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Authentication of Sauvignon blanc wine in terms of added flavouringsTreurnicht, Jeanne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Wine Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The varietal character of Sauvignon blanc wine is mostly defined by the balance between
tropical and green vegetative flavour nuances. Grape derived methoxypyrazines are the main
aroma contributors towards green vegetative flavours. Methoxypyrazines are heat and light
sensitive. Due to warm climatic conditions in South Africa, methoxypyrazine levels decrease
during grape ripening.
The addition of food flavourings to Sauvignon blanc wine, a practice known as spiking, has
occurred in the past to improve the green character of the wines. Adding flavourings to wine and
selling the wine as natural certified wine is illegal in South Africa. Currently, adulterated
Sauvignon blanc wines are identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods to quantify methoxypyrazines
and compare levels to an established database. Although of high sensitivity, GC-MS and LCMS methods are costly and time consuming, therefore not optimal for routine screening of
wines. Hence the need for the development of a fast and cost effective method for routine
screening of large amounts of wines to identify adulteration.
Small scale vinification practices were used to prepare experimental Sauvignon blanc wine.
Flavourings were added to Sauvignon blanc grape juice before fermentation, during the
preparation of experimental spiked wines. Control wines, containing no flavouring, were also
prepared. Commercial wines were spiked after fermentation and bottling. Each wine was only
spiked with a single flavouring. The flavourings added were the juice of homogenised fresh
green peppers and commercially available flavourings for wine. The following commercial
flavourings were used: green pepper, asparagus, grassy and tropical.
The above mentioned wines were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy, GC-MS, LC-MS and descriptive sensory analysis. The FT-IR techniques used
were Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) transmission, FT-MIR attenuated reflection and
Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) reflection spectroscopy. The data was interpreted
using the following multivariate statistical techniques: principal component analysis (PCA),
partial least squares discrimination (PLS-D) and conformity testing.
Multivariate models constructed from FT-MIR and FT-NIR data were able to discriminate
between spiked and control wines. Sensory analysis results clearly showed differences between
non-spiked wines and spiked wines with 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentrations 10 times
higher than naturally occurring in wine. Differences between control and spiked wines with
concentrations of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine similar to concentrations naturally occurring in
wines could not be detected to prove adulteration conducting sensory analysis. However,
differences between control and spiked wines with levels of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine
similar to levels naturally occurring in wines could be detected using FT-IR data in conjunction
with multivariate statistics.
This study showed that, FT-IR spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods
can be a possibility for the screening and identification of wines suspected of adulteration in
terms of added flavourings. Descriptive sensory analysis also proved to be a potentially useful
tool. However screening and training of potential panel members are time consuming. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die variëteitskarakter van Sauvignon blanc wyn word grotendeels gedefinieer deur die balans
tussen tropiese en groen vegetatiewe aromas. Metoksipirasiene is die hoof aroma verbindings
wat verantwoordelik is vir groen vegetatiewe aromas. Metoksipirasien is hitte- en ligsensitief.
Warm klimaatsomstandighede in Suid-Afrika het tot gevolg dat metoksipirasien konsentrasies
daal tydens druif rypwording.
Sauvignon blanc wyne is in die verlede vervals deur middel van die byvoeging van vars groen
soetrissies om die groen vegetatiewe karaktereienskappe van die wyne te bevorder. Die
byvoeging van geurmiddels of plantekstrakte by wyn en verkoop van daardie wyn as
gesertifiseerde natuurlike wyn is onwettig in Suid-Afrika. Tans word vervalsde wyne met behulp
van gaschromatografie-massaspektrometrie (GC-MS) en vloeistofchromatografie-massaspektrometrie (LC-MS) opgespoor. Kwantifisering van metoksiepirasien konsentrasies in wyne
en druiwesappe word vergelyk met konsentrasies in ‘n bestaande databasis. Alhoewel GC-MS
en LC-MS hoë sensitiwiteitsmetodes is, is dit duur en tydrowende metodes, dus nie optimaal vir
roetine sifting nie. Dus word ‘n koste- en tydseffektiewe roetine metode benodig om vervalsing
van wyne op te spoor.
Eksperimentele wyne is op klein skaal berei. Geurmiddels is voor fermentasie by die druiwesap
gevoeg. Kontrole wyne waarby geen geurmiddels gevoeg is nie, is ook berei. Kommersiële
wyne is gegeur na fermentasie en bottelering. Elke wyn is met ‘n enkele geurmiddel gegeur.
Gehomogeniseerde vars groen soetrissie asook kommersieel beskikbare geursels vir wyn is
gebruik. Die volgende kommersiële geursels is gebruik: groen soetrissie, aspersie, gras en
tropiese geursel.
Die volgende analitiese tegnieke is gebruik vir analisering van bogenoemde wyne: Fourier
transformasie infrarooi (FT-IR) spektroskopie, GC-MS, LC-MS en beskrywende sensoriese
analise. Die spesifieke FT-IR tegnieke wat gebruik is, is: Fourier transformasie mid-infrarooi
(FT-MIR) transmissie, FT-MIR verswakte weerskaatsing en Fourier transformasie naby-infrarooi
(FT-NIR) reflektansie. Die volgende multiveranderlike statistiese tegnieke is gebruik ter
interpretasie van data: hoof komponent analise (PCA), parsiële kleinste kwadraat diskriminant
analise (PLS-D) en gelykvormigheidstoetsing.
Multiveranderlike modelle, bereken met behulp van FT-MIR en FT-NIR data, kon diskrimineer
tussen gegeurde en kontrole wyne. Resultate wat verkry is tydens sensoriese analises het
duidelike verskille uitgewys tussen gegeurde en kontrole wyne met betrekking tot 3-isobutiel-2-
metoksipirasien konsetrasies waar 3-isobutiel-2-metoksipirasien konsentrasies 10 keer hoër
was as wat natuurlik voorkom in wyn. Geen beduidende verskille kon waargeneem word in
gevalle waar wyne vervals is met laer konsentrasies van geurmiddels deur sensoriese data te
ontleed nie. Nietemin, statisitiese verskille tussen kontrole en vervalsde wyne kon waargeneem
word vir lae-konsentrasie-geurmiddel vervalsde wyne deur FT-IR data met behulp van
multiveranderlike statisitiese metodes te ontleed.
Hierdie studie het gewys dat FT-IR in kombinasie met multiveranderlike statistiese tegnieke
spesifiek hoof komponent analise (PCA) en parsiële kleinste kwadraat diskriminant analise
(PLS-D) asook gelykvormigheidstoetsing bruikbare tegnieke is om te onderskei tussen kontrole
(egte natuurlike) en vervalsde wyne ten opsigte van die byvoeging van geurmiddels.
Beskrywende sensoriese analise kan ook nuttig gebruik word, alhoewel keuring en opleiding
van paneellede tydrowend is.
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Optimization and evaluation of heterologous lysozyme production in saccharomyces cerevisiaeWilcox, Dale Adrian 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL; muramidase; EC 3:2:1:17) is an enzyme
present in high concentrations in chicken (Gallus gallus) egg whites. It hydrolyses
the link between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in Gram positive
bacterial cell walls, resulting in cell death. It is thus active against lactic acid
bacteria (LAB), which may be present in grape juices and musts. These bacteria
are responsible for malolactic fermentation of wines although many species, particularly
of the genera Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, are considered spoilage organisms.
The growth of LAB is therefore closely monitored and controlled during
winemaking. The most common means of control is growth inhibition by chemical
treatment (usually with SO2). Lysozyme is a commonly used wine processing aid,
complementing the antimicrobial activity of SO2 . It allows for lower doses of SO2
to be used, thus improving the wholesomeness of wine. The OIV (Organisation
Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin) approved its use in quantities up to 500 mg per
liter of wine in 1997.
