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Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié et développé un environnement de preuve pour les algorithmes distribués. Nous avons choisi de combiner d’une part l’approche "correct-par-construction" basée sur la méthode "B évènementielle" et d’autre part les calculs locaux comme un outil de codage et de preuve d’algorithmes distribués. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un patron et une approche qui caractérisent d’une façon incrémentale une démarche générale de preuve de plusieurs classes d’algorithmes distribués. Les solutions proposées sont validées et implémentées par un outil de preuve appelé B2Visidia. / In this thesis, we have studied and developed a proof environment for distributed algorithms. We have chosen to combine the “correct-by-construction” approach based on the “Event-B” method and the local computations models. These models define abstract computing processes for solving problems by distributed algorithms. Thus, we have proposed a pattern and an approach to characterize a general approach to prove several classes of distributed algorithms. The proposed solutions are implemented by a tool called B2Visidia.

Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous étudions le modèle des protocoles de population, introduit dans\cite{DBLP:conf/podc/BeauquierBCK10}. Ce modèle permet de représenter les grands réseaux de capteurs (ou agents) mobiles anonymes dotés de faibles ressources. Les contraintes de ce modèle sont si sévères que la plupart des problèmes classiques d'algorithmique répartie, tels que la collecte de données, le consensus ou l'élection d'un leader, sont difficiles à analyser, sinon impossibles à résoudre.Nous commençons notre étude par le problème de collecte de données. Celui-ci consiste principalement à transférer des valeurs réparties dans la population d'agents mobiles vers une station de base en un minimum de temps (temps de convergence). En utilisant un hypothèse d'équité, dite hypothèse de temps couvertures et introduite dans \cite{DBLP:conf/podc/BeauquierBCK10}, nous calculons des bornes optimales sur le temps de convergences de différents protocoles concrets. Ensuite, nous étudions le problème du consensus et d'élection de leader. Il a été montré que ces problèmes sont impossibles à résoudre dans le modèle original des protocoles de population. Pour contourner cette impossibilité, il est possible d'adjoindre au modèle certaines hypothèses sous la forme d'oracles. Nous proposons ensuite divers oracles permettant de résoudre le problème du consensus et d'élection de leader dans divers environnements, et nous étudions leurs puissances relatives. Ce faisant, nous développons un cadre formel permettant de représenter toutes les variétés d'oracles introduites, ainsi que leur possibles relations.Dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous étudions le problème de la réplication de machine à états finis dans le modèle (classique) de communications asynchrones à passage de message. L'algorithme Paxos, introduit dans \cite{lamportPartTimeParliament,lamport01paxos} est une solution (partielle) bien connue au problème de la réplication capable de tolérer des pannes crash. Notre contribution, dans cette partie,consiste à améliorer Paxos afin qu'il puisse également tolérer des défaillances transitoires. Ce faisant, nous définissons la notions de machine répliquée pratiquement autostable. / In the first part of this thesis, we focus on a recent model, calledpopulation protocols, which describes large networksof tiny wireless mobile anonymous agents with very limited resources.The harsh constraints of the original model makes most of theclassical problems of distributed algorithmics, such as datacollection, consensus and leader election, either difficult to analyzeor impossible to solve.We first study the data collection problem, which mainly consists intransferring some values to a base station. By using a fairnessassumption, known as cover times, we compute tight bounds on theconvergence time of concrete protocols. Next, we focus on theproblems of consensus and leader election. It is shown that theseproblems are impossible in the original model. To circumvent theseissues, we augment the original model with oracles, and study theirrelative power. We develop by the way a formal framework generalenough to encompass various sorts of oracles, as well as theirrelations.In the second part of the thesis, we study the problem ofstate-machine replication in the more classical model of asynchronousmessage-passing communication. The Paxos algorithm is a famous(partial) solution to the state-machine replication problem whichtolerates crash failures. Our contribution is the enhancement of Paxosin order to tolerate transient faults as well. Doing so, we define thenotion of practically self-stabilizing replicated state-machine.

Durant cette thèse, nous avons introduit les problèmes de Bin Covering avec Contrainte de Distance (BCCD) et de Bin Packing avec Contrainte de Distance (BPCD), qui trouvent leur application dans les réseaux de grande échelle, tel Internet. L'étude de ces problèmes que nous effectuons dans des espaces métriques quelconques montre qu'il est impossible de travailler dans un tel cadre sans avoir recours à de l'augmentation de ressources, un procédé qui permet d'élaborer des algorithmes construisant des solutions moins contraintes que la solution optimale à laquelle elles sont comparées. En plus de résultats d'approximation intéressants, nous prouvons la difficulté de ces problèmes si ce procédé n'est pas utilisé. Par ailleurs, de nombreux outils ont pour objectif de plonger les grands réseaux qui nous intéressent dans des espaces métriques bien décrits. Nous avons alors étudié nos problèmes dans plusieurs espaces métriques spécifiques, et, en particulier, ceux générés par certains de ces outils, comme Vivaldi et Sequoia. / During this Ph.D we introduced Bin Covering under Distance Constraint (BCCD in French) and Bin Packing under Distance Constraint (BPCD in French). Those two problems find their applications in the context of large scale networks, like Internet. We studied those problems in general metric spaces, and proved that using resource augmentation is mandatory. Resource augmentation allows to build algorithms working on solutions with less constraints than the optimal solution to which it is compared to. We found interesting approximations algorithms using this relaxation, and proved the necessity of this resource augmentation. However many tools are used to embed large networks we are interested in in specific metric spaces. Thus we studied those problems in different specific metric spaces, in particular those generated by the use of Vivaldi and Sequoia, two of those tools.

