Following to the industrial competition which is getting along intense day by day, it is a deeply concerned subject to the manufacturer from spread global world, how to prove their product into the international market successfully. Facing in the culture and language of different country, as well as various countries¡¦ tedious product laws, regulations and multiple limits in the procedure, the manufacturer confront the enormous challenge with the product development into the global market. Increasing by the demands of the global certification system gradually, in order to win the initiative, it is essential to let their product obtain various countries¡¦ approval positively and rapidly. The main purpose for this research contains the discussion in different circuit¡¦s characteristic of certification body, different circuit¡¦s shortcomings and advantages, and the choices¡¦ estimation of consideration factor in certification systems. This pattern of research adopts personal methodology in processing empirical analysis which belongs to the personal design and analysis issue. We discover that different circuit strategy causes the influence on the manufacturer and certification body. While the certification body draws up the circuit strategy to comply with the manufacturer¡¦s demands, they must expect the effect to different circuit¡¦s variation meanwhile. Speaking of the manufacturer or certification body, it causes different kinds of advantages and shortcomings no matter for the zeroth order circuit or the first-order circuit. Although the zeroth order circuit is a pipeline that lets the coordination and communication between manufacturer and the certification body directly, however, the latent shortcoming still exists. The different circuit system applies to different suitable situation in Taiwan. Keywords: Distribution Channel Strategies, Certification Body

Abstract: Despite an exhaustive research, very few academic papers regarding loyalty in the context of mobile banking application exist in the marketing, technologies and banking literature. However, banking corporation have launched mobile banking applications in the Quebec's market and are now interested in knowing if this new distribution channel can generate value for their new upcoming important market: The Generation Y (Gen-Y). This research aims to analyse the impact of mobile banking services on Gen Y's loyalty. An experimentation with three scenarios presenting a different banking service (online or mobile) was performed. The results show there are no significant differences between the type of services (between scenarios). Furthermore, it seems that, at the time of this investigation, loyalty was greater in the online context than on any of the remaining mobile context. This observation was consistent in all perceived value dimensions. The results of our structural equation modeling demonstrate a significant relationship between variables Under study. Therefore, depending on the choice of modelization : (1) perceived emotional value has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction ; (2) perceived functional value - Quality - Display has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction; (3) perceived functional value - Quality - Security has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction; (4) perceived functional value - Quality - Control over financial matters has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction ; (5) perceived emotional value - Familiarity has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction and (6) customer satisfaction has a significant positive impact on customer loyalty. Given these results, it seems that marketing managers should aim to increase the perceived functional value - Quality and perceived emotional value of mobile banking services for Generation Y users. Aspects such as Display, Security, Control over Financial matters and Familiarity seems to bring value to Gen-Y. They should also segment the Gen-Yers based on their annual income and also on their level of parental dependence in order to better target this segment that could really generate behavioural loyalty.||Résumé : Malgré une recherche intensive, très peu de recherches académiques concernant la loyauté dans le contexte des applications bancaires mobiles existent dans la littérature marketing, bancaire ou des technologies. De plus, les corporations bancaires, ayant lancé des applications bancaires mobiles dans le marché Québécois, sont maintenant intéressées à savoir si ce nouveau mode de distribution génère de la valeur pour leur prochaine clientèle cible d'importance : la génération Y (Gen-Y). Cette recherche a pour but d'analyser l'impact des services bancaires mobiles sur la loyauté de la génération Y. Une expérimentation avec trois scénarios présentant différents services bancaires (Internet ou mobile) fut entreprise. Les résultats démontrent qu'il n'y a pas de différences significatives selon le type de distribution des services bancaires. Qui plus est, il semble qu'au moment de l'étude, la loyauté était plus significative dans le contexte des services bancaires en ligne que dans les contextes mobiles présentés dans les scénarios et ce, pour l'ensemble des dimensions de la valeur perçue analysées. Les résultats de notre modélisation à l'aide d'équations structurelles indiquent une relation significative entre les variables à l'étude. Ainsi, selon le modèle analysé : (1) la valeur émotionnelle perçue a un impact positif significatif sur la satisfaction du consommateur ; (2) la dimension « apparence visuelle » de la valeur fonctionnelle perçue relative à la qualité a un impact positif significatif sur la satisfaction du consommateur ; (3) la dimension « sécurité » de la valeur fonctionnelle perçue relative à la qualité a un impact positif significatif sur la satisfaction du consommateur ; (4) la dimension « contrôle des finances personnelles » de la valeur fonctionnelle perçue relative à la qualité a un impact positif significatif sur la satisfaction du consommateur ; (5) la dimension « familiarité » de la valeur émotionnelle perçue a un impact positif significatif sur la satisfaction du consommateur et (6) la satisfaction du consommateur a un impact positif significatif sur la loyauté du consommateur. Compte tenu de ces résultats, les gestionnaires marketing devraient concentrer leurs efforts sur les dimensions de la valeur fonctionnelle relatives à la qualité perçues par la génération Y lors de leur utilisation des services bancaires mobiles. Il en est de même pour les dimensions de la valeur émotionnelle perçues. Les dimensions telles que l'apparence visuelle, la sécurité, le contrôle des finances personnelles et la familiarité semblent générer de la valeur pour les Gen-Y. Les résultats suggèrent aussi de segmenter la génération Y en se basant sur leur revenu annuel ainsi que sur leur niveau de dépendance parentale afin de mieux cibler les individus de la génération Y pouvant réellement générer une loyauté comportementale.

