L'émergence défie la hiérarchie économique mondiale. C'est particulièrement la capacité des pays émergents à s'imposer sur des segments à forte valeur ajoutée de la chaîne globale de valeur qui renouvelle les enjeux de l'économie du développement. Nous optons de ce fait pour une lecture technologique de l'émergence. L'émergence par la technologie s'est appuyée sur des systèmes institutionnels divers. Nous cherchons dans cette thèse à caractériser la diversité des modèles socio-économiques de remontée technologique des pays émergents. En adaptant le cadre des systèmes sociaux de production et d'innovation (SSIP) de Amable, Barré et Boyer (1997) aux spécificités de ces pays, nous analysons les arrangements institutionnels observables dans 27 pays émergents en 2005 (science et technologie, éducation, insertion internationale, marchés des biens, du travail et financier) et mettons au jour la diversité des modèles d'émergence. Cinq architectures institutionnelles sont révélées : les SSIP cocktail, dirigiste, dé-centralisé, mené par la finance et libéralisé. Les complémentarités institutionnelles variables les soutenant expliquent qu'aucune homogénéisation ne se soit produite malgré les forces de la mondialisation. Il n'existe ainsi pas de structure optimale à mettre en place pour s'engager dans l'émergence. Au contraire nous montrons que, puisque ces cinq modèles créent des avantages comparatifs institutionnels divers, les stratégies de remontée technologique privilégiées doivent être adaptées. De cette façon, les facteurs de croissance majeurs à soutenir sont dépendants non pas de la distance à la frontière mais de l'architecture institutionnelle nationale. / Emerging countries challenge the world economic hierarchy. It is above all their capabilities to upgrade within the global value chain which offers new insights and poses new questions to development economists. For this reason, we choose to study emergence into the technological prism.Different institutional systems have sustained technological emergence. In this thesis, we want to characterize the diversity of socio-economic models of technological upgrading in emerging countries. By adapting the Social Systems of Innovation and Production (SSIP) framework of Amable, Barré & Boyer (1997) for the study of 27 emerging countries in 2005, we analyse their institutional arrangements through six key domains (science and technology, education, international insertion, products, labour and financial markets) in order to observe the diversity of emerging models. We reveal the existence of five institutional architectures: cocktail, directed, de-centralised, finance-led and liberalised models. There is no world homogenisation even in an intense globalisation period because various institutional complementarities sustain these models. No optimal structure has to be adopted to enter into emergence. On the contrary, we show that, as institutional comparative advantages differ among this five emerging models, technological upgrading strategies have to be suitable. In this way, growth enhancing factors depend on national institutional architecture rather than on proximity to world technological frontier.

African economies, including Nigeria continued to perform poorly despite the adoption of economic policy reforms in the 1980s. An explanation for the failure of economic policy reforms was therefore sought from an institutional perspective. Since active state intervention in the economy was the rationale given for the economic crisis of developing countries, the conventional case for an active state which rested on the need to correct for market failure was counterposed with the argument that the economy was best coordinated by market forces given that the state was not benevolent, omniscient or omnipotent. However, the state has played an important role in the transformation of late developers while a state-market dichotomy takes no account of institutional factors. The widespread adoption of economic policy reforms owed more to an ideological shift in the development paradigm than to the debt crisis and there was a great deal of controversy about the theoretical foundations and impact of these reforms contrary to claims of a consensus. An institutionalist political economy which recognises that the market is not the only institution and that economic transformation requires the positive use of political power was proposed. Such an approach takes account of history, politics and the institutional diversity of capitalism. A more nuanced view of state intervention was therefore advocated. The importance of institutional arrangements in the quest for economic transformation underscored the inadequacy of structural adjustment which was hampered by the lack of price and institutional flexibility as well as other institutional constraints. The Nigerian experience of structural adjustment shows that long term growth prospects were not enhanced and that the reforms tended to favour the financial sector over the real sector. The failure of economic policy reforms in Nigeria can be attributed to the continued presence of constraining institutional factors and the absence of a positive use of political power. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’analyse diachronique et synchronique des liens entre lesformes de capitalisme et leur environnement. Le premier chapitre propose de mettre enlumière la manière dont la coévolution entre le capitalisme et l’environnement a pu s’opéreren croisant les apports théoriques et empiriques de l’école de la régulation avec des travauxdu champ de l’histoire environnementale et de l’économie écologique. Nous montrons que lesdifférentes formes historiques du capitalisme ont généré des conséquences environnementalesimportantes et différenciées. A l’inverse, il s’avère que le rapport à l’environnement a eu uneinfluence primordiale sur les formes de capitalisme, notamment par l’intermédiaire dedispositifs institutionnels environnementaux (DIE). Le second chapitre vise à savoir dansquelle mesure ces dispositifs subissent un processus d’adoption différencié selon les formescontemporaine de capitalisme dans lequel ils s’inscrivent. A cet égard, une certainecorrespondance entre notre typologie des DIE nationaux et la typologie des capitalismesapparaît. Enfin, le troisième chapitre porte particulièrement sur la manière dont les niveauxd’inégalités, en grande partie dépendants des différentes formes de capitalismes, peuventinfluencer l’adoption des DIE. Par le biais d’une analyse économétrique, nous tentons de faireapparaitre les mécanismes les plus à même d’expliquer ce phénomène. / This thesis contributes to the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the linksbetween the forms of capitalism and their environment. The first chapter proposes to highlightthe manner in which the coevolution between capitalism and the environment was carried outby crossing the theoretical and empirical contributions of the régulation school withenvironmental history and ecological economics studies. We reveal that the differenthistorical forms of capitalism have led to extensive and differentiated environmentalconsequences. Conversely, it turns out that the relationship with the environment has had amajor influence on the forms of capitalism, especially through institutional environmentaldevices (EID). The second chapter aims at deciphering in which extent these devices undergoa process of differentiated adoption depending on the contemporary forms of capitalismwithin which they take place. In this framework, some degree of correlation appears betweenour EID based typology of countries and the typology of capitalism. Finally, the third chapterfocuses on how levels of inequality, which are largely dependent on different forms ofcapitalism, can influence the adoption of EID. By means of an econometric analysis, weattempt to determine which mechanisms are most likely to explain this phenomenon.

African economies, including Nigeria continued to perform poorly despite the adoption of economic policy reforms in the 1980s. An explanation for the failure of economic policy reforms was therefore sought from an institutional perspective. Since active state intervention in the economy was the rationale given for the economic crisis of developing countries, the conventional case for an active state which rested on the need to correct for market failure was counterposed with the argument that the economy was best coordinated by market forces given that the state was not benevolent, omniscient or omnipotent. However, the state has played an important role in the transformation of late developers while a state-market dichotomy takes no account of institutional factors. The widespread adoption of economic policy reforms owed more to an ideological shift in the development paradigm than to the debt crisis and there was a great deal of controversy about the theoretical foundations and impact of these reforms contrary to claims of a consensus. An institutionalist political economy which recognises that the market is not the only institution and that economic transformation requires the positive use of political power was proposed. Such an approach takes account of history, politics and the institutional diversity of capitalism. A more nuanced view of state intervention was therefore advocated. The importance of institutional arrangements in the quest for economic transformation underscored the inadequacy of structural adjustment which was hampered by the lack of price and institutional flexibility as well as other institutional constraints. The Nigerian experience of structural adjustment shows that long term growth prospects were not enhanced and that the reforms tended to favour the financial sector over the real sector. The failure of economic policy reforms in Nigeria can be attributed to the continued presence of constraining institutional factors and the absence of a positive use of political power. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)