Thesis (MSpor)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club is the largest club in the world and the men’s residence rugby competition is a component of that Club. The purpose of this study was to document the origin, formation and activities of men’s residence rugby (koshuisrugby) at Stellenbosch University. The history of the University, the history of the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club and a little of the history of rugby in South Africa, and particularly at Stellenbosch, are given as background information in the introduction to provide a global view. The nucleus of this study concerns the development of koshuisrugby at Stellenbosch University. An attempt has been made to reconstruct all gathered information as accurately and as thoroughly as possible. Although there is much popular writing on sport in South Africa, the supply of scientific information is minimal. Studies such as these are thus hampered by the unavailability of primary sports history information. As this study is sport-historically orientated, the historic-scientific method has been implemented. Preference has been given to primary sources of information. These sources included minutes, annual reports, reports of annual meetings and reports of special meetings of the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club, as well as interviews with people involved with the club. Personal correspondence and interviews have also been undertaken with the students and warders of the various male residences. Secondary sources of information included University of Stellenbosch publications, books, articles and newspapers. The introductory section provides a broad outline of the history of rugby in Stellenbosch; the sports fields of the University and especially the various venues of the rugby club are dealt with. At first, games were played on the Braak, from where they were moved to the Vlakte, the Paviljoenveld and later to Coetzenburg. The second chapter is devoted to the formulation of the problem, defining of the study, method of research and the evaluation of the resources. The third chapter describes all the male residences playing in the koshuisrugby competition. Their history, emblems and their results in the koshuisrugby competition are discussed in detail. Two other teams are also described. However, they are not resident on the Stellenbosch Campus: the Elsenburg Agricultural College has also been discussed as they take part in the koshuisrugby competition although they are not part of the University. Medies (the Medical School) is part of the University and plays rugby in the koshuisrugby competition, but is not situated on the Stellenbosch Campus. The fourth chapter deals with the koshuisrugby competition. First, the origins and the evolution of the five leagues are mapped out. Other competitions such as sevens rugby and the first years’ tournament are also described. Since koshuisrugby provided the playing field for experimenting with rules, a section has been written on rule changes. Referees had to know and apply al those rule changes, so something about the history and evolution of referees has also been given. Finally, sponsors are discussed because their participation helped to make koshuisrugby extremely popular. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Stellenbosch Rugbyvoetbalklub is die grootste klub in die wêreld en die rugbykompetisie van die manskoshuise is 'n komponent van hierdie klub. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ontstaan, samestelling en aktiwiteite van die rugby van mansstudente in koshuise (‘koshuisrugby’) aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch te dokumenteer. Die geskiedenis van die Universiteit, die geskiedenis van die Stellenbosch Rugbyvoetbalklub en iets van die geskiedenins van rugby in Suid-Afrika, veral te Stellenbosch, word in die inleiding as agtergrond aangebied om 'n globale blik te voorsien. In wese het hierdie studie te doen met die ontwikkelling van koshuisrugby by die Universiteit Stellenbosch. 'n Poging is aangewend om al die versamelde inligting so akkuraat en deeglik as moontlk te herkonstrueer. Alhoewel daar baie populêre sportskrywing in Suid-Afrika gedoen word, is die aanbod van inligting met 'n wetenskaplike strekking minimaal. Studies soos die huidige een word dus in die wiele gery deur die onbeskikbaarheid van primêre inligting oor die geskiedenis van sport. Aangesien hierdie studie op sportgeskiedenis gerig is, is die histories-wetenskaplike metode daarvoor gevolg. Voorkeur is gegee aan primêre bronne van inligting. Hierdie bronne het die notules van vergaderings, jaarverslae, verslae van jaarvergaderings en verslae van spesiale vergaderings van die Stellenbosch Rugbyvoetbalklub ingesluit, sowel as onderhoude met persone wat by die klub betrokke is. Persoonlike briefwisseling en onderhoude is ook gevoer met studente en koshuisvaders van die onderskeie manskoshuise. Sekondêre bronne van inligting het publikasies van die Universiteit Stellenbosch, boeke, artikels en koerante ingesluit. Die inleiding verskaf 'n breë oorsig oor die geskiedenis van rugby in Stellenbosch; die sportvelde van die Universiteit, en die verskeie bymekaarkomplekke van die rugbyklub. Aan die begin is rugbywedstryde op die ‘Braak’ gespeel, vanwaar hulle na die sogenaamde ‘Vlakte’ verskuif het, later na die ‘Paviljoenveld’ en toe na Coetzenburg en later die Danie Craven-stadion. Die tweede hoofstuk is gewy aan die formulering van die probleem, die afbakening van die studie, die navorsingsmetode en die evaluering van die bronne. Die derde hoofstuk beskrywe al die manskoshuise wat aan die koshuisrugbykompetisie deelgeneem het. Die geskiedenis van hul deelname, koshuiswapens en resultate word in besonderhede gedek. Twee ander spanne, wat hulself nie op die Stellenbosch-kampus bevind nie, word ook bespreek. Die Elsenburg Landboukollege word bespreek aangesien hulle aan die koshuisrugbykompetisie deelneem, ten spyte daarvan dat hulle nie deel vorm van die Universiteit nie. Medies (die span van die Mediese Skool) vorm deel van die Universiteit en speel rugby in die koshuisrugbykompetisie, maar is in Tygerberg gesetel. Die vierde hoofstuk behandel die koshuisrugbykompetisie. Die oorsprong en ewolusie van die vyf ligas word eerstens uitgestip. Ander kompetisies, soos sewes-rugby en die eerstejaarstoernooi, word ook beskrywe. Aangesien koshuisrugby die speelveld vir eksperimentering met reëls gelewer het, word 'n afdeling aan die wysiging van reëls gewy. Skeidregters moes die reëlwysigings leer ken en toepas, dus was dit nodig om ook oor die geskiedenins en ontwikkeling van die skeidsregters te skrywe. Ten laaste word borge ook bespreek, aangesien hul deelname gehelp het om koshuisrugby so uiters gewild te maak.