Since Ministry of Transportation and Communication of the DGT put ¡§liberalization of telecommunications¡¨ into practice in 1997, the development of the mobile phone industry has been 7 years. The sales volume is affected by brand, function, specification, and service of system proprietor. Moreover, the available distribution channel and the execellent after-sales service have played an important role in it. In other words, according to the replacement of mobile phone, the influence of distribution channel is more important than before. Because the real channel is the biggest part of the mobile phone industry, this study wants to research demographic and lifestyle of consumers in this field. This study adopted the research of questionnaire as study method. The target of this study is consumers who have purchased mobile phone in Kaohsiung area, and the field of this study was concentrated on demographic and lifestyle of consumer behavior. The valid questionnaire volum is 551. This study used SPPS software to access factor analysis and cluster analysis to get the lifestyle data of consumers, and then it used Chi-square test to examine the influence between the demographic and lifestyle of consumers and consumer behavior. If the examination is remarkable, it would go a step further to show the distribution of sample frequencies. By this way, we would know where the difference is.According to this study result, it shows that different gender, years, occupation, and disposable income would have the remarkable difference with consumer behavior. It meant that the consumer characteristics had influenced the purchasing behavior of mobile phone. Therefore, the distribution channel should consinder more about consumer characterstics to decide its strategy. Moreover, different lifestyle would have an impact on purchasing price and choice of purchasing place. It meant that distribution channel could aim the distinguishing feature of different group to choose unique product and business modle. It would help to satisfy the need of different group and to create distinctive position of market.

Globo Foods Co., Ltd. has good opportunity to export five Thai seasoning        paste products to Sweden (Västerås). By setting the price as low initial price, sell firstly at ICA Maxi Hälla and Coop Extra in Västerås, use attractive promotion and advertising for Swedish people. This result is from valid, reliable primary and secondary data in order to be guideline and useful information to Globo Foods Co., Ltd. and also can adapt to fit the result with Thai seasoning pastes from other companies or other kind of products to enter to Västerås,Sweden.

A economia mundial acompanha o avanço da ciência e da tecnologia, enquanto o preço do trabalho e dos recursos materiais tornam-se cada vez mais caros, forçando empresas a buscarem reduções em seus custos para, consequentemente, atingirem um maior nível de rentabilidade. Nesse contexto, as vending machines, além de serem caracterizadas pelo intenso grau de inovação tecnológica, possuem uma concepção importante no sentido de oferecerem menores custos de instalação e de mão de obra. No Brasil, a utilização de vending machines vem crescendo de maneira acelerada desde a década passada, especialmente junto a empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência, e essas máquinas tornam-se cada vez mais importantes, consolidando esse inovador sistema de distribuição. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou compreender qual o papel das vending machines para empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência no Brasil enquanto membros do canal de distribuição. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o estudo multicaso, sendo quatro o número de unidades de análise que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. Os resultados sugerem que os principais aspectos que compõem o papel das vending machines estão a relacionados à divulgação de marcas e à fidelização dos clientes, bem como à realização de novas vendas e à comercialização de produtos de maior valor agregado. / The global economy follows the advance of science and technology, while the price of labor and material resources become increasingly expensive, forcing companies to seek reductions in their costs, so, consequently, achieve higher levels of profitability. In this context, vending machines, besides being characterized by intense degree of technological innovation, have an important conception in order to offer lower installation costs and labor. In Brazil, the use of vending machines has been growing at an accelerated pace since the past decade, especially with the manufacturers of convenience products, and these machines become increasingly important, consolidating this innovative distribution system. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the role of vending machines for manufacturers of convenience products in Brazil as members of distribution channel. The method used was the multi case study, and four was the number of units of analysis which have agreed to participate in the research. The results suggest that the main aspects which make up the role of vending machines are related to the disclosure of brands and customer loyalty, as well as the implementation of new sales and the transaction of products with higher added value.

