No description available.

Military wives continue to represent the majority of military spouses and as a result, most research on military spouses has focused exclusively on them. Utilizing data from the 1999 Survey of Active Duty Spouses, one goal of this study was to address this gap in the literature by examining how male and female military spouses differ. The results indicated that military husbands were more likely to have military experience themselves than military wives. Military husbands were also more likely to be older than female spouses and less likely to have children. Men were also more likely to indicate that their employment was not a concern during the family's last permanent change of station move. The primary goal of this study was to examine the influence of gender on military spouses' support for their active duty spouses' retention in the U.S. Military. Previous research has indicated that spousal support plays an important role in military personnel's retention decisions. Other factors that were considered for their influence on spouse support for retention included age, race/ethnicity, education, children, personal military experience, employment concerns during the family's last move, the hours worked per week by the active duty spouse, the rank of the active duty spouse, and the military spouse's satisfaction with the military lifestyle. The results of this regression analysis indicated that military husbands are less supportive of their active duty spouses' retention than military wives. Satisfaction with the military lifestyle was found to be the most significant predictor of military spouses' support for their active duty spouses' retention in the U.S. Military. Of the other factors, age, race/ethnicity, education, the hours worked per week by the active duty spouse, and the presence of children in the family were also found to be significant predictors of spouse support for retention. As satisfaction with the military lifestyle was demonstrated to be a significant influence on spouse support for retention, this study also involved an examination of gender differences in satisfaction with the military lifestyle. Gender was not found to be a significant influence on satisfaction with the military lifestyle. Factors that were found to significantly influence satisfaction included the military spouse's age, race/ethnicity, concerns about employment, hours worked per week by the active duty spouse and the rank of the active duty spouse. Concerns about employment during the family's last move and the hours worked per week by the active duty spouse were both found to have a negative influence on military spouses' satisfaction with the military lifestyle. / Ph. D.

Two models of a Durkheimian explanation of crime rates were subjected to empirical test. One is the static model which posits that in a more complex society the crime rate ought to be higher. This proposition is based on the assumption that in more complex or organic societies the probability of anomie is greater which is reflected in the rate of crime. The research proposition of this model is that there is a direct relationship between the joint effects of the level of population size, population density, urbanization, the division of labor and the rate of crime. The other model, the change model, is concerned with how the transformation of societies influence social behavior. This model is based on the proposition that crime is more likely in those societies or communities in which a greater degree of structural change from mechanical to organic solidarity occurs. The basic research proposition of this model is that there is a direct relationship between the combined action of change in population size; population density, urbanization, the division of labor, and change in the rate of crime. Data concerning crime rates were provided by the Uniform Crime Reports Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and data concerning the independent variables were obtained from the United states Census Bureau volumes. The basic unit of analysis is the county, chosen largely because it encompasses both rural and urban dimensions of a society. Counties were selected according to the availability of the crime rate data. The total number of counties selected in this manner is 300. The basic statistical procedure used is multiple regression analysis. Finite first difference equations were used in testing the change model. The propositions were tested for four time periods: 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1910. The results indicate that the rate of property-theft offenses (i.e., auto theft, robbery, grand larceny) are best predicted by both static and change models. Both models also are most effective in predicting these rates of crime in the more urban counties. The indication, thus, is that the probability of anomie is greater in the more complex (i.e., organic) communities than in the less complex ones (i.e., mechanical). The main factors in the static model in predicting the crime rates are urbanization, population size, and population density, while in the change model population size and population density predominate. The division of labor has very little influence in either model. It is suggested that the models are only supported in part and that a reformulation of a Durkheimian explanation of crime rates is in order. This modification centers on the components of urban life which are more likely to foster an increase in crime. Communities which are smaller and less dense, homogeneous, and mechanical-based are apparently more solidary and as a result have a lower crime rate. It is proposed that this social solidarity is often eroded when such a community experiences an economic and industrial transition. / Ph. D.