This thesis defines a generic framework that allows building high level services, of both data search and content distribution, for structured peer-to-peer networks (SPN). We consider a twofold genericity: (i) Extensible framework for services and applications, with a dynamic deploy over other P2P systems; and (ii) generic and portable framework over most of the SPNs. / Esta tesis construye un marco de trabajo genérico que permite construir servicios de alto nivel, tanto de gestión de datos como de distribución de contenidos, para redes peer-to-peer estructradas (RPE). Consideramos que la genericidad proporcionada es doble: (i) Marco de trabajo extensible para servicios y aplicaciones, con un despliegue dinámico sobre diferentes sistemas peer-to-peer; (ii) Marco de trabajo genérico y portable de la mayoría de RPEs.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux aspects algorithmiques et applications de deux problèmes de graphes, à savoir, la coloration et les alliances. La première partie concerne deux variantes de la coloration de graphes, la coloration Grundy et la coloration forte stricte. Nous commençons par l'étude du nombre Grundy des graphes réguliers. Nous donnons une condition fixe k, nous fournissons une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que le nombre Grundy d'un graphe régulier soit au moins égal k. Nous caractérisons la classe des graphes cubiques (3-réguliers) pour laquelle le nombre Grundy est égal à 4, et nous présentons un algorithme linéaire pour déterminer le nombre Grundy d'un graphe cubique quelconque. Par ailleurs, en se basant sur la coloration forte stricte pour décomposer les arbres en petites composantes, nous présentons un nouvel algorithme pour l'appariement d'arbres étiquetés, non-ordonnés non-enracinés. Nous montrons que la distance calculée entre deux arbres est une pseudo-métrique. Nos expérimentations sur de larges bases synthétiques et des bases de données réelles confirment nos résultats analytiques et montrent que la distance proposée est précise et son algorithme est scalable. La seconde partie de cette thèse est consacrée aux alliances dans les graphes. Nous proposons un algorithme distribué autostabilisant pour la construction d'alliance offensive globale minimale dans un graphe arbitraire. Nous démontrons que cet algorithme converge sous le démon synchrone en temps linéaire. Ensuite, nous donnons le premier algorithme distribué autostabilisant pour le problème de l'alliance forte globale minimale dans un graphe quelconque. Nous prouvons que cet algorithme est polynomial sous le démon inéquitable distribué. Nous montrons par la suite, comment cet algorithme peut être adapté pour des généralisations du problème, comme la k-alliance forte et l'alliance forte pondérée. Enfin, en se basant sur les propriétés structurelles de l'alliance offensive, nous présentons une solution pour décentraliser le protocole de signalisation SIP. Ceci rend possible son déploiement dans un réseau mobile ad hoc / This thesis investigates the algorithmic aspects and applications of two graph problems, namely, colorings and alliances. In the first part, we focus on two variants of the proper vertex coloring, the Grundy coloring and the strict strong coloring. We start by the study of Grundy number for regular graphs. We give a sufficient condition for d-regular graphs with sufficiently large girth to have Grundy number equals d + 1. Then, using graph homomorphism, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for d-regular graphs to have Grundy number at least k. Moreover, we characterize cubic graphs (3-regular) for which the Grundy number is d + 1, and present a linear-time algorithm to determine the Grundy number of any arbitrary cubic graph. Subsequently, based on the strict strong coloring, we present an approach for the problem of matching labeled trees. Using this coloring, we propose a new algorithm to deterministically decompose a tree into small components. This leads to an efficient algorithm to measure an accurate distance between unrooted unordered labeled trees. The second part is devoted to the alliances in graphs. We first propose a linear-time self-stabilizing algorithm for the minimal global offensive alliance set problem, under the synchronous distributed scheduler. Then, we give the first self-stabilizing algorithm for the minimal global powerful alliance set problem in arbitrary graphs. Moreover, we show how this algorithm can be adapted to find the minimal global powerful k-alliance and the minimal weighted global powerful alliance sets. We prove that all these algorithms converge in polynomial-time under the unfair distributed scheduler. Finally, based on the structural properties of the offensive alliance, we propose a solution to decentralize the signaling protocol SIP. This enables SIP applications in mobile ad hoc networks