A economia mundial acompanha o avanço da ciência e da tecnologia, enquanto o preço do trabalho e dos recursos materiais tornam-se cada vez mais caros, forçando empresas a buscarem reduções em seus custos para, consequentemente, atingirem um maior nível de rentabilidade. Nesse contexto, as vending machines, além de serem caracterizadas pelo intenso grau de inovação tecnológica, possuem uma concepção importante no sentido de oferecerem menores custos de instalação e de mão de obra. No Brasil, a utilização de vending machines vem crescendo de maneira acelerada desde a década passada, especialmente junto a empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência, e essas máquinas tornam-se cada vez mais importantes, consolidando esse inovador sistema de distribuição. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou compreender qual o papel das vending machines para empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência no Brasil enquanto membros do canal de distribuição. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o estudo multicaso, sendo quatro o número de unidades de análise que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. Os resultados sugerem que os principais aspectos que compõem o papel das vending machines estão a relacionados à divulgação de marcas e à fidelização dos clientes, bem como à realização de novas vendas e à comercialização de produtos de maior valor agregado. / The global economy follows the advance of science and technology, while the price of labor and material resources become increasingly expensive, forcing companies to seek reductions in their costs, so, consequently, achieve higher levels of profitability. In this context, vending machines, besides being characterized by intense degree of technological innovation, have an important conception in order to offer lower installation costs and labor. In Brazil, the use of vending machines has been growing at an accelerated pace since the past decade, especially with the manufacturers of convenience products, and these machines become increasingly important, consolidating this innovative distribution system. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the role of vending machines for manufacturers of convenience products in Brazil as members of distribution channel. The method used was the multi case study, and four was the number of units of analysis which have agreed to participate in the research. The results suggest that the main aspects which make up the role of vending machines are related to the disclosure of brands and customer loyalty, as well as the implementation of new sales and the transaction of products with higher added value.

A economia mundial acompanha o avanço da ciência e da tecnologia, enquanto o preço do trabalho e dos recursos materiais tornam-se cada vez mais caros, forçando empresas a buscarem reduções em seus custos para, consequentemente, atingirem um maior nível de rentabilidade. Nesse contexto, as vending machines, além de serem caracterizadas pelo intenso grau de inovação tecnológica, possuem uma concepção importante no sentido de oferecerem menores custos de instalação e de mão de obra. No Brasil, a utilização de vending machines vem crescendo de maneira acelerada desde a década passada, especialmente junto a empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência, e essas máquinas tornam-se cada vez mais importantes, consolidando esse inovador sistema de distribuição. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou compreender qual o papel das vending machines para empresas fabricantes de produtos de conveniência no Brasil enquanto membros do canal de distribuição. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o estudo multicaso, sendo quatro o número de unidades de análise que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. Os resultados sugerem que os principais aspectos que compõem o papel das vending machines estão a relacionados à divulgação de marcas e à fidelização dos clientes, bem como à realização de novas vendas e à comercialização de produtos de maior valor agregado. / The global economy follows the advance of science and technology, while the price of labor and material resources become increasingly expensive, forcing companies to seek reductions in their costs, so, consequently, achieve higher levels of profitability. In this context, vending machines, besides being characterized by intense degree of technological innovation, have an important conception in order to offer lower installation costs and labor. In Brazil, the use of vending machines has been growing at an accelerated pace since the past decade, especially with the manufacturers of convenience products, and these machines become increasingly important, consolidating this innovative distribution system. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the role of vending machines for manufacturers of convenience products in Brazil as members of distribution channel. The method used was the multi case study, and four was the number of units of analysis which have agreed to participate in the research. The results suggest that the main aspects which make up the role of vending machines are related to the disclosure of brands and customer loyalty, as well as the implementation of new sales and the transaction of products with higher added value.

