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Yes / Hybrid AC-DC microgrid (HMG) allows direct integration of both AC distributed generators (DGs) and DC DGs, AC and DC loads into the grid. The AC and DC sources, loads are separate out and are connected to respective subgrid mainly to reduce the power conversion, thus the overall efficiency of the system increases. This paper aims to introduce a novel hybrid AC-DC microgrid planning and design model within a microgrid market environment to maximize net social welfare (NSW). NSW is defined as present value of total demand payment minus present value of total planning cost including investment cost of distributed energy sources (DERs) and converters, operation cost of DERs and the cost of energy exchange with the utility grid subject to network constraints. Scenario Tree approach is used to model the uncertainties related to load demand, wind speed and solar irradiation. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through the simulation studies on a 28-bus real hybrid AC-DC microgrid.

Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a concept that aggregate Distributed Energy Resources (DER) together, aims to overcome the capacity limits of single DER and the intermit-ted natural characteristics of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. The whole system can be viewed as a single large-capacity power plant from the system‘s point of view. In this project, the literature review of VPP concept, architecture, existed project and the survey of VPP in Sweden are being conducted first. Secondly, the simplified VPP model is built on MATLAB/Simulink software. The simplified system contains a wind farm, a hydro power plant, a dynamic system load and an infinite bus representing the large transmission grid. During the simulation process, the generation and consump-tion unites are running according to the real history data located in external database. In the third place, optimized control schemes for the hydro unit in VPP model to decrease its effects on transmission grid are implemented in Simulink model. At the same time, hydro turbine should be controlled in an optimized way that without large turbulence. Basically, the hydro power plant is responsible for balancing the active power between the wind farm and dynamic load. Since there is a limit for the hydro turbine output, the rest of either power shortage or surplus power need to be com-pensated by the grid. This is the fundamental control scheme, so called run time con-trol scheme. The advanced control schemes here are based on the moving average control method and forecast compensation control method. The forecast compensa-tion control method use the 24 hours ahead load forecasting data generated by Artifi-cial Neural Network. Later on, analysis of those three control schemes will be pre-sented. The last part of the project is the conclusion of the different control schemes according to comparison of their control results.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é propor e aplicar um modelo conceitual para monitoramento e avaliação de projetos sociais voltados à implementação de recursos energéticos distribuídos (REDs) em comunidades de baixa renda. A metodologia compreende: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre os temas centrais da pesquisa; (ii) desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual baseado na teoria da mudança (TdM) e no desenho do modelo lógico (ML), incluindo a definição de indicadores-chave e métricas referentes à gestão do fluxo de implementação do projeto em foco; (iii) aplicação do modelo conceitual junto a gestores e stakeholders de uma iniciativa social de implementação de energia solar fotovoltaica em duas comunidades de baixa renda do município do Rio de Janeiro. O principal resultado é um modelo inovador de avaliação de projetos sociais voltados à implementação de REDs em comunidades de baixa renda, que possa subsidiar processos de tomada de decisão relacionados à melhoria contínua dos sistemas de gestão de projetos sociais congêneres no Brasil e em outros países. O estudo empírico realizado no contexto de uma organização sem fins lucrativos – Revolusolar – demonstrou que os resultados e impactos de um projeto social que está sendo desenvolvido em duas comunidades de baixa renda no município do Rio de Janeiro puderam ser avaliados com uso do ferramental proposto, permitindo que seus gestores identificassem oportunidades de melhoria do atual sistema de gestão do referido projeto. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to propose and apply a conceptual model to monitor and evaluate social projects aimed at implementing distributed energy resources (DERs) in low-income communities. The research can be considered applied, descriptive and methodological. The methodology comprises: (i) bibliographical and documentary research on the central themes of the research; (ii) development of a conceptual model to monitor and evaluate social projects aimed at the implementation of DERs in low-income communities, whose methodological approach is based on the theory of change (ToC) and the logical framework (LF), including the definition of key indicators and metrics regarding the project implementation flow; (iii) application of the conceptual model with managers and stakeholders of a social project for the implementation of photovoltaic solar energy in two low-income communities in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro within the scope of activities of a non-profit organization – Revolusolar. The main result is an innovative evaluation model for social projects aimed at implementing DERs in low-income communities, which can support decision-making processes related to the continuous improvement of their management systems in Brazil and other countries. Furthermore, the empirical study carried out in the organizational context of Revolusolar demonstrated that the results and impacts of a social project being developed in two low-income communities in Rio de Janeiro municipality could be evaluated, allowing the identification of opportunities for improvement of its current management system.

[pt] Problemas de emissão de gases de efeito estufa vem sido amplamente discutidos nos últimos anos, uma vez que mais de 70 países já se comprometeram a uma economia neutra em carbono até 2050. A eletrificação dos modais de transporte tem sido ampliadas seguindo essas metas, onde os Veículos Elétricos (VEs) começam a ganhar participação sobre o mercado de Veículos com Motor de Combustão Interna (VMCI) por todo o mundo. Além da particular complexidade na comparação entre VEs e VMCIs, desafios envolvendo a natureza dos VEs e sua integração com as cidades, como a falta de locais públicos para recarga, também são críticos e interferem no seu desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa estudar o problema de uma Estação de Troca de Baterias (ETB), uma estrutura onde os usuários de VEs trocam suas baterias descarregadas por outras totalmente ou parcialmente carregadas. No intuito de simular as operações diárias do ETB e o cronograma de carregamento das baterias, um novo modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista (PLIM) é proposto, levando em consideração a heterogeneidade da bateria, o uso de geração fotovoltaica (PV) local e a degradação da bateria com base no perfil de carregamento. Uma coleção de métricas de operação do ETB é projetada para avaliar a qualidade da solução do modelo de cronograma proposto. É apresentado um experimento numérico que compreende quatro estudos de caso baseados em dados reais dos sistemas de energia e transporte dos EUA, contendo insights e análises sobre o uso da energia fotovoltaica e da rede, bem como uma comparação financeira do ETB com abordagens de cronograma de benchmarks relacionados, juntamente de sensibilidades no plano de dimensionamento do ETB e atendimento a clientes. / [en] Greenhouse gas emissions-related issues have been extensively discussed in the past years, with over 70 countries already committed to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. The electrification of transportation modals has increased following these goals, where Electric Vehicles (EVs) are starting to take Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) market share all over the globe. Besides the particular complexity in comparing EVs and ICEVs, challenges involving the nature of EVs and their integration with cities, such as the lack of public locals for charging, are also critical and interfere with their development. In this context, this work aims at studying the problem of a Battery Swapping Station (BSS), a structure where the EVs users swap their depleted batteries for fully or partially charged ones. In order to simulate the BSS daily operations and batteries charging schedule, a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed, taking into account battery heterogeneity, the use of local photovoltaic (PV) production and battery degradation based on charging profile. A collection of BSS operation metrics are designed to evaluate the solution quality of the proposed scheduling model. A numerical experiment comprising four case studies based on real data from the US power and transportation systems is presented, with insights and analyses on the PV and grid power use, as well as a BSS financial comparison against close-related benchmark scheduling approaches, together with sensitivities on BSS sizing plan and costumers attendance.