Thesis (MSpor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various types of post-exercise recovery strategies have become part of the modern athlete’s daily routine. It is a well known that inadequate recovery will prolong the time it takes for the runner’s body to adequately adapt between training sessions and competitions. Anecdotal claims have been made about compression garments as a beneficial method to assist recovery after training sessions and competitions. Until now limited scientific research has addressed the influence that compression garments have on the recovery process after sporting activities. The benefits of compression garments, as a possible recovery modality, are that it is costeffective, practical and easily obtainable. This study endeavored to investigate the possible influence that compression garments may have on middle-aged long distance runners’ recovery rate after a prolonged run. This is the first study that has focused on compression garments as a post-exercise recovery modality for experienced middle-aged long distance runners. The other unique aspect of this study is the prolonged two-hour treadmill protocol that was used to induce muscle soreness. In addressing the aims, a randomized, crossover study design was used to investigate the possible benefits that the high pressure (CCL II 23-32 mmHg (mercury millimeter)) graduated compression garments may bring about. Seven competitive male long distance runners (height: 176.0 ± 8.6 cm; body mass: 92.5 ± 11.8 kg; VO2max: 45.7 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1) between the ages of 36 to 51 years volunteered for the study. The runners had to complete a two-hour treadmill run at 70 % of their predetermined maximum aerobic capacity, followed by a monitored 72-hour recovery period. The first part of the prolonged run was a 90–minute variant gradient run, followed by a 30-minute downhill run. Each subject acted as his own control and visited the Stellenbosch University’s Sport Physiology Laboratory (South Africa) on two occasions, separated by 7 to 28 days. One test was done with a compression garment (23 to 32 mmHg) and the other without. Testing included the measurement of lower limb circumferences (ankle, calf, mid- and proximal thigh), plasma lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase concentrations and the completion of subjective questionnaires on perceived muscle soreness (visual analog scale (VAS)). The lower extremities’ functional ability was determined with a time to exhaustion (TTE) step test, a vertical jump test (VJ) and modified sit-and-reach flexibility test. Preexercise measurements were taken and immediately after and during the 72 hour after the treadmill run and repeated for the second bout. The main outcomes of this study showed that the two-hour treadmill run induced delayed onset of muscle soreness, with and without the compression garment. Evidence of this was a significant rise in plasma creatine kinase (CKp) over the duration of both trials (P < 0.05). The compression garment significantly reduced swelling in the calf muscle (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Runners showed a lower perceived muscular pain and discomfort while performing functional knee movements at 24 and 48-hours after the two-hour run with the compression garment (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm and 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm on VAS, respectively; P < 0.05). Significant differences in perceived muscle soreness between the WCG and WOCG trials were observed at 24-hours after the run during rest (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm; P = 0.02) and with stretching (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm on VAS P = 0.02). The perceived pain associated with pressure was significantly lower with the compression garment at 24 (307 %) and 48-hours (237 %) after the run (P < 0.05). Blood lactate levels were reduced during the acute phase of recovery at 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) and 30 minutes (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) after the run, as well as plasma creatine kinase concentrations were statistically significantly lower at 24-hours (238.3 ± 81.3 vs. 413.3 ± 250.8 units.L-1; P = 0.005) after exercise with the compression garment. The two-hour treadmill run and the compression garment had no significant influence on the runners’ lower limb strength, power, endurance or flexibility (P > 0.05). Compression garments demonstrated the potential to enhance recovery after prolonged strenuous exercise in well trained middle-aged runners. In addition, runners did not experience additional fatigue from the moderate to high pressure garments. The effect of higher pressure compression garments on athletic performance and the psychological influence of the garment need further investigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende tipes naoefening herstelstrategië, vorm deel van die moderne atleet se daaglikse routine. Dit is wel bekend dat onvoldoende herstel sal beteken dat die atleet se liggaam langer sal neen om aan te pas tussen inoefen sessies en kompetisies. Sekere bewerings word al gemaak omtrent die voordeligheid van kompressiesokkies tydens die herstelperiode na oefening sessies en kompetisies. Tot nou toe was daar beperkte wetenskaplike navorsing oor die invloed van kompressie sokkies of die herstel proses van sport aktiwiteite. Die voordeel van kompressie sokkies as ‘n moontlike herstelmetode, is dat dit koste-effektief, prakties en maklik verkrybaar is. Hierdie studie poog om ‘n ondersoek in te stel na die moontlike invloed wat kompressie sokkies op middeljarige lang-aftstandatlete se herstelperiode sal hê na ‘n verlengde hardloopsessie. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat konsentreer op kompressie sokkies as ‘n naoefenings hersteltegniek vir ervare middeljarige lang-afstandatlete. Die ander unieke aspek van die ondersoek is die langdurige tweeuur trapmeul protokol wat gebruik word om spierpyn te veroorsaak. Om die doel te bereik, is ’n lukrake oorkruis studie gebruik om ondersoek in te stel na die moontlike voordele van die hoë druk (CCL II 23-32 mmHg) kompressie sokkies. Hierdie sokkies toon ’n progressiewe verhooging van druk vanaf die enkle tot onder die knieskyf. Sewe mededingende langafstand atlete (lengte : 176.0 ± 8.6 cm; liggaams massa: 92.5 ± 11.8 kg; VO2maks: 45.7 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1) tussen die ouderdomme van 36 en 51 jaar, het aan die studie deel geneem. Die wedlopers moes ‘n twee-uur lange trapmeul toets voltooi, teen 70% van hul vooraf bepaalde maksimum aerobiese kapasiteit. Dit is gevolg deur ‘n gemonitorde 72-uur herstel periode. Die eerste deel van die twee-uur hardloop sessie was ‘n 90-minuut afwisselende opdraende en afdraende hardloop stel, wat gevolg is deur a 30-minuut afdraande deel. Elke deelnemer was sy eie kontrole en het op twee geleenthede die Stellenbosch Universiteit se Sport Fisiologiese Laboratorium (Suid Afrika) besoek. Die twee besoeke is tussen 7 en 28 dae geskei. Een toets is met kompressie sokkies gedoen (23 – 32 mmHg) en die ander sonder. Die toetse het die volgende behels: laer been omtrekke (enkel, kuit, middel- and bo dy), die versameling en ontleding van bloed monsters vir plasma laktaat, laktaat dehydrogenase and kreatine kinase konsentrasies en die voltooing van subjektiewe vraelyste oor die graad van spierpyn ervaaring (“visual analog scale” (VAS)). Die onderlyf funksionele