This study evaluated the effect of different secretion signals on the secretion of
lysozyme by the haploid auxotroph Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain FY23. Secretion
by an industrial strain (VIN13) transformed with a single copy of the HEWL gene with the MF-a secretion signal under the control of the PGK1 (phosphoglycerate
kinase 1) prompter and terminator was also evaluated. In the case of FY23 four
secretion signals were used, namely the native lysozyme signal and the S. cerevisiae
mating factor-a signal as well as mutants of these signals. These mutants incorporated
two additional arginines at the N-terminus of the signals immediately downstream
of the terminal methionine. The effect of these mutations was to increase the
positive charge of the secretion signal N-terminals. The secretion signal-lysozyme
fusions were placed under the regulation of the S. cerevisae PGK1 gene’s promoter
and terminator. The resulting expression cassettes were cloned into integrating vectors
YIpLac211 and pDMPOF1b and episomal vector pHVX2. These were used to
transform FY23 and VIN13.
FY23 as well as VIN13 transformants were evaluated in an artificial medium
designed to reflect the nutrient content of grape juice, with particular attention being
paid to assiminable nitrogen. Three hexose concentrations were tested in order to
determine the effect thereof on lysozyme secretion titer.
Lysozyme secreted under all tested growth conditions was found to be too low
for detection by either enzymatic assay or HPLC-FLD. For this reason secreted
lysozyme was isolated and concentrated 10x by means of cation-exchange. Subsequently,
lysozyme concentrations in the concentrates was determined by means of
the aforementioned techniques. SDS-PAGE analysis of lysozyme concentrates was
also performed.
No significant differences were found between native or MF-a secretion signals
and their mutated counterparts in terms of secretion titer or proteolytic maturation.
Lysozyme secreted with the MF-a signal was found to be misprocessed in all cases,
with both an authentically processed and a larger form, in which the secretion signal
was not completely removed, being present. Lysozyme secreted with the native
signal appeared to be correctly processed in all cases. Secretion titer from high
copy number episomal FY23 tranformants was similar to that of integrants containing
a single copy of the gene. Sugar concentration affected lysozyme production,
with higher quantities of the enzyme being secreted when higher initial sugar concentrations
were used. Lysozyme titers were extremely low (< 0:25 mg/L) with
all expression cassettes under all the tested conditions with both FY23 and VIN13.
In the case of the VIN13’s a lower final biomass was found for the secretor strain
tested in comparrison to the VIN13 wild-type. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoendereierwitlisosiem (HEWL; muramidase, EG 3:2:1:17) is ´n ensiem teenwoordig
in hoë konsentrasies in hoender (Gallus gallus) eierwitte. Dit hidroliseer
die binding tussen N-asetielmuramiensuur en N-asetielglukosamien in Gram positiewe
bakteriese selwande, wat tot seldood lei. Dit is dus aktief teen melksuurbakterieë
(MSB), wat in druiwesap en mos teenwoordig kan wees. Hierdie bakterieë
is verantwoordelik vir appelmelksuurgisting van wyne, hoewel baie spesies, veral
van die genera Lactobacillus en Pediococcus, ook as bederforganismes beskou
word. Die groei van MSB word dus noukeurig tydens wynbereiding gemoniteer en
beheer. Die algemeenste wyse van beheer is groei-inhibisie deur chemiese behandeling
(gewoonlik SO2). Lisosiem is ´n algemeen gebruikte wyntoevoegingsmiddel
en vul die antimikrobiese aktiwiteit van SO2 aan. Met lisosiem kan ´n laer dosis
van SO2 gebruik word, wat lei tot ´n verbetering van die heilsaamheid van die wyn.
Die OIV (Organisasie Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin) het die gebruik daarvan
goedgekeur tot en met 500 mg per liter wyn vanaf 1997. Hierdie studie het
die effek van verskillende sekresieseine op die uitskeiding van lisosiem deur die haploïede ouksotrofe Saccharomyces cerevisiae stam, FY23, geëvalueer. Uitskeiding
deur ´n industriële stam (VIN13), wat getransformeer is met ´n enkelkopie van die
HEWL-gene met die MF-a sekresiesein onder die beheer van die PGK1 (Fosfogliseraat
kinase 1) promotor en termineerder, is ook geëvalueer. In die geval van FY23
is vier sekresieseine gebruik, naamlik die inheemse lisosiemsein, S. cerevisiae MF-
a sein, asook mutante van hierdie seine. Hierdie mutante het twee bykomende
arginienresidu’s by die N-terminus van die seine direk stroom-af van die terminale
metionien. Die effek van hierdie mutasies was om die positiewe lading van die
uitskeidingsein N-terminale te verhoog. Die gevolglike uitdrukkingskassette is in
die integrasievektor YIpLac211 en pDMPOF1b, en die episomale vektor pHVX2,
gekloneer. Dit is gebruik om VIN13 en FY23 te transformeer. FY23, sowel as
VIN13-transformante, is geëvalueer in ´n kunsmatige medium wat ontwerp is om
die voedingsinhoud van druiwesap te weerspieël, met besondere aandag aan assimileerbare
stikstof. Drie heksose konsentrasies is getoets om te bepaal wat die
uitwerking daarvan op die lisosiemsekresietiter is. Onder alle groeitoestande was
die isosiem wat uitgeskei is, te laag om deur ensimatiese toetse of HPLC-FLD
bepaal te word. Om hierdie rede is uitgeskeide lisosiem geïsoleer en 10x gekonsentreer
deur middel van katioon-uitruiling. Daarna is lisosiemkonsentrasies bepaal
deur middel van bogenoemde tegnieke. SDS-PAGE-ontleding van lisosiemkonsentraat
is ook uitgevoer. In terme van sekresietiter of proteolitiese maturasie, is geen
beduidende verskille gevind tussen inheemse of MF-a sekresieseine en hul gemuteerde
eweknieë nie. Lisosiem wat deur die MF-a sein uitgeskei is, is in alle gevalle
foutief geprosesseer, met ´n teenwoordigheid van beide die regte produk en ´n groter
produk, waarin die uitskeidingsein nie heeltemal verwyder word nie. Lisosiem wat
met die inheemse sein uitgeskei is, blyk in alle gevalle korrek verwerk te wees.
Sekresietiter van ´n aantal hoë-kopie episomale FY23-transformante was soortgelyk
aan dié van integrante met ´n enkelkopie van die geen. Suikerkonsentrasie beïnvloed
lisosiemproduksie, met ´n hoër hoeveelheid van die ensiem wat uitgeskei word wanneer
die aanvanklike suiker in hoër konsentrasies gebruik is. Lisosiemtiters was
baie laag (< 0:25 mg/L), met al die kassette onder al die getoetste toestande vir
beide FY23 en VIN13. In die geval van die VIN13’s, is ´n laer finale biomassa vir
die uitskeidingstam in vergelyking met die VIN13 wilde-tipe gevind.
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Die invloed van mangaan op vrugrypwording by Vitis Vinifera L. cv. PinotageBarker, Wilma (Wilma Henriette) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1964. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The influence of manganese sulphate sprays on the yield
and ripening of fruit of manganese-deficient Vitis vinifera L.
(cv. Pinotage) plants was investigated. Ripening was determined
in terms of changes in concentration of the indivi=
dual and total sugars and organic acids.
Increasing concentrations of manganese sulphate resulted
in significant increases in the manganese content of the
leaves. The higher levels of manganese were associated with
an increase in yield. Ripening, however, was retarded, in
that the percentage sugar of the fruit was decreased and
titrable acid content increased.
The principal sugars present in the fruit were sucrose,
glucose, fructose and xylose. Malic and tartaric acids were
the main organic acid constituents. Glucose and fructose
increased sharply, and sucrose and xylose slightly during
ripening of the fruit, whereas malic and tartaric acid de=
creased. Glucose, fructose, tartaric and malic acid tended
to increase with increasing manganese content.
Sucrose and xylose were not appreciably affected.
