This practice based PhD project investigates the language ideologies which surround the specific multilingual context of rural primary education in Zambia. The project comprises of a creative documentary film and a complementary written submission. The fieldwork and filming of the project took place over 12 months between September 2011 and August 2012 in the community of Lwimba, in Chongwe District, Zambia. The project focuses on the experiences of a single grade one class, their teacher, and the surrounding community of Lwimba. The majority of the school children speak the community language of Soli. The regional lingua franca, and language of the teacher, however, is Nyanja, and the students must also learn Zambia’s only official language, English. At the centre of the project is a research inquiry focusing on the language ideologies which surround each of these languages, both within the classroom and the wider rural community. The project also simultaneously aims to investigate and reflect on the capacity of creative documentary film to engage with linguistic anthropological research. The film at the centre of the project presents a portrait of Annie, a young, urban teacher of the community’s grade one class, as well as three students and their families. Through the narrativised experiences of the teacher and children, it aims to highlight the linguistic ideologies present within the language events and practices in and around the classroom, as well as calling attention to their intersection with themes of linguistic modernity, multilingualism, and language capital. The project’s written submission is separated into three major chapters separated into the themes of narrative, value and text respectively. Each chapter will focus on subjects related to both the research inquiry and the project’s documentary film methodology. Chapter one outlines the intersection of political-historical narratives of nationhood and language that surround the project, and reflects on the practice of internal narrative construction within documentary film. Chapter two firstly focuses on the language valuations within the institutional setting of the classroom and the wider community, and secondly proposes a two-phase perspective of evaluation and value creation as a means to examine the practice of editing within documentary film making. Chapter three addresses the theme of text through discussing the role of literacy acquisition and use in the classroom and community, as well as analysing and reflecting on the practice of translation and subtitle creation within the project.

Thesis advisor: Christina Klein / The cultural face of modern China is constantly changing, whether through economic reforms, political campaigns, or social values. The ultimate inheritors and current carriers of this society in flux is the current post socialist, post 1989 youth generation. This paper examines the cultural changes that are occurring in China through six documentary films made in the 21st century that focus on youth and young adults as the representatives of the issues that the directors explore. In two films, the issue of the Single Child Policy will be examined in terms of the social repercussions the policy has created for modern youth, including gender, ethnic, and class inequalities. In the next two films, the economic conditions that have produced millions of migrant examined as it relates to the changing family values in much of China. The last two films explore the consumer culture of today’s modern youth, and how this culture impacts the expressive output of this generation. I conclude through these films that although the youth of today have been irrevocably shaped by these, and other, cultural changes that have occurred during their lifetime, they are still most fundamentally influenced by the traditional values of Chinese culture including relationships, family, and collective expression. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

A presente tese se apoia no estudo do campo ocupado pelo que se designa como teatro documentário, com a certeza da necessidade de trabalhar com um termo agregador, mas sem a intenção de criar rótulos ou de estabelecer uma tipologia sistemática e ordenadora. À procura de conceitos ricos em conteúdo histórico, defende-se a opção consciente por se documentar, o consequente trabalho com dados não ficcionais e a percepção por parte do espectador da natureza documentária do discurso como os princípios que norteiam as produções que de algum modo são associadas ao documental. Ainda que a existência de um termo, ligado a uma tradição e à determinadas práticas, afaste a generalização tão perniciosa quanto a criação de definições restritivas e simplificadoras, propõe-se que, no campo do teatro documentário, forças opostas coexistam, marcando a presença de vários teatros documentários. Dentre essa diversidade, os processos da Cia. Teatro Documentário foram discutidos como uma forma de corroborar a teoria construída, além de ressaltar como as práticas documentais propostas pelo grupo não dissociam o caráter estético do educacional, numa perspectiva que justifica a presença de um olhar imbuído pelos estudos em pedagogia do teatro, presente de maneira sutil ao longo de todo o trabalho. / This dissertation aims at searching and studying the documentary theater field without listing characteristics in order to identify its labels or creating a systematic typology even if it being necessary a gregarious term. Apart from the definitions, yet searching for historically charged concepts, it is intended to document this project with non-fictional data and the audience perception in terms of the documentary nature of discourse as the principles that govern productions that are associated with the documentary. The existence of terminology, associated with certain traditions and practices, distances the pernicious generalization in regards to the creation of restrictive and simplifying definitions. Nonetheless, we propose that in the field of documentary theater, opposing forces coexist, marking the existence of multiple documentary theaters. Within such diversity, the processes of Cia. Teatro Documentário were discussed as a way to confirm the theory. Also, it was intended to bring to light the idea that the documentary practices proposed by the group do not dissociate the aesthetics and educational components. Justifying, then, the presence of a perspective influenced by Theater Pedagogy, as a non-explicit presence in the process.

A pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o processo de construção de personagens na produção documentária brasileira contemporânea a partir da noção de autorrepresentação do sujeito filmado, tendo como hipótese inicial a ideia de que o estatuto da personagem no filme se define a partir da tensão entre a performance da pessoa real, seu projeto de atuação e as estratégias enunciativas do autor. Partindo da apresentação de uma proposta de definição da autorrepresentação - que rejeita a premissa de que a encenação deva ser analisada dentro do binômio de verdade e falsificação - a pesquisa se desenvolve tendo como recurso fundamental a análise fílmica imanente. Foram selecionados quatro filmes brasileiros contemporâneos como corpus central de análise: Entreatos (João Moreira Salles, 2004), Juízo (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2007), Serras da Desordem (Andréa Tonacci, 2008) e Jogo de Cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007). As análises fílmicas se organizam a partir dos diferentes níveis de consciência dos sujeitos filmados em relação à própria performance e buscam investigar até que ponto essa consciência implica num maior ou menor nível de autenticidade. Conectando os dois eixos centrais de reflexão - do desempenho e das estratégias enunciativas que o transcendem - se coloca a questão que sintetiza o desafio maior da pesquisa: como avaliar o quão bem representada é uma pessoa? / The present study aims at investigating the character construction process in contemporary Brazilian documentary film production from the notion of self-representation of the filmed subject, sustaining as initial hypothesis the idea that the status of the character in the film is defined by the tension between the performance of the real person, his acting project and the enunciative strategies of the author. Starting with the presentation of a proposed definition of selfrepresentation - which rejects the assumption that acting should be analyzed within the binomial real or fake -, the research develops, relying on immanent film analysis as fundamental resource. We have selected four contemporary Brazilian films as the central analysis corpus: Entreatos (João Moreira Salles, 2004), Juízo (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2007), Serras da Desordem (Andrea Tonacci, 2008) and Jogo de Cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007). Filmic analysis is organized by the different levels of consciousness of the filmed subjects in relationship to their own performance and seeks to investigate to what extent this awareness implies a higher or lower level of authenticity. By connecting the two central axes of reflection - performance and the enunciative strategies that transcend it -, the question that synthesizes the major challenge of the research arises: how to evaluate how well a person is represented?

A presente pesquisa analisa e compara o processo criativo de dois filmes de Andrea Tonacci: Interprete Mais, Pague Mais (1974-1995) e Serras da Desordem (2006), com foco na relação do cineasta com os atores documentados, investigando a questão da encenação, performatividade e teatralidade. No primeiro filme, ao documentar a crise de um grupo de teatro, Tonacci explora a teatralidade inerente à realidade que documenta, resultando em uma presentificação que só existe através de seu registro cinematográfico. No segundo filme, ele encena a vida de um índio com o próprio índio, encontrando na reconstituição da vida do outro uma narrativa essencialmente autobiográfica. A comparação dos dois procedimentos visa ao confronto e a uma possível aproximação entre as diferentes formas de mise en scène/mise en présence no ato de filmar do cineasta, bem como a um entendimento das diferentes formas de encenar/presentificar o real no cinema de ficção e documentário. / This work analizes and compares the creative process of two films by Andrea Tonacci: Play More, Pay More (1974-1995) and Hills of Disorder (2006), focusing on the relationship between the filmmaker and the actors, by exploring the notions of staging, theatricality and performativity. On the first film, while showing the crisis faced by a theater group, Tonacci exposes the teatricality inherent to the reality portrayed, resulting in a presentification that only exists through his cinematic device. On the second film, by enacting the story of a native Brazilian, played by the native himself, he finds on the reconstruction of the life of the other a narrative that is essencially autobiographic. A comparison of the two procedures aims at the confrontation and possible approach of these two forms of mise en scène/mise en présence on the very act of filming, through an understanding of the diferent forms of staging/presenting the real on documentary and fiction films.