vermoëns is bepaal met ’n tyd tot uitputtings traptoets, ‘n vertikale sprong toets en ‘n gewysige sit-en-strek soepelheids toets. Data is voor die oefeninge in gevorder asook direk daarna, en gedurende die 72 uur na die trapmeul draf. Die metings vir die tweede sessie is herhaal. Die hoof uitkomste van die studie het gewys dat die twee-uur trapmeulsessie het spierpyn veroorsaak, met en sonder die kompressie sokkies. Die bewys hiervan was ‘n betekensvolle toename in plasma kreatien kinase (CKp) oor die tydperk van albei oefening toetse (P<0.05). Die kompressie sokkies het die swelling in die kuitspiere verminder, in vergelyking met die toetse sonder kompressie sokkies (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Wedlopers met die kompressie sokkies het minder spierseerheid en ongerief aangeteken toe hulle knie beweegings gedoen het op 24 en 48-uur na die twee-ure trapmeul toets (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm op VAS en 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm op VAS, onderskeidelik; P < 0.05). Betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem tussen die toetse met en sonder kompressie sokkies, op 24-uur na die twee-ure toets gedurende rus (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm op VAS; P = 0.02) en met strek oefeninge (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm op VAS P = 0.02). Die pyn wat ervaar was met drukking, was betekenisvol minder met die kompressie sokkies op 24 (307 %) en 48-uur (237 %) na die trapmeul sessie (P < 0.05). Bloed laktaat konsentrasie in die sirkulasie was verlaag gedurende die akute fase van die herstelings periode op 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) en 30 minute (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) na die hardloop sessie, sowel as die plasma kreatine kinase konsentrasie was statisties betekenisvol laer by 24 uur (238.3 ± 81.3 vs 413.3 ± 250.8 eenhede L-1; P = 0.005) na die hardloop sessie met die kompressie sokkies. Die twee-ure trapmeul toets en die kompressie sokkies het geen betekenisvolle invloed gehad op die wedlopers se onderlyf ledemate se plofkrag, uithouvermoë of soepelheid (P > 0.05) nie. Kompressie sokkies het gewys dat dit potensiaal het om met herstel te help na lang en harde oefening in geoefende middeljarige atlete. Nietemin is daar verdere wetenskaplike navorsing nodig om dit te bevestig. Wedlopers het nie addisionele vermoeienis van die drukking van kompressie sokkies ervaar nie. Sterker drukkende kompressie sokkies sowel as die sielkundige invloed van die sokkies benodig verdere navorsing.spierpyn ervaaring (“visual analog scale” (VAS)). Die onderlyf funksionele vermoëns is bepaal met ’n tyd tot uitputtings traptoets, ‘n vertikale sprong toets en ‘n gewysige sit-en-strek soepelheids toets. Data is voor die oefeninge in gevorder asook direk daarna, en gedurende die 72 uur na die trapmeul draf. Die metings vir die tweede sessie is herhaal. Die hoof uitkomste van die studie het gewys dat die twee-uur trapmeulsessie het spierpyn veroorsaak, met en sonder die kompressie sokkies. Die bewys hiervan was ‘n betekensvolle toename in plasma kreatien kinase (CKp) oor die tydperk van albei oefening toetse (P<0.05). Die kompressie sokkies het die swelling in die kuitspiere verminder, in vergelyking met die toetse sonder kompressie sokkies (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Wedlopers met die kompressie sokkies het minder spierseerheid en ongerief aangeteken toe hulle knie beweegings gedoen het op 24 en 48-uur na die twee-ure trapmeul toets (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm op VAS en 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm op VAS, onderskeidelik; P < 0.05). Betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem tussen die toetse met en sonder kompressie sokkies, op 24-uur na die twee-ure toets gedurende rus (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm op VAS; P = 0.02) en met strek oefeninge (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm op VAS P = 0.02). Die pyn wat ervaar was met drukking, was betekenisvol minder met die kompressie sokkies op 24 (307 %) en 48-uur (237 %) na die trapmeul sessie (P < 0.05). Bloed laktaat konsentrasie in die sirkulasie was verlaag gedurende die akute fase van die herstelings periode op 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) en 30 minute (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) na die hardloop sessie, sowel as die plasma kreatine kinase konsentrasie was statisties betekenisvol laer by 24 uur (238.3 ± 81.3 vs 413.3 ± 250.8 eenhede L-1; P = 0.005) na die hardloop sessie met die kompressie sokkies. Die twee-ure trapmeul toets en die kompressie sokkies het geen betekenisvolle invloed gehad op die wedlopers se onderlyf ledemate se plofkrag, uithouvermoë of soepelheid (P > 0.05) nie. Kompressie sokkies het gewys dat dit potensiaal het om met herstel te help na lang en harde oefening in geoefende middeljarige atlete. Nietemin is daar verdere wetenskaplike navorsing nodig om dit te bevestig. Wedlopers het nie addisionele vermoeienis van die drukking van kompressie sokkies ervaar nie. Sterker drukkende kompressie sokkies sowel as die sielkundige invloed van die sokkies benodig verdere navorsing.

Thesis (MSpor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The prevalence of lower back disorders and the high costs involved are an ongoing problem in industrialised countries. Research indicates an estimated 70-80% of all individuals will experience lower back pain (LBP) during the course of their lives (Manek & MacGregor, 2005; Kent & Keating, 2005; Dunn & Croft, 2004; Takeyachi et al., 2003; Carter & Birrel, 2000:6; Nourbakhsh & Arab, 2003; Bernard, 1997:374). It is widely accepted that occupational demands and physical work contribute greatly towards onset, recovery and recurrence of symptoms (Carter & Birrel, 2000:6). Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) crane drivers are particularly at risk, as their working posture forces them into various prolonged non-neutral trunk positions (Fehrsen-Du Toit, 2005:24; Rohlmannt et al., 2001; Nachemson, 1963) and extreme trunk flexion (Seider et al., 2003; Hoogendoorn et al., 2000). Intrinsic factors such as trunk strength (O'Sullivan et al., 2005; Bayramoglu et al., 2001) and trunk stability (Hitt & Lie, 2006; MacDonald et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2006; Hodges et al., 2005; Hodges, 2003; Hodges & Richardson, 1996) as well as anthropometric variables (Franklin et al., 2000:64), can play different roles in incidences of lumbar pain or injury. A job such as RTG crane driving is dependant on a certain amount of strength or physical fitness. A deficit in on or more of these areas can lead to compensation, overload and eventually symptoms and injury. Research has yet to identify factors that predispose certain drivers to injury, and factors determining a quick, safe recovery and return to work. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible morphological variables as risk factors for RTG crane drivers, for Hutchison Whampoa, at the Port of Felixstowe, UK. The study design was based on a cross sectional, analytical epidemiological study. A sample of 43 RTG drivers completed testing. They were divided into a group of drivers who had never had lower back pain or symptoms (n=22), and a group of drivers who had had a previous history of lower back pain (n=21). All subjects were asymptomatic at the time of testing. Although not significant (p > 0.05), the results of the study showed that average performance deficit (the power needed to maintain or repetitively produce a force) tended to be higher in those subjects without a previous history of pain. The flexion/extension ratio also tended to be better for this group. The subjects without a past history of lower back pain were, surprisingly, found to be older than the other group. This explains the higher body weight, waist-to-hip-circumference, body mass index, and fat percentage for this group, as these measurements all tend to increase with age. It also explains the lower peak torque to body weight values for that group, as peak torque would decrease with increased body weight. This is the first study to look at morphological variables and isokinetic testing of RTG crane drivers, and the relationship between these variables and lower back pain. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoë koste verbonde aan, asook die hoeveelheid voortdurende lae-rug beserings in industriële lande, is ‘n aaneenlopende probleem. Navorsing toon dat 70-80% van alle individue laer-rugpyn sal ervaar deur die loop van hul lewens (Manek & MacGregor, 2005; Kent & Keating, 2005; Dunn & Croft, 2004; Takeyachi et al., 2003; Carter & Birrel, 2000:6; Nourbakhsh & Arab, 2003; Bernard, 1997:374). Dit is aanvaar dat werksvereistes en fisiese werk grootliks bydra tot die oorsaak, herstel en herhaling van simptome (Carter & Birrel, 2000:6). RTG hyskraan bestuurders is veral individue wat ‘n groter risiko toon ten opsigte van laer-rug beserings weens werkspostuur wat hul noodsaak om verskeie langdurige nie-neutrale mid-rug posisies (Fehrsen-Du Toit, 2005:24; Rohlmannt et al., 2001; Nachemson, 1963), asook ekstreme mid-rug fleksie handhaaf (Seider et al., 2003; Hoogendoorn et al., 2000). Sekere individuele intrinsieke faktore soos mid-rug krag (O'Sullivan et al., 2005; Bayramoglu et al., 2001) mid-rug stabiliteit (Hitt & Lie, 2006; MacDonald et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2006; Hodges et al., 2005; Hodges, 2003; Hodges & Richardson, 1996), en antrpometriese veranderlikes (Franklin et al., 2000:64), kan ‘n aansienlike verhoging in moontlike laer-rug pyn of –beserings meebring. ‘n Werk soos RTG hyskraan bestuur is afhanklik van sekere hoeveelheid krag of fisiese fiksheid. ‘n Tekortkoming in enige van hierdie areas kan lei tot oorkompensering, oorbelading en uiteindelike simptome van besering. Vrae wat navorsing nog moet antwoord is onder andere die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot beserings asook wat vinnige en veilige terugkeer na werk vir bestuurders bepaal. Die doel van die studie was om moontlike morfologiese veranderlikes en risiko faktore te bestudeer vir RTG hyskraan bestuurders, vir Hutcinson Whampoa, te Felixstowe hawe, VK. Die rol wat hierdie faktore speel in die oorsaak en ontwikkeling van rugpyn word ook ondersoek. ‘n Protokol van toetse is gekies om moontlike morfologiese risiko faktore uit te lig en daardeur bestuurders wat meer geneig is om laer-rugpyn te ontwikkel te identifiseer. ‘n Totaal van 43 RTG bestuurders het die toets voltooi. Hierdie bestuurders is verdeel in ‘n groep wat nog nooit laer-rugpyn of simptome getoon het nie (n=22) en ‘n groep bestuuders wat wel vorige geskiedenis van laer-rugpyn het (n=21). Alle deelnemers was asimptomaties met die aanvang van die toetsing. Alhoewel resultate van die toets nie noemenswaardig was nie (p>0.05), het dit wel getoon dat algemene prestasie tekortkoming (spierkrag benodig om kraguitset te handhaaf of om herhaaldelik uit te voer) geneig was om hoër te wees in individue sonder ‘n vorige geskiedenis van rug besering. Die fleksie/ekstensie verhouding het ook beter vertoon in hierdie groep. Individue sonder vorige geskiedenis van laer-rugpyn is interessant genoeg, ouer as die met geskiedenis van laer-rug beserings. Dit verduidelik die hoër liggaamsgewig, middelheup- verhouding en liggaamsmassa indeks en vet persentasie van hierdie groep weens die feit dat al reedsgenoemde geneig is om met ouderdom toe te neem. Dit kan ook piekkraguitset tot liggaamsmassa waardes van hierdie groep verduidelik omdat piekkraguitset sal verminder met toename in liggaamsmassa. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat die uitkyk bied op morfologiese veranderlikes tesame met isokinetiese toetsing van RTG hyskraan bestuurders en die verhouding tussen hierdie veranderlikes en laer-rugpyn.

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and nature of injuries sustained by South African schoolboy cricketers. The results will then be used to set possible preventative measures in order to minimize the incidence of first-time and recurrent injuries. METHODS: The population consisted of 196 cricketers representing all 16 provincial teams in the under 19 Coca-Cola Khaya Majola cricket week played in Pretoria from 16 - 20 December 2004. Data were collected retrospectively and the cricket players were asked to recall all injuries from June 2003 to May 2004. The researcher personally guided each cricketer through a questionnaire regarding training and injury. The questionnaire was designed to obtain the following information: i) anatomical site of injury, ii) month of injury, iii) diagnosis of injury, iv) cause of injury, v) whether it was a recurrence of a previous injury and vi) whether the injury recurred during the season. A questionnaire was handed to each of the coaches who then asked if they could complete the questionnaire in their own time. The questionnaire was designed to see the level of coaching qualifications achieved by them and their level of understanding of basic training principles. RESULTS: The results showed that 67 injuries were sustained by 196 cricketers with a seasonal incidence of 34.2. Almost 72% of injuries occurred during matches, 14.9% occurred gradually due to the repetitive stresses sustained during matches and practices, 11.9% occurred during practice and 1.5% of the injuries occurred during other forms of training. Surprisingly, no injuries were sustained to the head, neck and face region while 34.3% were sustained to the upper limbs; 34.3% to the lower limbs and 31.3% to the back and trunk. Bowling accounted for 50.7% of the injuries, while fielding accounted for 32.8%, batting accounted for 14.9% and the remaining 1.5% occurred while warming-up or training. The primary mechanism of injury was the delivery and follow through of the fast bowler (34.3%), direct impact from the cricket ball when attempting to take a catch (10.4%), running after the ball (6.0%), stopping the ball along the ground (6.0%) and landing incorrectly after diving for the ball (6.0%). Fifty eight of the injuries were reported as being first time injuries while only nine injuries were due to the recurrence of a previous injury. The majority of injuries (40.6%) reported were quite severe and took the cricketers more than 21 days to recover. Thirty six percent of injuries allowed the cricketers to return to play within seven days of acquiring the injury. Cricketers were found to be more prone to injury during December and January. CONCLUSION: Potential risk factors for injury have been identified and it has been suggested that coaches and cricketers partake in continuous educational processes that focus on all the physical, training, mental and technical components necessary for success in cricket. Cricketers should undergo regular musculoskeletal evaluations and be given personalized training programs. It is essential that a National database for junior cricketers be implemented.