An application of 1% manganese sulphate can be recommend-
· ed for manganese deficient vineyards, as it results in an
increased yield, in addition to delaying ripening until a
more favourable time for handling. Furthermore, the lowered
sugar content of the fruit may be advantageous for the pro=
duction of dry wines from Pinotage grapes . / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van mangaansulfaatbespuiting op die opbrengs
en vrugrypwording van Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinotage,
wat aan ernstige mangaantekorte gely het, is ondersoek.
Rypwording is met betrekking tot veranderings in die
konsentrasies van totale en indiwiduele suikers en
sure bepaal.
2. Toenemende konsentrasies Mnso4 (van O.2% tot l.O%) het
n betekenisvolle toename in die mangaangehalte van die
blare (van 3 tot 80 d.p.m.) tot gevolg gehad. Die ver=
hoogde mangaangehalte het gepaard gegaan met n toe=
name in opbrengs, terwyl rypwording vertraag is, deurdat
die suikerpersentasie en die titreerbare suurgehalte ver=
meerder is in vergelyking met die kontroleplante.
3. Die vernaamste suikers in die vrugte was sukrose, glukose,
fruktose en xilose. Glukose en fruktose het vinnig en
sukrose en xilose geleidelik toegeneem met die verloop
van rypwording. In die ryp vrugte was glukose en fruk=
tose oorheersend. Glukose en fruktose was geneig om
toe te neem met toenemende mangaangehalte, terwyl sukrose
en xilose nie beinvloed is nie.
4. Appelsuur en Wynsteensuur was die oorwegende sure in die vrugte. Beide hierdie sure het gedurende rypwording
verminder. Hulle konsentrasies het oor die algemeen
toegeneem namate die mangaankonsentrasie verhoog is.
5. Dit is afgelei dat bespuiting met 1.0% MnS04 aanbeveel
kan word vir wingerde met mangaantekorte, daar dit n
toename in opbrengs, gepaard met 'n vertraging in
rypwording tot gevolg gehad het. So 'n vertraging
mag moontlik in parstyd voordelig wees. Die verlaagde
suikerpersentasie van die vrugte is moontlik
gunstig vir die bereiding van droe wyne, waarvoor
Pinotage hoofsaaklik gebruik word.
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n Klimaatstreekindeling van die Suidwes-Kaaplandse wynbougebiedeLe Roux, E. G. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1974. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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Interaction of water deficit, canopy modification and ripening : effect on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes & subsequent wineVan Noordwyk, Marelize 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phenolic compounds are important quality indicators of a red wine, as they can contribute to the
colour of a young red wine, colour stability during ageing as well as astringency, bitterness,
body and overall mouthfeel properties. Wine composition is commonly influenced by
winemaking and viticultural practices.
In South Africa it often happens that vines are excessively vigorous, resulting in canopies
that are too dense, which in turn could have a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the
grapes produced. Viticultural practices such as judicious canopy management and irrigation are
designed to control vine vigour and yield, thus improving fruit ripening and colour development.
Artificial shading and water deficit have been reported to have an influence on the sensory
properties of red wine as well as on the flavonoid composition. These effects are dependent on
a number of factors, however, including the season, cultivar, light intensity, and the extent and
timing of water deficit.
There is limited research on the possible interactive effects of grapevine water deficits and
canopy manipulation on grape and wine flavonoid composition in Shiraz, as well as the
relationships between berry and wine composition. We thus investigated the effect of canopy
reduction in combination with water deficit on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz
grapes at different levels of ripeness, and in their corresponding wines after alcoholic and
malolactic fermentation as well as after six months’ ageing. This study found that it is possible to
improve the phenolic composition of grapes and wine by shoot removal, and some of the
tendencies in the wines were also observed after the ageing period. If the shoot removal is not
performed at a very early stage, sunburn damage can occur and this will result in berries with a
lower mass and volume at harvest due to excessive exposure without the berry having adapted
to the imposed conditions.
Harvesting at different ripeness levels also affected the chemical and phenolic composition
of the grapes and resulting wines. The water deficit effect on most phenolic parameters
measured in the grapes and wine was not as prominent as that of the canopy manipulation
treatment.
This study improved our understanding of how an improvement in the canopy microclimate
of Shiraz could be reflected in the phenolic composition of wines, along with a potentially
important effect of harvesting date. On this basis it may be possible to attain a specific wine
style. Harvesting at a ripe stage, for example, could result in the production of wines with higher
colour density and astringency, while unripe grapes could result in wines with higher levels of
perceivable fresh berry attributes. In particular, canopy reduction could increase the astringency
and body of wines made from grapes subjected to water deficit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fenoliese verbindings is belangrike kwaliteitsparameters van rooiwyn, aangesien dit kan bydra
tot die kleur van ‘n rooiwyn, kleurstabiliteit tydens veroudering sowel as frankheid, bitterigheid
en mondgevoel. ‘n Wyn se fenoliese samestelling word algemeen bepaal deur wynmaak- en
wingerdkundige praktyke.
In Suid-Afrika gebeur dit gereeld dat wingerde uitermatig groeikragtig is, wat lei tot te digte
lower wat sodoende ‘n negatiewe effek op kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die druiwe wat
geproduseer word, het. Wingerdkundige praktyke soos oordeelkundige lowerbestuur en
besproeiing is ontwerp om wingerdstokke se groeikrag en opbrengs te beheer, en sodoende
vrugrypwording en kleurontwikkeling te verbeter.
Kunsmatige beskaduwing en waterstres is gerapporteer om ‘n invloed te hê op die
sensoriese eienskappe van rooiwyn sowel as op die flavonoïedsamestelling. Hierdie effekte is
egter afhanklik van ‘n verskeidenheid faktore, insluitende die seisoen, kultivar, ligintensiteit en
die mate en tyd van waterstres toegepas.
Daar is beperkte navorsing op die moontlike interaktiewe effekte van waterstres en
lowermanipulasie op die druif en wyn flavonoïedsamestelling in Shiraz, sowel as die
verhoudings tussen druif en wyn samestelling. Ons het dus die effekte van lowerbestuur in
kombinasie met waterstres op die fenoliese en kleursamestelling van Shiraz druiwe by
verskillende rypheidsvlakke ondersoek, asook in hul ooreenstemmende wyne na alkoholieseen
appelmelksuurfermentasie sowel as na ses maande veroudering. Hierdie studie het gevind
dat dit moontlik is om die fenoliese samestelling van druiwe en wyn deur lootverwydering te
verbeter, en sommige van die tendense is ook waargeneem in die wyn na die
verouderingsperiode. Indien lootverwydering nie toegepas word by ‘n baie vroeë stadium nie,
kan sonbrand voorkom en dit kan lei tot korrels met ‘n laer massa en volume by oes as gevolg
van oormatige blootstelling sonder dat die korrel aangepas het by die spesifieke kondisies.
Oes by verskillende rypheidsvlakke affekteer ook die chemiese en fenoliese samestelling
van die druiwe en ooreenstemmende wyne. Die waterstreseffek op meeste van die fenoliese
parameters gemeet in druiwe en wyn was nie so prominent soos dié van die lowermanipulasie
behandeling nie.
Hierdie studie het ons begrip verbeter van hoe ‘n verbetering van die lower mikroklimaat
van Shiraz gereflekteer kan word op die fenoliese samestelling van die wyn, saam met ‘n
potensiële belangrike effek van oesdatum. Op grond van hierdie basis is dit dus moontlik om ‘n
spesifieke wynstyl te verkry. Oes by ‘n ryp stadium, byvoorbeeld, kan die produksie van wyn
met ‘n hoër kleurdigtheid en frankheid tot gevolg hê, terwyl onryp druiwe wyne met hoër vlakke
van waarneembare vars bessiekenmerke tot gevolg kan hê. Verlaging van lowerdigtheid kan
veral die frankheid en mondgevoel van wyne gemaak van druiwe blootgestel aan waterstres,
verbeter.