Feminist scholars have theorized that the workplace is gendered and heteronormative1, but little research quantifies the economic consequences of those organizations. This study investigates income discrepancies between gay men and straight men and between lesbians and straight women, to quantify these consequences. Using the National Survey of Family Growth 2006-2010, and controlling for several correlates of income, I use ordinary least squares regression to test the hypothesis that lesbians have higher incomes on the average than straight women do, and that straight men earn more than gay men. I also use hierarchical regression to test the relative strengths of the associations between income and possible causes of variation in it. The study found that gay men earn more than straight men because of higher educational attainment, and that lesbians earn more than straight women, though this finding is not statistically significant. / Master of Science

Studien undersöker kvinnors representation, samt om det existerar några könsmönster inom kommunalpolitiken. Studien illustrerar hur könsfördelningen ser ut i Borås stad. En kartläggning utav kvinnliga förtroendevalda kommunpolitiker har genomförts för att åskådliggöra hur situationen angående könsmönster ser ut i dagsläget. Utöver detta har vi även utfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från de olika partierna som är verksamma inom kommunalpolitiken i Borås stad för att få förståelse för hur situationen ser ut för de kvinnliga politikerna. Intervjuerna konstruerade vi utifrån referensramen, som vi därefter kopplat ihop med våra respondenters personliga upplevelser med hjälp utav vår analysmodell.De områden vi undersökt är kvinnorepresentation, vilka hinder de möter inom politiken, samt horisontell- och vertikal könsarbetsdelning. Vår undersökning visar att det finns en brist på kvinnlig representation inom kommunalpolitiken i Borås stad till viss del, samt vilken betydelse detta har. Dessutom visar undersökningen att både en horisontell- och vertikal könsarbetsdelning existerar i Borås stads kommun. Studien är skriven på svenska. / The study examines the representation of women, and the existence of any gender patterns in municipal politics. The study also illustrates gender distribution in the city of Borås. A survey of the female elected local councilors has been conducted to illustrate how the situation regarding gender patterns look like in the current situation. In addition, we also conducted semi-structured interviews with respondents from the various parties active in local politics in the city of Borås to get a comprehension in the situation of female politicians. We constructed the interviews on the basis of the reference framework, and then coupled with our respondents' personal experiences with our analysis model.The areas that we have examined are the representation of women, the barriers they face in politics, as well as horizontal and vertical gender division of labor. Our survey shows that there is a lack of female representation in local politics in the city of Borås, to some extent, and also what impact this has in the political situation that exists. Moreover, the survey shows that both a horizontal and vertical gender division of labor exists in the municipality of Borås.The study is written in Swedish.

Wu, Shunan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-56). / Abstract also in Chinese. / "Collective Labor Supply, Household Production and Intra-household Allocation in Urban China" --- p.i / Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.v / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- China´ةs evolving labor market --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Gender earnings gap in the labor market in urban China --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Male and female labor force participation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intra-household allocation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5 --- The collective model of labor supply --- p.14 / Chapter III. --- Theoretical model and empirical specification --- p.18 / Chapter IV. --- Data and empirical results --- p.24 / Chapter V. --- Conclusion --- p.43 / Appendix --- p.46 / References --- p.49

The basic research question this thesis addresses is how the secondary status of Bangladeshi women is reinforced through household labour. It is argued that gender relations and housework shape each other. To develop this, it examines the degree of participation of women in different areas of housework and family decisions. The thesis further explores whether the autonomy of women coming from the traditional Bangladeshi family set-up has increased as a result of their immigration to Canada and their exposure to Canadian family values. This is done by a comparison of the family experiences of Canadian and Bangladeshi women. Finally, it is suggested that age, position in the family and length of immigration are the indices of the autonomy of Bangladeshi women in Canada.

No description available.

Lui, Ching Wu Lake. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-225). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the research --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Site --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective and significance --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Map of the thesis --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prevalent Theoretical Explanation on Household Division of Labor --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theoretical Framework of this research --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Research Methodology --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Recruitment of Couples and Data Collection --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Issues in the Interviews --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Does Spousal Difference in Economic Resources vary Housework Distribution? --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Nature of housework --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Who does what and more? --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Earning and Housework Division --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Gender Ideology and Household Division of Labor --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of Couples´ة Gender Ideology --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Couples with Traditional Gender Ideology and Household Division of Labor --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3 --- Sparks of Egalitarianism in Couples --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Gender Strategies of Couples in Housework Division --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Husbands´ة strategies --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- Women´ةs compliance --- p.109 / Chapter 6.3 --- Women´ةs resistance --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- "Children, In-laws and Doing Gender of Couples" --- p.125 / Chapter 7.1 --- How do children escalate the doing gender of husbands and wives? --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2 --- How do parent-in-laws and parents escalate the doing gender of husbands and wives? --- p.144 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Undoing gender: Willing househusbands and Women's liberation? --- p.165 / Chapter 8.1 --- The Context of Undoing Gender --- p.165 / Chapter 8.2 --- Comparing Househusbands and Housewives: Is gender still relevant? --- p.167 / Chapter 8.3 --- Experimenting a Househusband's life: How to undo gender? --- p.177 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- Conclusion --- p.196 / Chapter 9.1 --- Key Findings --- p.196 / Chapter 9.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.201 / Appendix 1: Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex --- p.204 / "Appendix 2: Labor Force Participation Rates at Specific Ages by Sex, 1991," --- p.205 / Appendix 3: Household division of labor of married couples in 1987，1993 and 1995 --- p.206 / Appendix 4: Relative Share of Housework of Economically Active Men and Women --- p.207 / Appendix 5: Interview Schedule --- p.208 / Bibliography --- p.213