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of participation in a small group-based perceptual-motor training programme on the gross motor and visual-motor integration skills of children who show signs of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Two physical education teachers selected 22 children for assessment as potential participants for this study. The Movement ABC (M-ABC) was then administered to this group and the eight children who scored the lowest were invited to volunteer for this study. These children all volunteered and then completed the assessment of their visual-motor integration skills as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-2). The study followed an evaluative case study design in which changes in the gross motor and visual-motor integration skills of each participant were reported and interpreted individually. The six-week intervention programme was focused on developing the perceptual-motor link between throwing, catching and balancing skills with challenges to visual skills development, especially eye-hand coordination. A comparison of pre-test, post-test and retention test scores in the M-ABC revealed that the programme had a positive effect on six of the children. The results for the seventh child were inconsistent on each test occasion, leading to the conclusion that he may have a co-morbid disorder related to attention. Improvements in static balance were noted and some children also experienced improvements in their ball skills (aiming and coincident timing) which brings the researcher to the conclusion that the programme was effective for gross motor development. DTVP-2 results showed improvements in eye-hand coordination in five of the seven children. According to the VMI quotient score, only one child improved, one deteriorated and the rest showed no change which brings the researcher to the conclusion that the intervention programme was not effective for visual-motor integration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die impak te bepaal van deelname in „n klein-groep gebaseerde perseptueel-motoriese oefenprogram op die groot motoriese en visueel-motoriese integrasievaardighede van kinders met tekens van die Ontwikkelingskoördinasie-afwyking (DCD). Twee Lewensoriëntering-onderwysers het 22 kinders geïdentifiseer vir assessering as potensiële deelnemers aan die studie. Hierdie groep het die Beweging-ABC toets (M-ABC) ondergaan en die agt deelnemers met die laagste uitslae is uitgenooi om aan die studie deel te neem. Hierdie agt kinders het ingestem en daarna is die assessering voltooi deur hulle visueel-motoriese integrasievaardighede te meet deur middel van die Ontwikkelingstoets vir Visuele Persepsie (DTVP-2). Die studie het „n evaluerende gevallestudie-ontwerp gevolg waarin die veranderings tussen die groot motoriese en visueel-motoriese integrasievaardighede van elke deelnemer individueel geïnterpreteer en gerapporteer is. Die ses week-intervensieprogram het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van die perseptueel-motoriese skakel tussen gooi-, vang- en balans-vaardighede met uitdagings vir die ontwikkeling van visuele vaardighede, veral oog-hand koördinasie. „n Vergelyking tussen die voor-, na- en opvolgtoetse van die M-ABC se toetstellings het getoon dat die program „n positiewe effek op ses van die kinders se groot motoriese vaardighede gehad het. Die uitslag van die sewende kind was teenstrydig tydens elke toetsgeleentheid en dit het gelei tot die gevolgtrekking dat hy moontlik aan „n addisionele afwyking mag ly wat verband hou met „n aandagprobleem. Verbeterings in statiese balans is waargeneem en sommige kinders het ook „n verbetering in balvaardighede getoon (akkuraatheid en reaksietyd). Volgens die DTVP-2 resultate was daar verbeterings in oog-hand koördinasie by vyf van die sewe kinders. Volgens die VMI-kwosiënttelling het slegs een kind verbeter, een het versleg en die ander vyf het geen verandering getoon nie. Die navorser kom dus tot die gevolgtrekking dat die intervensieprogram nie effektief is vir visueel-motoriese integrasie nie.

Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to measure the responses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to an exercise programme in a South Africa setting. Nine subjects were evaluated before and after aerobic and resistance training three times a week for the total of 12 weeks. Each evaluation measured forced expiratory lung function; health-related quality of life; functional capacity; level of dyspnea; body composition; physician global evaluation; and the patient global evaluation. The exercise programme consisted of one-hour exercise sessions, three times a week for 12 weeks. The exercise sessions included elements of aerobic and resistance training of the upper and lower extremities. Functional capacity improved drastically (p < 0.01), as did the physician and the patient global evaluations (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Levels of dyspnea also improved (p < 0.01). Health-related quality of life improved marginally (p = 0.03). No significant change was noted in lung function and body composition. The study concluded that an exercise programme consisting of aerobic and resistance training improves chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' health-related quality of life, functional capacity and levels of dyspnea. Exercise also reduces the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as are perceived by the physician and patient alike. Exercise does not change lung function or body composition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Exercise in conjunction with appropriate medical treatment has the potential to benefit all chronic obstructive patients in South Africa. Keywords: COPD, quality oflife, functional capacity, rehabilitation, exercise. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die reaksies te meet van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte op 'n oefenprogram in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Nege proefpersone is voor en na aërobiese en weerstandsoefening drie keer per week vir 'n totaal van 12 weke geëvalueer. Elke evaluering het die volgende gemeet: geforseerde ekspiratoriese longfunksie, gesondheidsverwante lewenskwalitiet, funksionele kapasiteit; dispneevlak, liggaamsamestelling; geneesheer algehele evaluering asook pasiënt algehele evaluering. Die oefenprogram het uit een-uur sessies bestaan, wat drie keer per week vir 12 weke plaasgevind het. Die oefensessies het elemente van aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge van die boonste en onderste ledemate ingesluit. Funksionele kapasiteit het drasties verbeter (p < 0.01), net so ook die geneesheer en pasiënt algehele evaluerings (p < 0.01 en p < 0.01, respektiewelik). Dispneevlakke het ook verbeter (p < 0.01). Gesondheidsverwante lewenskwaliteit het marginaal verbeter (p = 0.03). Geen beduidende veranderinge is in die longfunksie en liggaamsamestelling gevind nie. Die studie het bevind dat 'n oefenprogram wat uit aërobiese en weerstandsoefening bestaan gesondheidsverwante lewenskwaliteit, funksionele kapasiteit asook dispneevlakke van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte verbeter. Oefening verminder ook die simptome van chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte soos waargeneem deur beide die geneesheer en pasiënt. Oefening verander ook nie longfunksie of liggaamsamestelling van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte nie. Oefening tesame met die geskikte mediese behandeling kan voordelig wees vir chronies obstruktiewe pasiënte in Suid- Afrika. Keywords: KOPS, lewenskwaliteit, funksionele kapasiteit, rehabilitasie, oefening.