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Chemical and sensory profiling of dry and semi-dry South African Chenin blanc winesVan Antwerpen, Lindi 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chenin blanc wine is of economic importance to South Africa and a range of diverse dry and semi-dry wines are locally produced in this genre. Currently, the use of three distinctly different style names, each aimed at providing consumers with information about the flavour of the wines, is encouraged by the South African (SA) wine industry. The styles are fresh and fruity (FF), rich and ripe unwooded (RRUW) and rich and ripe wooded (RRW). Feedback from retail sectors over the past few years, however, repeatedly suggested that the style names are perceived as confusing by SA consumers. This master study was undertaken to re-evaluate the FF, RRUW and RRW style classification, based on both the volatile fermentation-derived aroma composition and the sensory attributes of a set of wines containing all the styles under investigation.
For the purposes of chemical profiling, a set of 105 commercial Chenin blanc wines, selected to be representative of these three styles and originating from the major SA wine producing areas, were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) to quantify fermentation-derived volatile aroma compounds in the wines. ANOVA performed on the chemical data showed that 29 compounds represent significant differences between at least two of the 3 styles (FF, RRUW and RRW). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the volatile compounds showed a large degree differentiation between FF and RRW wine styles, however, RRUW wine styles overlapped with the other two styles. Considering vintage effects, ANOVA indicated no significant differences within FF (vintages 2009 and 2010) and RRW (vintages 2008 and 2009) styles, whereas only 2 esters and 4 terpenes showed significant differences between the three wine producing regions investigated for this purpose, Paarl/Wellington, Breede River and Stellenbosch. Volatile aroma compounds generated for Chenin blanc were included in the Winetech database consisting of the most important cultivars of South Africa. Combining the data for the volatiles for Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc from this database and the data for Chenin blanc obtained in this study, a PCA indicated a clear separation between Chenin blanc and the other two white cultivars.
Sensory evaluation of the style classification was done by two separate sensory tests. Firstly, a sorting task was performed by wine industry experts to categorise 21 Chenin blanc wines (FF, RRUW and RRW) based on their similarity. The results showed a differentiation between FF and RRW styles, however, RRUW was mostly classified together with FF wines. This indicated a possible continuum between the three styles, as opposed to three distinct different categories, currently suggested by the style names.
The second sensory analysis test, Descriptive Sensory Analysis (DSA), was performed by a trained panel to generate sensory profiles for 42 wines. ANOVA of the flavour attribute intensities between different styles once again showed significant differences between FF and RRW, with RRUW wines forming a continuum between the FF and RRW styles. These results provide valuable information that could be used by the wine industry for labelling purposes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Chenin blanc is van ekonomiese belang vir Suid Afrika en ‘n wye reeks droë en semi-droë wyne word plaaslik geproduseer in hierdie kategorie. Tans word die gebruik van drie duidelike verskillende stylbenamings, elkeen daarop gemik om aan die verbruiker inligting te verskaf oor die geur van die wyn, deur die Suid Afrikaanse (SA) wynindustrie aangemoedig. Die style is vars en vrugtig, ryk en ryp ongehout en ryk en ryp gehout. Terugvoer van die handelssektor oor die afgelope aantal jare, het daarop gedui dat die stylbenamings tot verwarring onder SA verbruikers lei. Hierdie meestersstudie is onderneem om die stylklassifikasie, vars en vrugtig, ryk en ryp ongehout en ryk en ryp gehout, te her-evalueer op grond van die vlugtige aroma komponente wat tydens die fermentasie proses gevorm word, asook die sensoriese eienskappe van ‘n verteenwoordigende stel wyne van elk van die style wat ondersoek is.
Vir die doel van die chemiese profilering, is ‘n stel van 105 kommersiële wyne, wat geselekteer is om verteenwoordigend te wees van die drie style ondersoek en ook afkomstig is van die vernaamste SA wynproduserende streke, gebruik. Die wyne is met behulp van gas chromatografie ontleed om die vlugtige komponente wat van die fermentasie proses afkomstig is, te kwantifiseer. Die analise van variansie, het getoon dat 29 komponente statisties beduidend verskil het tussen die drie style. Hoofkomponent analise van die vlugtige komponente, het getoon dat die vars en vrugtige wyne en ryk en ryp gehoute wyne, duidelik onderskeibaar was van mekaar op grond van die vlugtige data, maar die ryk en ryp ongehoute wyne het met die ander twee style oorvleuel. In terme van oesjaar effekte, was daar geen beduidende verskille in die aroma profiele van die vars en vrugtige styl (oesjare 2009 en 2010) en ryk en ryp ongehoute styl (oesjare 2008 en 2009) nie, terwyl die konsentrasie van slegs twee esters en 4 terpene statisties beduidend verskil het tussen die wynproduserende streke Paarl/Wellington, Breederivier en Stellenbosch. Resultate van die gekwantifiseerde vlugtige komponente is in die databasis van Winetech gevoeg, waar die konsentrasies van soortgelyke komponente van die vernaamste SA wynkultivars reeds vervat is. Hoofkomponent analises van die gekombineerde resultate vir Chenin blanc, Chardonnay en Sauvignon blanc wyne, het getoon dat daar ‘n duidelike verkil tussen Chenin blanc en die ander twee wit wynkultivars was.
Die sensoriese evaluerings is uitgevoer deur van twee verskillende metodes gebruik te maak. Eerstens is 21 wyne (met al drie style verteenwoordig) deur wynindustrie eksperts gesorteer op grond van die waargenome eendersheid van die onderskeie wyne en die resultate is grafies geprojekteer. Die resultate het getoon dat daar ‘n duidelike verskil waargeneem is deur die assessors tussen die vars en vrugtige styl en ryk en ryp gehoute styl. Die ryk en ryp ongehoute wyne het in die analises meer met die vars en vrugtige style geassosieer, as die ryk en ryp gehoute wyne.
Die tweede sensoriese metode is uitgevoer deur sensoriese paneel wat vir die doel van hierdie studie opgelei is om die geur eienskappe van 42 wyne (al drie style verteenwoordig) te profileer. Analise van statistiese beduidende verskille tussen die voorkoms van die geurkomponente en hul intensiteite vir elke styl, het weereens aangedui dat daar ‘n kontinuum bestaan tussen die style. Hierdie resultate kan van waarde vir die wynindustrie wees in besluite rakende etikettering.
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Bioprocess monitoring and chemometric modelling of wine fermentationsGarlick, Jessica Louise 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wine fermentation is a continuously changing biological process whereby the raw product,
grape juice is transformed into a high value product wine. In an ideal situation the fermentation
kinetics of batch fermentations should follow the same trend over time. This however is not the
case in industrial wine fermentations where significant batch-to-batch variation is present. The
time trajectories of fermentation processes are therefore often unpredictable in absolute terms.
The monitoring of substrate (sugar) and product concentrations (ethanol) as well as other
quality parameters during a wine fermentation, is therefore of extreme importance to ensure
effective control and management of wine fermentation processes. Conventional methods for
fermentation monitoring are however costly, time consuming and often unreliable. For these
reasons the modern wine industry requires rapid, reliable, non-destructive monitoring
techniques which would meet the criteria of providing critical real-time process information that
is displayed in easily interpretable graphical format, in order to ensure the highest quality and
continuous consistency throughout all the stages of a process. This research study in particular, addressed the current need for alternative fermentation
monitoring strategies that meet these criteria, by evaluating the potential use of spectroscopy as
an analytical technique for fermentation monitoring. The overall objective of this study was to
use chemometric modelling of information obtained by Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR)
and near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, to quantitatively and qualitatively monitor both
alcoholic (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF) processes. Towards this objective 11 batch
fermentations elaborated with Oenococcus oeni and Lactobacillus plantarum strains in
respectively a co-inoculation and sequential inoculation scenario, were sampled and analysed
at regular time intervals with FT-MIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy and enzymatic reference
methods during 2011.
Samples were also analysed by gas chromatography flame ionisation detection (GC-FID)
and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at two critical stages during fermentation, namely 50%
completion of MLF and 100% completion of MLF, in order to obtain a profile of the evolution of
the aroma compounds associated with each inoculation scenario.