A presente tese se apoia no estudo do campo ocupado pelo que se designa como teatro documentário, com a certeza da necessidade de trabalhar com um termo agregador, mas sem a intenção de criar rótulos ou de estabelecer uma tipologia sistemática e ordenadora. À procura de conceitos ricos em conteúdo histórico, defende-se a opção consciente por se documentar, o consequente trabalho com dados não ficcionais e a percepção por parte do espectador da natureza documentária do discurso como os princípios que norteiam as produções que de algum modo são associadas ao documental. Ainda que a existência de um termo, ligado a uma tradição e à determinadas práticas, afaste a generalização tão perniciosa quanto a criação de definições restritivas e simplificadoras, propõe-se que, no campo do teatro documentário, forças opostas coexistam, marcando a presença de vários teatros documentários. Dentre essa diversidade, os processos da Cia. Teatro Documentário foram discutidos como uma forma de corroborar a teoria construída, além de ressaltar como as práticas documentais propostas pelo grupo não dissociam o caráter estético do educacional, numa perspectiva que justifica a presença de um olhar imbuído pelos estudos em pedagogia do teatro, presente de maneira sutil ao longo de todo o trabalho. / This dissertation aims at searching and studying the documentary theater field without listing characteristics in order to identify its labels or creating a systematic typology even if it being necessary a gregarious term. Apart from the definitions, yet searching for historically charged concepts, it is intended to document this project with non-fictional data and the audience perception in terms of the documentary nature of discourse as the principles that govern productions that are associated with the documentary. The existence of terminology, associated with certain traditions and practices, distances the pernicious generalization in regards to the creation of restrictive and simplifying definitions. Nonetheless, we propose that in the field of documentary theater, opposing forces coexist, marking the existence of multiple documentary theaters. Within such diversity, the processes of Cia. Teatro Documentário were discussed as a way to confirm the theory. Also, it was intended to bring to light the idea that the documentary practices proposed by the group do not dissociate the aesthetics and educational components. Justifying, then, the presence of a perspective influenced by Theater Pedagogy, as a non-explicit presence in the process.

This doctoral research project intends to institute the study of the unique and significant Huangmei Opera film genre by pioneering in making a series of documentaries and writing an academic text. The combination of a documentary series and academic writing not only explores the relationship between the distinctive characteristics of the Huangmei Opera film genre and its enduring popularity for its fans, but also advances a film research mode grounded in practitioner research, where the activity of filmmaking and the study of film theory support and reflect on each other. The documentary series, which incorporates three interrelated subjects - Classic Beauty: Le Di, Scenic Writing Director: Li Han Hsiang and Brother Lian: Ling Po - explores the remarkable film careers of each figure while discussing the social and cultural context in which they worked. The section on Le Di introduces the subject of melodrama as a Chinese tradition. The section on Li Han Hsiang discusses Li's film aesthetics and his representation of a utopian Chinese world of the imagination. The final section focuses on the popularity actor Ling Po gained through her roles of male impersonation. All three topics provide an opportunity to rethink our understanding of the social, political and cultural forces that contribute to the genre, and to build an emotional connection between past and present for the viewers. Meanwhile, by interviewing those surviving key figures and assembling materials that have been lost, the documentary series not only fulfils the needs of many fans, but also serves field studies in the area by setting a direction in research and providing a valuable resource for scholars involved in Chinese film and cultural studies. It is both accessible to mainstream audiences and academically warranted. As an adjunct to the documentary series, the written text explores aspects of the same material in more depth through the use of structuralist methodology, and psychoanalytic, auteur and genre theories. The text combines these Western approaches with aspects of Chinese culture, philosophy and aesthetic traditions, proposing links between Chinese aesthetics and Western film theories that contribute new understandings to both Chinese and Western film studies. On the other hand, because these film theories were originally developed to study Western films, the Chinese origins of the Huangmei Opera film genre may challenge existing theoretical paradigms and so provide new interpretations. This doctoral project also includes a complete report of all phases of the documentary production and design process, and a unique, comprehensive filmography of Huangmei Opera films, and as such supplies a research foundation for both documentary filmmakers and academics who are interested in studying the Huangmei Opera film genre further.