This study set out to explore the feasibility of using international based literature theory to formulate emerging market strategies for South African companies looking to expand into Africa’s emerging markets. The level of confidence with which South African companies can base their African emerging market strategies on the literature and studies done on international emerging market strategies is what will be explored in this study. The scope of this study includes methods of identifying emerging markets, optimal strategy choices for emerging markets, effective distribution channel selection methodologies and appropriate diversification options. To ensure the studies relevance across the broader spectrum of both South African companies as well as Africa’s emerging markets, the companies studied were selected for their collective representation. The research design employed for this study was qualitative and exploratory in nature. The findings based on the eight South African companies studied over the period point to the conclusion that the international theory contained in the literature is indeed relevant to both South African companies as well as Africa’s emerging markets and that it can be used effectively and confidently to formulate efficient and sustainable expansion strategies for these markets. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Ao longo do tempo a configuração do canal de distribuição de automóveis novos passou por alterações. De início os distribuidores atuavam de forma isolada, representando somente um fabricante. Após a abertura do mercado brasileiro ao exterior, no início dos anos 90, verificou-se tendência para a formação de grupos de distribuição, representando uma ou várias marcas. Assim, esta tese busca propor um modelo explicativo para a configuração do canal de distribuição de automóveis novos no Brasil. Para isto foi feito estudo de caso de natureza exploratório-conceitual por meio de recursos qualitativos. Verificou-se na limitada bibliografia sobre distribuição de bens especiais, em material de divulgação do setor de distribuição de automóveis e em entrevistas realizadas com representantes de distribuidoras e montadoras, a presença de três variáveis que podem constituir o modelo. Estas três variáveis são: porte dos distribuidores, comportamento do consumidor e ambiente legal. A partir disto construiu-se um modelo que apresenta como resultado três configurações de canal possíveis aos distribuidores: isolado e monomarca, grupo e monomarca e grupo e multimarcas. Dessa forma, espera-se com esta tese contribuir para o entendimento da evolução histórica do setor, bem como auxiliar na análise de tendências futuras da distribuição de automóveis novos no Brasil. / Along the time the configuration of the distribution channel of new automobiles was altered. At the beginning the distributors acted in an isolated way representing only one manufacturer. After the opening of the Brazilian market to the exterior, in the beginning of the nineties, tendency was verified for the formation of distribution groups representing one or several brands. Like this, this text looks for proposing an explanatory model to the configuration of the distribution channel of new automobiles in Brazil. For this it was developed a case study of exploratory-conceptual nature through qualitative resources. It was verified in the limited bibliography about distribution of special goods, in dissemination material of the sector of distribution of automobiles and in interviews accomplished with dealers' representatives and assemblers, the presence of three variables that can constitute the model. These three variables are: economical-financial capacity of the distributors, the consumer's behavior and legal atmosphere. Then a model was built that presents as result three possible organizational forms to the distributors: isolated and one brand, group and one brand and group and several brands. In that way, it is waited with this thesis to contribute for the understanding of the historical evolution of the sector, as well as to aid in the analysis of future tendencies of the distribution of new automobiles in Brazil.

We want to identify the factors of how to maintain a luxury fashion brand. To do this, we have to find what characterizes a real luxury brand. We want to go into depth and find the underlying and often invisible aspects within a luxury brand. The characteristics of a luxury brand are that the majority has their production in-house and provide high quality, made by an experienced and eccentric designer. The luxury brands have a distinct and clear image and identity. The brands are available in both stores and online shops and their offered products are in the high price sector. To maintain a luxury brand, the involvement and control of fabric, production and quality is essential. The designer must maintain the right appearance, image and identity in every step of the business. Moreover, a combination of different marketing channels is good to use, as it is a way to reach a large amount of people. If the luxury company decides to use social media, the engagement is vital. Regarding the distribution channels, a luxury brand should have an online shop and regular stores. Yet, it is important that the price reflect the products value. / Program: Magisterutbildning i Fashion Management