Three clearly defined research objectives were set for this project. The first objective
involved the expansion of the existing quantitative platform for fermentation monitoring.
Towards the outcomes of this objective, partial least squares (PLS) calibration models for
prediction of malic acid and lactic acid in fermenting must and wines elaborated in our study,
were established, based on the MIR and NIR spectra. The models showed excellent predictive
abilities in independent test set validation. This outcome made a significant contribution to our
existing PLS calibration capacity, particularly towards monitoring of MLF. Quantitative data
obtained with the PLS models were also used to graphically project the rate of AF in the different batches, by non-linear fitted regression plots that easily visualised the overall patterns
of sugar and ethanol metabolism in the different fermentations.
The second research objective involved the qualitative monitoring of fermentations. This
approach used FT-MIR and FT-NIR spectra together with chemometrics to identify trends
between the different fermentation treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly
projected the time trend from the onset of fermentation, through AF and MLF. No unique
bacterial trend was however observed with spectroscopy. These results illustrate the potential
of these techniques to be used for modelling of fermentations in industrial situations, through
providing critical information about the evolution of the process. Furthermore, these techniques
provide tools for identifying problematic and deviating fermentations. A spectral conformity test
based on simple calculations of the standard deviation between the absorbance at each
recorded wavenumber in the spectra, further confirmed identification of the critical fermentation
stages. This technique by-passes the need for spectral interpretation and is a very useful
addition, particularly from the industry perspective, to the portfolio of methods established in this
study.
The third research objective adressed the need to evaluate the possibility to discriminate
between the different process stages and LAB treatments using univariate (ANOVA) and
multivariate chemometric techniques such as PCA, PLS discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and
Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) for possible future interpretative and
classification purposes. The exploratory tool of PCA was used to investigate the similarities and
differences between the chemical footprints of the different treatments. PCA showed clear
differentiation between the two process stages using chemical quantified data. Differentiation
between the LAB treatments was visible with PCA, showing a more prominent separation at
50% completion of MLF. Furthermore the ability of spectroscopy for potential classification was
shown using PLS-DA and SIMCA. This profiling study can be seen as a preliminary study
setting the ground work for further in-depth research into the profiling of different LAB
treatments and inoculation strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wyngisting is ‘n voortdurend veranderende biologiese proses waarvolgens die rou produk,
druiwesap, in ‘n produk van hoë waarde, naamlik wyn, verander word. Onder ideale
omstandighede sou die gistingskinetika van lotgistings dieselfde tendens oor tyd volg. Dit is
egter nie die geval in industriële wyngistings nie, waar noemenswaardige wisseling van lot tot
lot teenwoordig is. Die tydsbaan van gistingsprosesse is dus in baie gevalle in absolute terme
onvoorspelbaar. Die monitering van substraat- (suiker) en produkkonsentrasies (etanol), sowel
as ander kwaliteitsparameters tydens ‘n wyngisting, is van die uiterste belang om doeltreffende
beheer en bestuur van wyngistingsprosesse te verseker. Konvensionele metodes vir die
monitering van gisting is egter duur, tydrowend en ook soms onbetroubaar. Om hierdie redes
vereis die moderne wynbedryf vinnige, betroubare en nie-destruktiewe moniteringstegnieke wat
aan die kriteria sou voldoen vir die verskaffing van kritiese, intydse prosesinligting wat in ‘n
maklik interpreteerbare grafiese formaat vertoon word om die hoogste kwaliteit en voortdurende
konsekwentheid tydens al die stadia van ‘n proses te verseker. Hierdie navorsingstudie het in besonder die huidige behoefte aan alternatiewe
gistingsmoniteringstrategieë wat aan hierdie kriteria voldoen, aangespreek deur die potensiële
gebruik van spektroskopie as ‘n analitiese tegniek vir die monitering van gisting te evalueer. Die
oorhoofse doelwit van hierdie studie was die chemometriese modellering van inligting wat met
behulp van Fourier transform middel-infrarooi (FT-MIR) en naby-infrarooi (FT-NIR)
spektroskopie verkry is om die prosesse van alkoholiese en appelmelksuurgisting (AMG)
kwantitatief en kwalitatief te monitor. Ten einde hierdie doelwit te bereik, is 11 lotgistings met
Oenococcus oeni en Lactobacillus plantarum rasse uitgevoer in scenario’s van ‘n gesamentlike
inokulasie en opeenvolgende inokulasie onderskeidelik. Monsters van hierdie gistings is met
gereelde tydintervalle in 2011 geneem en analises is met FT-MIR en FT-NIR spektroskopie en
ensiematiese verwysingsmetodes gedoen.
Monsters is ook met gaschromatografiese vlam ionisasie-opsporing (GC-FID) en
massaspektrometrie (GC-MS) op twee kritiese stadia tydens gisting geanaliseer, naamlik toe
AMG 50% en 100% voltooid was, om ‘n profiel te verkry van die evolusie van die
aromaverbindings wat met elke inokulasie-scenario verband hou.
Drie duidelik gedefinieerde navorsingsdoelwitte is vir hierdie studie bepaal. Die eerste
doelwit het die uitbreiding van die bestaande kwantitatiewe platform vir gistingsmonitering
behels. Hiervoor is gedeeltelike kleinstekwadraat [partial least squares (PLS)] kalibrasiemodelle
vir die voorspelling van appelsuur en melksuur in die gistende mos en wyne in ons studie op die
basis van MIR- en NIR-spektra bepaal. Die modelle het in onafhanklike geldigheidsbepaling van
die toetsstel uitstekende voorspellingsvermoëns getoon. Hierdie uitkoms het ‘n
noemenswaardige bydrae gemaak tot ons bestaande PLS kalibrasiekapasiteit, veral om AMG
te monitor. Die kwantitatiewe data wat met die PLS-modelle verkry is, is ook gebruik om die tempo van alkoholiese gisting in die verskillende lotte grafies uit te beeld deur middel van
kromlynige passing van regressiepersele, waarmee dit maklik was om die algehele patrone van
suiker- en etanolmetabolisme in die verskillende gistings te visualiseer.
Die tweede navorsingsdoelwit het die kwalitatiewe monitering van gistings behels. Hierdie
benadering het FT-MIR en FT-NIR spektra tesame met chemometrie gebruik om tendense
tussen die verskillende gistingsbehandelings te identifiseer. Hoofkomponentanalise [principal
component analysis (PCA)] het duidelik die tydtendens vanaf die aanvang van gisting, deur
alkoholiese gisting en AMG, geprojekteer. Geen unieke bakteriese tendens is egter met
spektroskopie waargeneem nie. Hierdie uitslae illustreer die potensiaal van hierdie tegnieke om
vir die modellering van gistings in industriële situasies gebruik te word deur kritiese inligting oor
die evolusie van die proses te verskaf. Verder verskaf hierdie tegnieke gereedskap vir die
identifikasie van problematiese en afwykende gistings. ‘n Spektrale gelykvormigheidstoets
gebaseer op eenvoudige berekeninge van die standaardafwyking tussen die absorbansie by
elke aangetekende golfgetal in die spektra het ook die identifikasie van die kritiese gistingstadia
bevestig. Hierdie tegniek omloop die noodsaak vir spektrale interpretasie en is ‘n baie nuttige
byvoeging tot die portefeulje van metodes wat in hierdie studie bepaal is, veral vanuit ‘n
bedryfsperspektief.
Die derde navorsingsdoelwit het die behoefte aangespreek om tussen die verskillende
prosesstadia en melksuurbakterie-behandelings te onderskei deur gebruik te maak van
eenvariant- (ANOVA) en meervariant- chemometriese tegnieke soos PCA, PLSdiskriminantanalise
en sagte onafhanklike modellering van klasanalogie [soft independent
modelling of class analogy (SIMCA)] vir moontlike toekomstige verklarende en
klassifikasiedoeleindes. Die ondersoekende gereedskap van PCA is gebruik om ooreenkomste
en verskille tussen die chemiese voetspore van die verskillende behandelings te ondersoek.