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science)-- University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a perceptual-motor training programme on the coincident anticipation timing and batting performance of university club cricket players. The intervention programme focused on developing players‟ visual attention and concentration. Vickers‟ (2007) Three-Step Decision Training Model was used to structure the training sessions. The study followed a repeated measures experimental design with three groups (experimental, placebo, and control) formed by volunteers from a university club cricket team. The independent variable was a four-week training programme. The dependent variables were coincident anticipation timing and performance on a cricket batting test. Subjects were pre- and post-tested with retention tests occurring after a set period of “no training” following the post-tests. Differences between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by Ranks Tests. Differences within each group were compared using multiple Mann-Whitney U-Tests. No significant improvements were observed in the experimental group‟s coincident anticipation timing and batting performance. Although neither coincident anticipation timing nor batting performance significantly improved, further research into the use of Vickers‟ (2007) Model to enhance sport performance is recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die uitwerking van ʼn perseptueel-motoriese opleidingsprogram op die samevallende vooruittydsberekening (“coincident anticipation timing”) en kolfprestasie van universiteitsklubkrieketspelers te bepaal. Die klem van die intervensieprogram het op die ontwikkeling van spelers se visuele aandag en konsentrasie geval. Die opleidingsessies is volgens Vickers (2007) se drieledige model vir besluitnemingsopleiding saamgestel. Die studie het ʼn eksperimentele ontwerp van herhaalde metings op drie groepe (eksperimenteel, plasebo en kontrole) van ʼn universiteitsklubkrieketspan toegepas. Die onafhanklike veranderlike was ʼn vier weke lange opleidingsprogram. Die afhanklike veranderlikes was samevallende vooruittydsberekening, en prestasie in ʼn krieketkolftoets. Proefpersone het voor en net ná die opleiding toetse ondergaan, sowel as behoudtoetse drie weke ná die na-opleidingstoetse. Verskille tussen groepe is met behulp van rangtoetse uit Kruskal-Wallis se variansie-analisemodel (ANOVA) bepaal, terwyl verskille binne groepe met veelvuldige Mann-Whitney-U-toetse vergelyk is. Geen beduidende verbetering is in die eksperimentele groep se samevallende vooruittydsberekening of kolfprestasie waargeneem nie. Hoewel nóg samevallende vooruittydsberekening nóg kolfprestasie aansienlik verbeter het, word verdere navorsing oor die gebruik van Vickers (2007) se model vir die verbetering van sportprestasie aanbeveel.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Falling is a common occurrence and one of the most serious problems in the elderly population (65 years and older). Falls account for 70% of accidental deaths in persons aged 75 years and older. Falls can be markers/indicators of poor health and declining function, and are often associated with significant morbidity. More than 90% of hip fractures occur as a result of falls, with most of these fractures occurring in persons over 70 years of age (Fuller, 2000). About one third of people aged 65 years and older fall each year, resulting in a substantial decrease in quality of life in addition to placing a huge burden on current health care systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 12-week exercise intervention programme, consisting of two 30 minute exercise sessions a week, could lower the risk of falling in a group of elderly women. Female subjects (n=22) with an average age of 79.5 years were selected from three retirement homes situated in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa, according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects included presented no major cardiovascular and pulmonary disease signs and symptoms as recognised by the American College of Sports Medicine (2011); had no serious illnesses or co-morbidities; were mobile with no significant musculoskeletal disorders; had no uncorrected visual or vestibular problems as well as no significant cognitive impairments or major psychological disturbances; were not taking any psychotropic medications or Benzodiazepines that could affect their progress. Subjects also had to be willing to follow the 12-week exercise intervention programme and sign an informed consent document. The selected subjects then underwent a pre- and post-intervention assessment consisting of a subjective rating of their fear of falling, the Fall Risk Assessment: Biodex Balance system, Balance Evaluations Systems Test (BESTest) and the 30-Second Chair Stand Test. Statistica 10 was used to analyse the data. Data was analysed to assess any significant improvements that the exercise intervention had on each fall risk variable tested. The main fall risk variables consisted of: fear of falling, muscular strength, balance, gait and getting up strategies. Statistically significant improvements (p<0.001) were seen in: Fear of falling, muscular strength, balance, gait and getting up strategies after the 12-week exercise intervention programme. This study suggests that exercise intervention has the potential to decrease the risk of falling among elderly women and should play an extremely important role in the prevention of falling amongst this population group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om te val is ‘n alledaagse gebeurtenis en een van die mees ernstige probleme vir ons bejaarde bevolking (65 jaar en ouer). Insidente van val verklaar tot 70% van toevallige sterftes met betrekking tot persone van 75 jarige ouderdom en ouer. Om te val kan ‘n teken van swak gesondheid en/of ‘n afname in funksionele kapasiteit wees, en is gewoonlik met morbiditeitspatrone gekoppel. Meer as 90% van heupfrakture kom as gevolg van valle voor, waar die meeste van die frakture in persone bo 70 jarige ouderdom voorkom (Fuller, 2000). Minstens een derde van persone bo 65 jaar en ouer val elke jaar, so ‘n val het ‘n noemenswaardige afname in lewenskwaliteit tot gevolg asook ‘n enorme druk wat op huidige gesondheidsorg sisteme geplaas word. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal of ‘n 12 week oefenintervensieprogram, wat uit twee oefen sessies van 30 minute elk bestaan, die risiko van val vir n groep bejaarde vroue kan verlaag. Vroulike individue (n=22) met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 79.5 jaar uit drie ouetehuise/aftree oorde in Stellenbosch, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika geleë; is volgens bepaalde insluitings- en uitsluitingskriteria geselekteer. Individue wie ingesluit is het geen tekens of simptome van grootskaalse kardiovaskulêre of pulmonêre siekte getoon nie, soos herken deur die “American College of Sports Medicine (2011) ; het aan geen ernstige siektes of ko-morbiditeite gely nie; kon stap met geen merkwaardige muskulo-skeletale afwykings nie; het geen nie-gekorrigeerde visie of vestibulêre probleme asook geen beduidende kognitiewe gestremdhede of ernstige sielkundige steurnisse gehad nie; het nie enige psigotropiese medikasie of Benzodiazepines geneem wat hul kon beinvloed nie. Individue moes bereid gewees het om die 12 week oefenintervensieprogram te volg en moes ook ‘n ingeligte toestemmingsvorm onderteken. Die geselekteerde individue het ‘n pre- en post-intervensie assessering ondergaan wat uit ‘n subjektiewe bepaling van hul vrees vir val bestaan het, die Val Risiko Assessering asook “Biodex Balans System Test, Balance Evaluations Systems Test (BESTest)” asook die 30 Sekonde Stoel-staan Toets. Statistica 10 is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Data was geanaliseer om enige merkwaardige verandering wat die oefenintervensie op elke val risiko veranderlike wat getoets was gehad het, te bepaal. Die belangrikste val risiko veranderlikes het uit: die vrees vir val, spier sterkte, balans, stappatroon en opstaan tegnieke bestaan. Betekenisvolle statistiese veranderinge (p<0.001) is gerapporteer in: die vrees vir val, spiersterkte, balans, stappatroon en opstaan tegnieke na die 12 week oefenintervensieprogram. Die studie bevind dat die intervensieprogram die potensiaal het om die risiko van val onder bejaarde vroue te verminder en behoort ‘n uiters belangrike rol in die voorkoming van val onder die bevolkingsgroep te speel.