Orientador: Ricardo de Oliveira Anido / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim_VicenteJosePeixotode_M.pdf: 4964887 bytes, checksum: bfab031069f938f7f502f1bc4f0d5d13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O estudo crítico apresentado discute o problema de ordenação de mensagens, típico da área de sistemas distribuídos, contextualizado em um ambiente de comunicação Bluetooth. Por ainda serem poucos os trabalhos com tal foco na bibliografia atual, este provê uma visão geral do comportamento de uma classe específica de protocolos distribuídos, quando executados no ambiente citado. Partindo desse contexto, o trabalho utiliza uma análise comparativa de alguns dos diversos algoritmos existentes, como forma de se obter informações sobre determinadas variáveis, e se caracterizar o melhor a ser utilizado em um ambiente de comunicação sem-fio com restrições de tempo real (real time). Ao se demonstrar a viabilidade de utilização deste(s) dentro de um ambiente de comunicação Bluetooth (com características real time), automaticamente surgem novas oportunidades de aplicações, principalmente para redes móveis onde a topologia predominante é ad- hoc, ou ainda, qualquer outro tipo de aplicação em que seja necessário se garantir a entrega em ordem das informações compartilhadas dentro de um limite de tempo. Como resultado desta análise, propõe-se um protocolo para o problema de ordenação total de mensagens aplicado a redes Bluetooth, onde se garante que, no ambiente de comunicação, todas as informações trocadas pelos nós (sites) serão enviadas e recebidas na mesma ordem. / Abstract: The presented work discuss the messages ordering problem, a common subject associated to distributed systems area which was here contextualized against Bluetooth network environment. The main target of this work is focused on distributed algorithms not so commonly considered until now, specially when they are applied to this related environment. As a way to obtain enough information about some systems variables and behavior, a comparative analysis was made between the already proposed protocols and algorithms. It generates a large set of information that makes possible to identify the better approach to be aplied at real time environments. Once the protocol viability is demonstrated, a large set of new applications can arise, specifically to this case: mobile applications using Bluetooth networks. This is mainly due to the mobile ad-hoc network topology which allows the use of distributed applications. However, it can also bring another class of problems as message ordering, which must ensure that all network shared data will keep a local and global sending order. / Mestrado / Computação Distribuída / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

This thesis deals with the distributed and stochastic algorithms, including testing their convergence in networks. The theoretical part briefly describes above mentioned algorithms, including their division, problems, advantages and disadvantages. Futhermore, two distributed algorithms and two stochastic algorithms are chosen. The practical part is done by comparing the speed of convergence on various network topologies in MATLAB.

In this dissertation, we investigate a number of geometric problems in different settings. We present lower bounds and approximation algorithms for geometric problems in sequential and distributed settings. For the sequential setting, we prove the first hardness of approximation results for the following problems: \begin{itemize} \item Red-Blue Geometric Set Cover is APX-hard when the objects are axis-aligned rectangles. \item Red-Blue Geometric Set Cover cannot be approximated to within $2^{\log^{1-1/{(\log\log m)^c}}m}$ in polynomial time for any constant $c < 1/2$, unless $P=NP$, when the given objects are $m$ triangles or convex objects. This shows that Red-Blue Geometric Set Cover is a harder problem than Geometric Set Cover for some class of objects. \item Boxes Class Cover is APX-hard. \end{itemize} We also define MaxRM-3SAT, a restricted version of Max3SAT, and we prove that this problem is APX-hard. This problem might be interesting in its own right.\\ In the distributed setting, we define a new model, the fixed-link model, where each processor has a position on the plane and processors can communicate to each other if and only if there is an edge between them. We motivate the model and study a number of geometric problems in this model. We prove lower bounds on the communication complexity of the problems in the fixed-link model and present approximation algorithms for them. We prove lower bounds on the number of expected bits required for any randomized algorithm in the fixed-link model with $n$ nodes to solve the following problems, when the communication is in the asynchronous KT1 model: \begin{itemize} \item $\Omega(n^2/\log n)$ expected bits of communication are required for solving Diameter, Convex Hull, or Closest Pair, even if the graph has only a linear number of edges. \item $\Omega( min\{n^2,1/\epsilon\})$ expected bits of communications are required for approximating Diameter within a $1-\epsilon$ factor of optimal, even if the graph is planar. \item $\Omega(n^2)$ bits of communications is required for approximating Closest Pair in a graph on an $[n^c] \times [n^c]$ grid, for any constant $c>1+1/(2\lg n)$, within $\frac{n^{c-1/2}}{4}-\epsilon$ factor of optimal, even if the graph is planar. \end{itemize} We also present approximation algorithms in geometric communication networks with $n$ nodes, when the communication is in the asynchronous CONGEST KT1 model: \begin{itemize} \item An $\epsilon$-kernel, and consequently $(1-\epsilon)$-\diamapprox~ and \ep -Approximate Hull with $O(\frac{n}{\sqrt{\epsilon}})$ messages plus the costs of constructing a spanning tree. \item An $\frac{n^c}{\sqrt{\frac{k}{2}}}$-Approximate Closest Pair on an $[n^c] \times [n^c]$ grid , for a constant $c>1/2$, plus the cost of computing a spanning tree, for any $k\leq {n-1}$. \end{itemize} We also define a new version of the two-party communication problem, Path Computation, where two parties communicate through a path. We prove a lower bound on the communication complexity of this problem. / Graduate

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