PCA het duidelike differensiasie tussen die twee prosesstadia getoon op grond van chemies
gekwantifiseerde data. Differensiasie tussen die melksuurbakterie-behandelings was met PCA
sigbaar, met ‘n meer prominente skeiding teen 50% voltooide AMG. Verder is die vermoë van
spektroskopie vir potensiële klassifikasie met PLS-diskriminantanalise en SIMCA getoon. Die
profielsamestelling in hierdie studie kan beskou word as ‘n voorlopige studie vir verdere
diepgaande navorsing oor die profielsamestelling van verskillende melksuurbakteriebehandelings
en inokulasiestrategieë. / The National Research Foundation and Winetech
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The impact of wine yeast strains on the aromatic profiles of Sauvignon blanc wines derived from characterized viticultural treatmentsVon Mollendorff, Anke 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grape must is a complex medium, and during wine production numerous biochemical pathways
and metabolic reactions are taking place simultaneously to produce a specific taste and aroma.
Microorganisms, specifically yeast, play a key role in the formation of metabolites formed during
alcoholic fermentation. Sauvignon blanc, a well studied grape cultivar, is known to have a
versatile range of aroma profiles ranging from “green” to “tropical”. It has been broadly stated
that a “green” Sauvignon blanc can be created in the vineyard and a “tropical” Sauvignon blanc
can be created by selecting a specific yeast strain, and that the balance between “green” and
“tropical” characters is essential for the final aroma profile. Except for grape-derived varietal
aromatic compounds such as methoxypyrazines (green), volatile thiols (tropical) and
monoterpenes (floral), yeast derived volatile compounds including esters, higher alcohols, fatty
acids and carbonyl compounds will also contribute to the final wine aroma.
The main aim of this study was to assess how viticultural treatment-derived differences in
grape must, can impact on aroma production when this grape must is fermented with different
commercial wine yeast strains. The viticulture treatment focused on light intensity modulated
through canopy treatment. Volatile aroma differences were compared for canopy and yeast
treatments, specifically focusing on the fermentation derived bouquet (esters, higher alcohols,
volatile fatty acids, carbonyl compounds and monoterpenes).
Results showed significant differences between initial must compositions, including
titratable acidity, malic acid and yeast assimilable nitrogen. The volatile aroma compounds were also significantly impacted although no noticeable effect on the overall fermentation kinetics was observed.
Depending on the yeast strain differences in volatile compounds varied. A clear vintage
effect is noticeable between volatile compounds affected by the treatments. Data generated in
2012 shows clear differences between ethyl- and acetate esters and could clearly be grouped
according to yeast strain through multivariate analysis. Sensory evaluation results could clearly be distinguished according to canopy treatment
and to a lesser degree according to yeast strain used. This indicates that although yeast has a
more prominent impact on the fermentative bouquet that develops during alcoholic fermentation
the overriding aroma is primarily derived from grape-derived metabolites which can be
manipulated by canopy treatments. None the less the difference in fermentation bouquet does
add to the complexity of the wine especially in the case of fermentation derived “tropical”
aromas including guava and passion fruit. In some cases where shaded grapes had higher
ester concentrations, the resultant wine also had higher aroma quality.
This study has contributed to a better understanding of the complex relationships between
canopy manipulation and yeast selection on aroma formation. The analysis of volatile aroma alone however is not enough to understand the final perception of wine taste and further indepth
studies of the viticultural and oenological factors is needed.
In particular, this project has focused on a single vineyard over only two vintages. The
general validity of the conclusions derived from this study therefore will require additional data
sets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Druiwemos is ‘n komplekse medium en tydens wynbereiding is daar verskeie biochemiese weë
en metaboliese reaksies wat gelyktydig plaasvind om ‘n spesifieke smaak en aroma te
produseer. Mikro-organismes, veral gis, speel ‘n sleutelrol in die vorming van metaboliete
tydens alkoholiese gisting. Sauvignon blanc, ‘n goed bestudeerde druifkultivar, besit ‘n
veelsydige reeks aromaprofiele wat wissel van “groen” tot “tropies”. Oor die algemeen word dit
voorgehou dat ‘n “groen” Sauvignon blanc in die wingerd geskep word, terwyl ‘n “tropiese”
Sauvignon blanc geskep kan word deur ‘n spesifieke gisras te selekteer, en die balans tussen
“groen” en “tropiese” karakters is noodsaaklik vir die finale aromaprofiel. Behalwe vir
druifafgeleide kultivarafhanklike aromatiese verbindings soos metoksipirasiene (groen), vlugtige
tiole (tropies) en monoterpene (blomagtig), sal gisafgeleide vlugtige komponente, waaronder
esters, hoër alkohole, vetsure en karbonielverbindings, ook tot die finale wynaroma bydra.
Die hoofdoelwit van hierdie studie was om te bepaal hoe verskille in druiwemos wat
afkomstig is van wynkundige behandeling ‘n impak op aromaproduksie kan hê wanneer hierdie
druiwemos met verskillende kommersiële wyngisrasse gegis word. Die wynkundige behandeling
het gefokus op ligintensiteit wat deur lowerbehandeling gereguleer is. Vlugtige aromaverskille is
op grond van lower- en gisbehandelings vergelyk, met ‘n spesifieke fokus op die
gistingsafgeleide boeket (esters, hoër alkohole, vlugtige vetsure, karbonielverbindings en
monoterpene).
Die resultate het beduidende verskille getoon tussen aanvanklike mossamestellings,
waaronder titreerbare suurheid, appelsuur en gis-assimileerbare stikstof. Daar was ook ‘n
noemenswaardige impak op die vlugtige aromaverbindings, hoewel geen merkbare effek op die
algehele gistingskinetika waargeneem kon word nie.
Die verskille in vlugtige verbindings het gewissel op grond van die gisras. ‘n Duidelike
oesjaareffek was merkbaar tussen vlugtige verbindings wat deur die behandelings geaffekteer
is. Data wat in 2012 gegenereer is, toon duidelike verskille tussen etiel- en asetaatesters en kon
duidelik m.b.v. meervariantanalise volgens gisras gegroepeer word. Die resultate van die sensoriese evaluering kon duidelik volgens lowerbehandeling
onderskei word, en tot ‘n mindere mate volgens die gisras wat gebruik is. Dít dui daarop dat
hoewel gis ‘n meer prominente impak het op die gistingsboeket wat tydens alkoholiese gisting
ontwikkel, is die oorheersende aroma hoofsaaklik afgelei van druifafgeleide metaboliete wat
deur lowerbehandelings gemanipuleer kan word. Nietemin dra die verskil in gistingsboeket by
tot die kompleksiteit van die wyn, veral in die geval van gistingsafgeleide “tropiese” aromas,
insluitend koejawel en grenadella. In sommige gevalle waar beskadude druiwe hoër
esterkonsentrasies gehad het, het die gevolglike wyn ook ‘n hoër aromakwaliteit gehad.
Hierdie studie dra by tot ‘n beter begrip van die effek van die komplekse verhoudings
tussen lowermanipulasie en gisseleksie op aromavorming. ‘n Analise van vlugtige aroma alleen is egter nie voldoende om die finale persepsie van wynsmaak te begryp nie en bykomende
diepgaande studies van die wingerdkundige en wynkundige faktore word benodig.