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Limited data exists on a transition process of minimalist shoe running, warranting longitudinally designed studies. The primary aim of this study was thus to determine whether lower limb kinematics can be adapted, whether vertical average loading rate (VALR) can be attenuated, and whether lower limb joint moments can be altered by either novice or short-term (seven-week) minimalist shoe training. Ten experimental (EXP) habitually shod male endurance runners (age 24.10 ± 1.74; weekly training mileage 29.36 ± 8.51 km; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in a seven-week minimalist shoe transition programme. Eleven age and training matched control participants (CONT) (age 24.00 ± 2.18; weekly training mileage 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12) continued to run in their usual running shoes during the intervention period. All participants were provided with a pair of Vibram Fivefingers ® (VF). The VF intervention started at ~ 11% to 22% and ended at ~ 52% to 132% of the participants‘ usual shod training distance, determined by subjective lower limb comfort ratings. Lower limb biomechanics for barefoot: BF, minimalist: VF, and shod: SH were recorded with an eight-camera Vicon ® motion capture system, synchronized with a Bertec ® force plate, both prior to and after the transition programme. Twelve running trials at self-selected speeds were recorded bilaterally for each shoe condition. An inverse dynamic approach was used to calculate lower extremity joint moments. Primary parameters of interest were kinematic: step frequency (steps/min), step length (m), footstrike angles (FSA, degrees), strike index (SI,%); average vertical loading rate (VALR, BW/S) and sagittal and frontal plane peak joint moments (Nm/kg.m) of the ankle, knee and hip. At pre-testing, the results showed that for VALR, VF running was significantly higher than SH running but significantly lower than BF running (P < 0.05). Statistically significant shorter step lengths, higher step frequencies, greater plantar-flexion FSA, higher strike index, greater knee flexion FSA, and greater ankle inversion FSA were seen in BF and VF conditions compared to SH (P < 0.05). Statistically higher plantarflexion moment peak (PFM) while lower ankle dorsiflexion moment peak (DFM) and knee abduction moment peak (KAM) was found while BF and VF than SH running. The only statistically significant effect of the VF training intervention on kinematics was that of higher step frequency for the SH condition (P < 0.05), and greater inversion FSA in the BF condition. A trend was seen for the EXP group to increase VALR (P > 0.05). Ankle PFM peak significantly increased, while knee extensor moment peak (KEM) peak significantly decreased for the EXP group only (P < 0.05). Contrary to the initial hypothesis, novice or short-term VF training did not result in significantly attenuated VALR. However, alterations in joint moments suggest a shift in the distribution of external loads due to the VF training. Insufficient kinematic adaptation with VF training could be attributed to inability to sense higher VALR or due to greater perceived ratings of calf-Achilles discomfort, and may indicate that more than seven-weeks are required to transition and adapt to VF running. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beperkte data is beskikbaar oor die oorgangs fase van hardloop met minimalistiese skoene, langtermyn studies is dus nodig. Die primêre doel van die studie is om te bepaal of gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR) verminder kan word en onderste-ledemaat gewrigsmomente aangepas kan word deur ‗n korttermyn oefenprogram in minimalistiese skoene. Tien experimentaal (EXP) manlike uithouvermoë hardlopers (ouderdom 24.10 ± 1.74; weeklikse oefen afstand 29.36 ± 8.51; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55) wat gewoonlik in skoene hardloop het vrywillig ingestem om aan die sewe week minimalistiese-skoen oorgangsprogram deel te neem. Elf kontrole deelnemers wat gepas is volgens ouderdom en oefening, (ouderdom 24.00 ± 2.18; weeklikse oefening 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12 kg/m2) het in hulle gewone oefenskoene bly hardloop. Alle deelnemers het ‗n paar Vibram Fivefingers ®-skoene ontvang. Die VF intervensie het begin met ~ 11% tot 22% en geeinde met ~ 52% tot 132% van die deelnemers gewone afstande in SH. Biomeganiese aspekte van die onderste ledemate vir kaalvoet: BF, minimalisties: VF, en skoene: SH is deur middel van ‗n agt-kamera Vicon ® bewegingsisteem gesinkroniseer met ‗n Bertec ® kragplatform, voor en na die oorgangsprogram bepaal. Twaalf hardloop-pogings teen ‘n self-bepaalde spoed is bilateraal vir elke skoenkondisie gemeet. ‗n Omgekeerde dinamiese benadering is gebruik om die gewrigsmomente van die onderste ledemate te bepaal. Die primêre parameters van belang was kinematies: treefrekwensie, treelengte, voettrefhoeke (FSA), tree-indeks (SI); gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR), en sagittale en frontale vlak piek gewrigsmomente van die enkel, knie en heup. By voor-toetsing, die resultate toon aan dat vir VALR, VF-hardloop betekenisvol hoër was in vergelyking met SH-hardloop, maar betekenisvol laer was in vergelyking met BF-hardloop (P < 0.05). Statisties beduidende korter tree, hoër treefrekwnesie, meer plantaarfleksie FSA, hoer ―strike index‖, meer kniefleksie FSA, en meer enkel inversie FSA is gevind in die BF en VF kondisie in vergelyking met SH (P < 0.05). Statistiese betekenisvol hoër plantaarfleksiemoment pieke (PFM), en minder enkel dorsiefleksiemoment pieke (DFM) en knie abduksiemoment pieke (KAD) was gevind by BF- en VF- hardloop in vergelyking met SH-hardloop (P < 0.05) Die enigste statistiese betekenisvolle verskil in die kinematika van die VF intervensie was ‗n hoër tree frekwensie vir die SH kondisie (P < 0.05), en groter enkel inversie FSA in die BF kondisie. Die EXP groep neig om ‗n verhoging in VALR te hê (P > 0.05). ‗n Aansienlike verhoging is gevind in piek enkel PFM, terwyl piek knie KEM statisties wesenlik verlaag het in die EXP groep (P < 0.05). In teenstelling met die oorspronklike hipotese het onmiddellike en 'n korttermyn VF oefenprogram nie 'n bekenisvolle effek op VALR vermindering nie. Sommige veranderings in gewrigsmomente suggereer dat 'n verplasing in die verspreiding van eksterne ladings plaasvind as gevolg van die VF oefening. Die onvoldoende kinematiese aanpassing kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die onvermoë om hoër VALR waar te neem, of as gevolg van die hoër waargenome lesings in kuit-Achilles ongemak. Dit kan aandui da 'n VF oorgang proses van meer as sewe weke vereis word om aan te pas aan.