本片以”當美好事物即將失去,你將會怎麼辦？”為主題，透過紀錄兩位國中女學生因為學習扯鈴，而能在比賽中得冠、或是能到校外表演，獲得成就感。然而在國中以升學為主的學習環境下，拉扯著她們曾經對扯鈴的美夢，更因此遭逢失去這些成就的危機。 本技術報告主要說明導演採用參與觀察法，進行紀錄片拍攝。在報告中，省思拍攝者與被拍攝者之權力關係。說明導演如何在與被攝者的互動中，改變攝影機的拍攝角度。另外也探討創作者，由職業上的記者身分，如何轉變為紀錄者(導演)，以及思考可能對紀錄觀點的影響。 / The concept of this film argues that how people will we do once wonderful things are falling away? By this documentary film telling two young teenage girls achieve their fulfillment by wining champion of diabolo competition out side of school. However, their dream has been stressed out by overwhelming tests and homework when they are preparing for the College Entrance Exam, and that is a crisis for them to lose this fulfillment. This paper presents the way of director‘s perspective to make this documentary film. It also exams the powership between director and interviewees, presents on various way of camera shooting as their interaction is changing. Meanwhile, it also explores “cross identity change” to deconstruct the idea of film making as director has been changed his role from a reporter to a documentary film maker.

In this new media paradigm, the production, viewing, funding and distribution of documentary films are changing too. Through four case studies and four articles, this thesis explores different aspects of how these changes impact on documentary content as well as the industries that produce, transmit and distribute documentary film, and asks how we are to understand documentary in a multiplatform context.

Appalshop, a multi-media and arts organization in Whitesburg, Kentucky emerged in 1969 at the crossroads of several different developments. It started as a War on Poverty program and its history exhibits the contradictory ideologies that fueled that effort and the political changes that forestalled it. The production company began in the midst of technological advances in media and is an early example of the democratization of technology and the potential of portable video equipment in affecting social change. Most importantly, its genesis is located within the context of a renewed interest in Appalachian history and culture and the related issues of negotiating regional cultural identity in the American national context. This one small organization in Eastern Kentucky provides a window to a wide slice of American history and culture in the midst of profound changes. Throughout the twentieth century the Appalachian region has been repeatedly characterized in mainstream American culture in an overtly negative light. Appalshop played an integral role in countering these characterizations and the stereotypes they generated and reinforced. Technology became more accessible the second half of the twentieth century. As a result, Appalshop was able to challenge these negative perceptions of the region in the national mind by placing cameras, printing capabilities, drama, and visual art in the hands of Appalachians. This allowed them to speak for themselves—first to each other and eventually to the nation. This dissertation focuses on the founding of the Community Film Workshop of Appalachia, the subsequent abandonment of the project by the federal government, the acquisition of control over its artistic output by artists and staff members, and its expansion between 1969 and 1984. It also addresses the significant role Appalshop played in the burgeoning Appalachian social movement context that emerged concurrently with its founding and its related role as a social change organization.