Hierdie projek het in die besonder gefokus op ‘n enkele wingerd oor slegs twee oesjare. Die
algemene geldigheid van die afleidings wat van hierdie studie gemaak word, sal dus
bykomende datastelle vereis. / The National Research Foundation and Postgraduate Merit Bursary for financial
support
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The effect of a creosote stockyard on the environment, vines and winesVan Zyl, Annette 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The quality of wine is largely dependent on environmental conditions and recent studies
have therefore focused on agricultural practices in terms of water, soil and biodiversity
conservation. The industry aims to create sustainable practice and to protect the natural
resources available. Sources of potential grape contamination include: vehicle pollution,
pesticides, bushfires and wood preservatives used for trellising systems. The latter have
come to the attention of the South African wine industry (e.g. creosote and Copper
Chromium Arsenate (CCA) products) as they may have consequences for the environment
and wine quality. Creosote is a known pollutant of soil and ground water and the volatile
fraction has been monitored in air. Plants may also accumulate polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), which constitute up to 85% of the mass of creosote, and of which
some have been proven carcinogenic. Because of the health risks associated with it,
creosote has therefore been restricted for use in most applications in Europe, and also in
the United States, Canada and Australia. This study focussed on the sensorial and chemical analyses of environmental and wine
samples taken from the area around the creosote stockyard to determine accumulation of
creosote-derived compounds. Environmental samples were collected and analysed at
different distances from the affected area, over two vintages. Wines were made from
grapes grown in vineyard blocks adjacent to the stockyard, to determine the effect of
distance and skin contact during alcoholic fermentation treatments on wine taint. A
sensory panel was trained for descriptive analysis to determine the intensity of the taint.
Analytical methods were developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).
The sensory results obtained showed white and rosé wines were perceived as clean,
whilst the red wines were associated with burnt rubber/tar taint. The perceived taint
decreased as distance from the stockyard increased. Wines made from the Cabernet
Sauvignon blocks adjacent to the stockyard also showed an increase of taint with the
increase of skin contact. Chemical data obtained showed that the taint consisted of a
complex mixture of compounds, each with its own pattern of retention within the vineyard
and wine. Only m-cresol was found above odour threshold, and only in red wines. The
synergistic effect of some compounds may lead to an increase in the perceived taint.
Berries and leaves had higher concentrations of volatile compounds than wines. Leaf
contamination varied and followed the general trend in literature where the plants with high
lipid content and exposed leaf area were the most contaminated. There may be other compounds present in creosote emissions, aside from those investigated here, with
sensory attributes related to the taint found in wines. These compounds are styrene,
indene, benzene, toluene, isoquinoline and quinoline and should be included in further
investigations.
From the PAH analysis of environmental samples and wines, it is evident that the
samples closest to the stockyard were affected the most. The contamination varied with
the depth of the soil: some of the heavier compounds were found in the samples taken from
the deeper levels, whilst nearly all other target compounds were present in the top layer of
soil. The concentrations found in the environmental samples were lower than reported in
literature. Wines had few PAHs present, but at much higher concentrations than is allowed
by EU legislation.
From this study it is evident that the stockyard had negative effects on the surrounding
environment in terms of sensory and chemical contamination. Recommendations include
area rehabilitation by means of bioremediation to protect resources and ensure sustainable
and safe production of crops. Industrial emissions should also be regulated and restricted
in agricultural areas. Furthermore the use of creosote should be revised, and prohibited for
agricultural use. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwaliteit van wyn is grootliks afhanklik van die omgewingstoestande. Daarom fokus
verskeie onlangse studies op landbou aktiwiteite en die invloed daarvan op die omgewing
in terme van water, grond en biodiversiteit bewaring. The wyn industrie se doelwitte sluit
volhoubare praktyke in, wat die natuurlike hulpbronne bewaar en beskerm. Druiwe kan
deur middel van die volgende bronne besoedel word: brandstof uitlaatgasse, insekdoders,
veldbrande, gifstowwe wat gebruik word vir houtperservering wat dan verder aangewend
word vir opleistelsels. Houtperservering (Koper chroom arsenaat (CCA) en kreosoot) het
veral in die laaste paar jaar onder aandag gekom in die wynbedryf van Suid-Afrika as
gevolg van die invloed daarvan op die omgewing en die uiteindelike wynkwaliteit.
Kreosoot is ‘n gekende gifstof wat verantwoordelik is vir grond en grondwater besoedeling
en wat gemonitor word in die atmosfeer. Plante akkummuleer ook poli-sikliese aromatiese
hidro-koolstowwe (PAHs), wat to 85% uitmaak van die massa van kreosoot. PAHs is
karsinogenies en dus is daar baie navorsing op die molekules reeds gedoen. Die
gesondheidsrisikos gepaardgaande met kreosoot het gelei tot die streng geregulasies tans
ingestel in Europa, die Verenigde State, Kanada en Australië.
Hierdie studie het gefokus op die sensoriese en chemiese analises van omgewings- en
wyn-monsters geneem van die omliggende area van die kreosoot palewerf om die
akkumulasie van kreosoot-afgeleide-verbindings. Omgewingsmonsters was versamel en
geanaliseer om verskillende afstande vanaf die bron van besoedeling (palewerf) te
ondersoek oor ‘n twee jaar periode. Wyne is gemaak van die druiwe wat afkomstig is van
die blok aangeplant langs die palewerf. Die wyne is ondersoek in terme van afstand vanaf
die kreosoot bron asook oenologiese invloede, dopkontak gedurende alkoholiese
fermentasie, op die kontaminasie beskryf in wyn. Die wyne is ook oor ‘n twee jaar periode
voorberei en sluit die 2011 en 2012 seisoen in. ‘n Sensoriese paneel is opgelei om die
beskrywende analises op die wyn uit te voer met die doel om die intensiteit van
kontaminasie te identifiseer. Analitiese metodes is ook ontwikkel vir die analise van vlugtige organiese verbindings(VOCs) met gas chromatografie-massa spektrometrie (GCMS)
en poli-sikliese aromaties hidro-koolstowwe (PAHs) met hoë druk vloeistof
chromatografie.
Die sensoriese resultate bekom het wit en rosé wyne as skoon laat blyk, terwyl rooi
wyne meer geassosieer was met die gebrande rubber/ teer afgeur beskrywing. Die
waargeneemde afgeur het afgeneem soos wat die afstand vanaf die palewerf toegeneem
het. Wyne gemaak van die Cabernet Sauvignon blokke langsaan die palewerf het ook ‘n
toename in die afgeur gehad met ‘n toename in dopkontak. Chemiese data bekom beeld uit dat die afgeur uit ‘n komplekse mengsel van verbindings bestaan, elk met sy eie patroon
van verspreiding en verbinding in die wingerd as ook in die wyn. Net m-kresol was gevind
bo die reuk drumpel, dit het ook net in rooi wyne voorgekom. Die sinergistiese effek van
die verbindings mag egter bydra tot die waargeneemde afgeur.
Druiwekorrels en blare het hoër konsentrasies van die vlugtige verbindings gehad as
wat gemeet is in die wyne. Blaar kontaminasie het ook baie gewissel en het ooreengestem
met die algemene tendens wat in literatuur beskryf is, naamlik dat plante met ‘n hoër lipid
inhoud en grootter blaar oppervlak die meeste gekontamineer word. Daar mag egter nog
baie ander verbindings bydra tot die waargeneemde afgeur gevind in die wyn. Spesifieke
verbindings wat wel ‘n rol kan speel in kontaminasie en wat voorkom in die vlugtige
gedeelte van kreosoot is styreen, indeen, benzeen, tolueen, isoquinoleen die vlugtige
verbindings van kreosoot. Die verbindings moet ingesluit word vir verdere studies wat
gedoen word op die kreosoot geassosieerde afgeur.
Die PAHs analise op die omgewingsmonsters en wyne het gelei tot die bevestiging dat
die naasliggende omgewing die meeste geaffekteer is. Die kontaminasie wissel in terme
van die diepte in die grond wat die gifstowwe voorkom: die swaarder molekulêre
verbindings is tot in die dieper vlakke waargeneem terwyl al die gemete verbindings in die
boonste lae teenwoordig was. Die vlakke wat waargeneem is in dié studie is egter laer as
wat voorheen in literatuur gevind is in ‘n kreosoot geaffekteerde omgewing. Wyn het PAHs
teenwoordig gehad, alhoewel slegs twee verbindings gemeet is, het dit in hoër vlakke
voorgekom as wat sekere Europese regulasies as toelaatbaar spesifiseer. Vanaf die studie resultate blyk dit, dat die palewerf se negatiewe invloed op die
omliggende omgewing beide meetbaar was in sensories en chemiese kontaminasie.
