit dat dit uit verskeie ander ondersoeke geblyk het dat die strukturering van tekste deur lesers hulle leesbegrip verbeter het en hulle gehelp het om meer proposisies van 'n teks te kon herroep, sou nog vyf ander argumente ook aangevoer word waarom strukturering die vorming van makrostrukture vergemaklik. Die eerste is dat toetslinge ongestruktureerde geheuemateriaal spontaan struktureer; die tweede dat semantiese organisasie die herroep daarvan vergemaklik; die derde dat ("alledaagse") persepsie hoogs gestruktureerd is en die vierde dat deskundiges skemas effektiewer benut as beginners. Die vyfde argument is dat die aktiwiteit van strukturering dieper prosessering van leesinhoude sal meebring as gewoonlees; wanneer lesers tekste struktureer, word hulle verplig om dit uitvoerig te prosesseer. Die vraagstelling-kursus is aangebied vir die leerders in die klas wat die beste presteer het, aangesien daar van die veronderstelling uitgegaan is dat hulle goeie lesers is en dat goeie lesers alreeds daartoe in staat is om goeie makrostrukture te kan konstrueer. Die feit dat diegene wat die vraagstelling-kursus gevolg het, se vermoe om rnakrostrukture te vorm, nie 'n statisties beduidende verbetering getoon het nie, sou dus moontlik daaraan toegeskryf kon word dat hulle die vaardigheid om goeie makrostrukture te vorm, alreeds in 'n groot mate bemeester het. 'n Ander moontlikheid waarom hul vermoe om makrostrukture te konstrueer, nie 'n statisties beduidende verbetering getoon het nie, is dat hulle nie die vraagstelling-aktiwiteite deeglik bemeester het rue. Uit die resultate van hierdie ondersoek het dit ook geblyk -dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verbetering was in die vermoe van leerders wat die vraagstelling-, strukturering-, asook die vraagstellinglstruktureringkursus gevolg het om na afloop van die leeskursusse meer proposisies oor die betrokke tekste te kon herroep. Die rede waarom die strukturering-kursus effektiewer herroepprestasie in die hand gewerk het, sou toegeskryf kon word aan die feit dat iemand wat 'n struktuur gekonstrueer het, detail kan herroep na aanleiding van die gekonstrueerde raarnwerk. Anders gestel, mikroproposisies sou afgelei kon word van makroproposisies. Die rede waarom die vraagstelling-kursus 'n verbetering van leerders se herroepvermoens meegebring het, sou waarskynlik daaraan toegeskryf kon word dat vraagstelling 'n leser se aandag fokus of rig. Daarby verplig die vraagstelling-aktiwiteit lesers om tekste uitvoerig te prosesseer. Hierdie vraagstelling-aktiwiteit verplig dieper prosessering van leesinhoude as die meer oppervlakkige prosessering wat tydens gewoonlees plaasvind. In hierdie ondersoek is van die verondersteIling uitgegaan dat die vorrmng van makrostrukture 'n outomatiese en integrale deel van die leesproses is. Lesers konstrueer nie net makrostrukture wanneer die leestaak dit vereis nie. Hoewel aIle lesers makrostrukture konstrueer, vorrn goeie lesers beter rnakrostrukture as swak lesers.