本研究動機，乃分析部份傳統產業，透過兩岸分工，是否真的能為企業延續生命並帶來獲利的增加，及經營績效的提昇。茲以嬰童產業為例，從以下三個面向進行實質的探討：一、探討臺灣生育率驟降，中國大陸市場所提供的機會與發展。二、採行兩岸分工後對於企業營運績效的影響。三、從嬰童服飾產業價值鏈，探討台商營運模式與轉型契機。 本論文分六個章節，第一章為緒論，第二章為分工理論相關文獻，第三章為台灣與中國大陸童裝服飾產業概況，第四章為麗嬰房公司深度訪談，包括麗嬰房公司SWOT分析、五力分析、營運策略分析、兩岸營運分析，第五章童裝分工模式，分析產業特性與價值鏈，國際童裝與兩岸麗嬰房分工模式分析，第六為結論與建議。本研究以麗嬰房個案研究的方式來進行，研究工具包含收集資料以及深入訪談。 針對嬰童產業，本研究之結論與建議有四： 一.以大陸廉價的勞工設立工廠，從微笑曲線來看卻是附加價值最低的投資。二.「自有品牌 + 自有通路 + 國際嬰童品牌合作」麗嬰房核心競爭策略，台商經營嬰童服飾，擺脫代工廠的角色，此一商業模式可為經營參考。三.針對兩岸不同的市場需求，採取水平分工，但在朝向國際化或區域性發展，母公司負責產品設計研發整合，繼而兩岸的生產功能整合，藉合併生產擴大規模經濟。四、國際童裝紛紛將生產基地設在中國大陸，避免斷絕與世界名牌童裝接軌的機會，政府應加速開放中國製童裝紡品輸入，加速台灣嬰童服飾產業與世界領導品牌合作。 / The cause of this study is to analyze whether it is possible for some traditional industries to extend company lives, increase profits and promote operational performance through division of labor across the straits. I will present the case of childrenwear and baby garment industry for substantial examinations in three dimensions: 1. To examine the opportunity and development of China market due to the drop of birth rates in Taiwan. 2. To discuss how business operational performances are influenced by division of labor across the straits. 3. To explore the business models and the critical moment of transformation for Taiwan business through the value chain of children industry. The research consists of six chapters. Chapter one is a general introduction. Chapter two is the documentation of vertical and horizontal division of labor theory. Chapter three outline of childrenwear and baby garment industry in Taiwan and China. Chapter four presents the in-depth interview with Les Enphants, topics include SWOT Analysis, the Five Forces Model, Operational Strategy Analysis, Analysis of Business Operation across the Strait, global division of labor for Nike childrenwear vs. division of labor across the Strait for Les Enphants. Chapter five on the division of labor of childrenwear, analysis of industry characteristics and value chain, and analysis on division of labor of international chidrenwear companies and les enphants. Chapter six draws up conclusion and suggestions. Les Enphants is the major company of case study, the research methods include data collection and in-depth interviews. The conclusion and suggestions to childrenwear and baby garment industry are: 1.The cheap and affluent labors in China is the least value-added investment in terms of Smile Curve theory. 2.“Own-brand + own channel + international children brand cooperation” adopted by Les Enphants is a feasible business model for Taiwan’s childrenwear and baby garment industry. 3.Horizontal division of labor is necessary for different markets across the Straits, but early integration of product design is the key for production combination in larger scale. 4.More and more international childrenwear companies set up production base in Mainland China, in order not to cut ourselves from international re-known childrenwear brands, the government should lift the bar on the import of childrenwear and textile products made in China, to speed up the cooperation of Taiwan childrenwear industry and international leading brands.