Voorstelle sluit onder andere die rehabilitasie van die omliggende omgewing deur middel
van bioremediasie in. Om sodoende die natuurlike hulpbronne in die area te bewaar asook
om volhoubare en veilige verbouing van gewasse te verseker. Industriële besoedeling en
afval moet ook gereguleer word en beperk word in landbou areas. Verder moet die gebruik
van kreosoot heroorweeg word en strenger regulasies moet in plek gestel word om aan
internastionale standaarde te voldoen. / Financial support from Winetech, Trip and UFS
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Assessing the compatibility and aroma production of NT 202 Co-Inoculant with different wine yeasts and additivesScholtz, Marene 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The influence of malolactic fermentation (MLF) in most red and some white wines is one of
many factors that determine or influence wine quality, because it affects the flavour and sensory
profile of wine. This process is a decarboxylation process conducted by lactic acid bacteria
(LAB) such as Oenococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc. Mostly
Oenococcus oeni, but recently also Lactobacillus plantarum is used in commercial starter
cultures and also the first mixed MLF starter culture (NT 202 Co-Inoculant) was commercialized
in 2011. The reason for the predominant use of O. oeni and recently L. plantarum is due to their
tolerance to the harsh wine environment.
Malolactic fermentation leads to a decrease in acidity and an increase in pH that leaves the
wine with a softer mouthfeel. Another reason to conduct MLF is the improvement of microbial
stability by the removal of malic acid as carbon source. Research focus has recently shifted to
the ability of LAB and MLF as well as the interaction of LAB with yeast to alter the wine aroma
profile via the modification and/or production of certain aroma compounds.
The main goal of this study was to assess the impact of yeast and nutrient addition on the
ability of the NT 202 Co-Inoculant to conduct MLF during co-inoculation and to evaluate the
aroma compound production in the final wine.
The first aim was to evaluate the impact of different red and white wine yeast strains on the
ability of the NT 202 Co-Inoculant to conduct MLF during co-inoculation in Chardonnay, Merlot
and Shiraz. Malolactic fermentation was unsuccessful in the Chardonnay due to a low pH, but
successful in Merlot and Shiraz. Based on the malic acid degradation ability of the NT 202 Co-
Inoculant, the yeasts were grouped into three categories: inhibitory, neutral or stimulatory
towards MLF. Co-inoculated MLF showed a clear decrease in total fermentation time while
yeast strains such as WE 372 and Exotics showed positive compatibility with the NT 202 Co-
Inoculant. The impact of the yeast-bacterial combinations on the aroma compound production in
the final wine was evaluated. Co-inoculated MLF showed positive aroma changes in the red
wines with a general increase in total esters (associated with fruity characters in wine) especially ethyl lactate and diethyl succinate that also contribute to the mouthfeel of the wine.
Production of esters, volatile fatty acids and higher alcohols seemed to depend on the yeastand
LAB strain used. The NT 202 Co-Inoculant contributed to the monoterpenes produced and
MLF led to increased concentrations of diacetyl and acetoin, which are associated with buttery
characters in wine.
The second aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of wine additives (used during coinoculation)
such as yeast- and bacterial nutrients, clarifying- and detoxifying agents on the
ability of the NT 202 Co-Inoculant to conduct MLF and to assess their impact on the aroma
compound production in the final wine. No negative or positive impact on the malic acid
degradation of the NT 202 Co-Inoculant or the resulting aroma compound production was
observed for the different wine additives used in this study.
The results generated from this study showed that the selection of yeast strains is important
as it will influence both the fermentation duration and final wine aroma. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van appelmelksuurgisting (AMG) in die meeste rooi- en witwyne is een van baie
faktore wat wynkwaliteit beïnvloed, omrede dit die geur en sensoriese profiel van wyn
beïnvloed. Hierdie proses is 'n dekarboksileringsaksie wat deur melksuurbakterieë (MSB), soos
Oenococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus en Leuconostoc, uitgevoer word. Die mees algemene
bakterieë wat gebruik word, is Oenococcus oeni, maar onlangs het Lactobacillus plantarum ook
na vore getree in die gebruik van kommersiële aanvangskulture. Die eerste gemengde AMGaanvangskultuur
(NT 202 Co-Inoculant) is in 2011 gekommersialiseer. Die rede vir die
oorheersende gebruik van O. oeni en L. plantarum word toegeskryf aan hul gehardhiedsgraad
in ‘n uitdagende wynomgewing.
Appelmelksuurgisting lei tot 'n afname in die suurheidsgraad en 'n toename in die pH van
die wyn, wat 'n sagter mondgevoel tot gevolg het. Nog 'n rede waarom AMG deurgevoer word,
is om die mikrobiese stabiliteit van die wyn te verbeter deur die verwydering van appelsuur as
koolstofbron. Die navorsingsfokus het onlangs verskuif na die vermoë van MSB en AMG, sowel
as die interaksie van MSB met die gis, om die wynaromaprofiel te verander deur middel van die
verandering en/of produksie van sekere aromaverbindings.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die impak van die gis en voedingstof te evalueer
ten opsigte van die vermoë van die NT 202 Co-Inoculant om AMG uit te voer tydens
koïnokulasie. Die produksie van aromakomponente in die finale wyn is ook geëvalueer.
Die eerste doelwit was om die impak van verskillende rooi- en witwyngisrasse te evalueer
ten opsigte van die vermoë van die NT 202 Co-Inoculant om AMG uit te voer tydens
koïnokulasie in Chardonnay, Merlot en Shiraz. Appelmelksuurgisting was onsuksesvol in die
Chardonnay weens 'n lae pH, maar suksesvol in Merlot en Shiraz. In terme van die
appelsuurafbraakvermoë van die NT 202 Co-Inoculant, is die giste in drie kategorieë gegroepeer: inhiberend, neutraal of stimulerend teenoor AMG. Ge-koïnokuleerde AMG het 'n
duidelike afname in die totale fermentasietyd getoon, terwyl gisrasse, soos WE 372 en Exotics,
‘n positiewe verenigbaarheid met die NT 202 Co-Inoculant getoon het. Die impak van die gisbakteriële
kombinasies op die aromakomponentproduksie in die finale wyn is geëvalueer. Gekoïnokuleerde
AMG het positiewe aromaveranderinge in die rooiwyne getoon met 'n algemene
toename in die totale esters (wat geassosieer word met vrugtige karakters in wyn), veral
etiellaktaat en dietielsuksinaat, wat ook bydra tot die mondgevoel van die wyn. Dit het
voorgekom dat produksie van esters, vlugtige vetsure en hoër alkohole moontlik afhanklik kan
wees van die gis- en bakteriële ras gebruik. Die NT 202 Co-Inoculant het bygedra tot die
monoterpene wat geproduseer is en AMG het gelei tot verhoogde konsentrasies van diasetiel
en asetoïen, wat geassosieer word met botteragtige karakters in wyn.
Die tweede doelwit van hierdie studie was om die impak van wyntoevoegingsmiddels (wat
tydens koïnokulasie gebruik word) bv. gis- en bakteriese voedingstowwe, verhelderingsagente, asook detoksifiserende agente, te evalueer ten opsigte van die vermoë van die NT 202 Co-
Inoculant om AMG uit te voer en om hul impak op die produksie van die aromakomponente van
die finale wyn te ontleed. Geen negatiewe of positiewe effekte is waargeneem vir die
verskillende wyntoevoegingsmiddels, wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, in terme van die
appelsuurafbraak van die NT 202 Co-Inoculant of die gevolglike produksie van
aromakomponente nie.
Hierdie studie se resultate toon dat die keuse van die gisras belangrik is, omdat dit die
fermentasietydperk, asook die finale wynaroma, beïnvloed. / Anchor Yeast, Oenobrands, The National Research Foundation and THRIP, for financial support
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