Thesis (MSportSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There are a growing number of men and women world-wide who are suffering strokes due to poor lifestyle-related habits. While there is evidence of the differences in cerebral haemodynamics between stroke patients and both elderly and young healthy individuals, limited evidence has examined the effect of rehabilitation on cerebral haemodynamics. Furthermore, most studies have examined changes in cerebral haemodynamics during cognitive and functional tasks in isolation, with no literature published on them simultaneously. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether differences in cerebral haemodynamics exist between stroke patients and healthy elderly individuals while performing a simple and complex cognitive task. Thirty two men and women (age 75 ± 8 years) volunteered to participate in the study and were split into an experimental (n = 14) group consisting of stroke patients and a control (n = 18) group consisting of healthy individuals. Each participant was required to attend one testing session where measurements of oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb), tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and total haemoglobin index (THI) were obtained. Measurements were obtained with the participants at rest, while performing the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the modified Stroop Task as cognitive tests, and the Timed Up-and-Go (TuG) and six minute walk test (6MWT) or Toe Taps (TT) as the functional tests. Furthermore, the outcome scores of the various tests were also recorded. Change in O2Hb levels were lower in the experimental group than in the control group, especially in the left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) while HHb values were higher in the right prefrontal cortex (RPFC) (p > 0.05). There were almost no differences in TOI between the two groups in either the LPFC or RPFC, however, statistically significant differences were seen in THI in the RPFC during the MMSE (p = 0.03), rest period 2 (p = 0.03), the first modified Stroop Task (p = 0.04), as well as the TuG (p = 0.02). Furthermore, significant differences were seen between the two groups with respect to the time taken to complete the TuG, with the experimental group completing it much faster (p = 0.04). The experimental group participants who had received regular rehabilitation performed consistently better across most of the testing phases, with a number of practically significant findings. The results show that definite differences exist between stroke patients and healthy elderly individuals when performing a simple and complex task. The positive effect of low intensity exercise on task performance was clearly seen in both groups, and holds a great deal of practical significance for the development of exercise programmes for healthy individuals, as well as stroke patients. Furthermore, rehabilitation following a stroke has obvious benefits as shown by the positive results of the current study, however, limited research exists to validate these findings, highlighting the need for further research in this area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is ʼn wêreld wye toename in die aantal mans en dames wat beroertes ondervind as gevolg van swak lewenstyl-verwante gewoontes. Alhoewel baie navorsing beskikbaar is oor die verskille in serebrale hemodinamika tussen beroerte pasiënte en bejaardes, asook jong gesonde individue, is daar ʼn beperkte aantal studies oor die effek van rehabilitasie op serebrale hemodinamika. Meeste van hierdie studies het die veranderinge in serebrale hemodinamika tydens kognitiewe of funksionele take in isolasie ondersoek, met geen literatuur waar die effek van albei gesamentlik gemeet word nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die verskille in serebrale hemodinamika tussen beroerte pasiënte en gesonde bejaardes, tydens die uitvoering van ʼn eenvoudige en komplekse kognitiewe taak, te ondersoek. Twee-en-dertig mans en vroue (ouderdom 75 ± 8 jaar) het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die eksperimentele groep (n = 14) het bestaan uit die beroerte pasïente en die kontrole groep (n = 18) was gesonde bejaardes. Elke deelnemer het een toets sessie bygewoon waartydens oksihemoglobien (O2Hb), deoksihemoglobien (HHb), weefsel oksigenasie indeks (TOI) en totale hemoglobien indeks (THI) gemeet is. Metings is tydens rus geneem, asook tydens die kognitiewe toetse, die “Mini Mental State Exam” (MMSE) en die gewysigde Stroop taak gemeet, en die funksionele toetse, naamlik die “Timed Up-and-Go” (TuG) en die ses minute loop toets (6MWT) of “Toe Taps” (TT). Die eksperimentele groep se O2Hb was laer as die kontrole groep, veral in die linker voor frontale korteks (LPFC), en die eksperimentele groep se HHb waardes was hoër in die regter voor frontale korteks (RPFC) (p > 0.05). Daar was geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille in TOI tussen die twee groepe nie, maar wel in die THI in die RPFC tydens die MMSE (p = 0.03), rusperiode twee (p = 0.03), die eerste gewysigde Stroop Taak (p = 0.04) en die TuG toets (p = 0.02). Die kontrole groep was statisties betekenisvol vinniger as die eksperimentele groep in die TuG toets (p = 0.04). Deelnemers in die eksperimentele groep wat gereelde rehabilitasie ontvang het, het konsekwent beter gevaar tydens die toets sessie, en ʼn aantal prakties betekenisvolle verskille is in sekere veranderlikes gevind. Die resultate dui aan dat daar wel ʼn verskil in serebrale hemodinamika bestaan tussen beroerte pasiënte en gesonde bejaardes terwyl hulle eenvoudige en komplekse take verrig. Die positiewe effek van lae intensiteit oefening op prestasie was duidelike sigbaar van beide groepe. Hierdie resultate is prakties betekenisvol as dit kom by die ontwikkeling van oefenprogramme vir gesonde individue asook beroerte pasiënte. Rehabilitasie na ʼn beroerte hou ooglopende voordele in soos aangedui deur die positiewe bevindinge van die huidige studie, hoewel daar beperkte navorsing beskikbaar is om hierdie bevindinge te staaf. Daar is dus ʼn behoefte vir verdere navorsing in hierdie gebied.