Thesis (M.S.)--University of Guelph, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet.

This study examines the discursive construction of girls' sexuality in the teen magazine, Dolly. It uses Dolly to illustrate the ambiguity surrounding girls' sexuality in the media which render it simultaneously problematic and a source of entertainment. This focus was inspired by recent publicity surrounding teen sexual practices in New Zealand, where various media and governmental debates have rendered teen, and in particular girls' sexuality a 'sex crisis' (The New Zealand Listener: 14-20 May 2005) with which New Zealand is faced. The study uses a multi-modal approach, combining ethnographic research and textual analysis. The former consists of a questionnaire with one hundred and nineteen respondents from two socio-demographically different secondary schools and supports previous research that demonstrates the important role of magazines in the lives of young women. The latter involves an examination of fifteen issues of Dolly and suggests that the identities of the reader, subject and author are discursively constructed through the prevalent discourses in the magazine. The often contradictory discourses upon which this study focuses are confession, victimisation, epidemic, medicine, desire and girl power. The identities constructed are equally contradictory and include a naïve, knowledgeable, deviant or normal but always heterosexually desiring and desirable reader. In general, the study provides an insight into the ambiguity surrounding girls' sexuality in popular culture, and into the potential implications of this on girls' sexual, personal and social development and identity.

The object of this field study was to examine Nilsson's hypothesis (Nilsson, 1965, 1967) of interactive segregation as it might apply to feeding and spatial distribution of Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in allopatric and sympatric populations of the two species in small lakes. Salmo clarki clarki living alone changed their depth distribution throughout the summer season but no diel movement was recorded. The changes in food habits closely corresponded with seasonal change in distribution, and a wide variety of food organisms was eaten. Salvelinus malma living alone underwent considerable diel changes in spatial distribution, with the majority caught at the surface during the evening. Their diet consisted primarily of zooplankton and surface-caught insects. Sympatric Salmo clarki clarki and Salvelinus malma were spatially segregated throughout the summer. Cutthroat trout occurred mostly near the surface and in littoral areas and fed in these areas. In contrast, Dolly Varden were mostly benthic in distribution and fed primarily on bottom organisms. By comparing food habits and distribution in allopatric and sympatric situations it was inferred that food competition contributes to the segregation of the species in sympatry. Seasonal differences in food and spatial segregation occur suggesting interactive segregation is a temporary phenomenon. In general, the data support Nilsson's hypothesis of interactive segregation. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution." Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-76).

The object of this study was to investigate character displacement (Brown and Wilson, 1956) and reduction of phenotypic variability with reduction in niche width (Van Valen, 1965). Dolly Varden from one sympatric (Loon Lake) and two allopatric (Dickson and Foley Lake) populations were compared. Field studies showed that the niche width of sympatric Dolly Varden was less than that of allopatric Dolly Varden owing to food and spatial segregation, confirming results of an earlier study (Andrusak and Northcote, 1971). Character displacement was evident in pyloric caeca numbers and in certain behavioural responses (spatial distribution and feeding) observed in the laboratory. These were accompanied by reduced variability, also apparent in length distributions within year classes, in the sympatric population compared with an allopatric population (Dickson Lake). However, character displacement and reduced variability could not be demonstrated for most morphometric characters, presumably because of the complexity of growth processes involved. Effects of overlapping adjacent year classes and of continuous growth of fish body parts (in contrast to comparable studies with birds) obscured interpretation of such characteristics. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Differences in food habits and spatial distribution of sympatric Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) in a small coastal lake were documented by Andrusak (MS 1968). Segregation was inferred to be of the interactive type hypothesized by Nilsson (1965, 1967). The object of this study was to describe feeding behavior of individuals from these sympatric populations, and to evaluate the importance of food exploitation to the segregation process. Individual and paired fish were studied in the laboratory throughout the spring, summer and autumn. The different food habits were found to be due to a number of basic behavioral and morphological differences between the species. Dolly Varden oriented to and rested on the bottom. Cutthroat rested in the water column and were frequently surface oriented. Searching behavior differed between the species. Dolly Varden swam faster and at relatively constant rates. They sampled "mouthfuls" of substrate as they searched. Trout alternately hovered and cruised, sampling specific items. At low light intensities they were much less successful than the char at finding benthic food items. The mouth of the Dolly Varden is small and "scoop-like" compared to that of the cutthroat, and seems particularly well adapted for benthic feeding. Dolly Varden searched persistently for benthic organisms in the absence and presence of surface insects. Cutthroat rapidly switched from bottom to surface feeding if insects were presented there. The observed differences between species were fully expressed in isolated individuals. There was no evidence of the differences being magnified through interspecific competition. These differences, believed to be inherent, were considered sufficient to keep the species segregated without the involvement of competition. Segregation was concluded not to be of the interactive, type, even though the populations still retained considerable plasticity enabling them to switch diets or habitats when necessary or advantageous. The period of intense competition and food exploitation was considered to have occurred and ended during earlier stages of the coexistence. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Arbetet består av en analys av boken Hey Dolly av Amanda Svensson med fokus på genusidentiteter och hur Dolly representerar den nya kvinnan. Hey Dolly innehållertraditionella kvinno- och mansroller men personerna i boken bryter också mot de traditionellagenusidentiteterna.Den nya sortens kvinna som Dolly representerar är en person som pendlar mellan rollerna och utmanar. Hon kämpar med sin genusidentitet och öppnar slutligen upp för alla att befinna sig i en gråzon. Resultatet blir en ny genusidentitet där en man kan vara mjuk och manlig och enkvinna kan vara hård men kvinnlig. Dolly tänker inte välja och tycker inte att andra ska behöva välja heller.

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An analysis of the systematics, zoogeography and evolution of the Dolly Varden char species complex in British Columbia is presented. These features of this species complex and the morphometric statistical procedures used in these analyses have both long been the subjects of strong debate and also have recently seen much renewed interest and work. This thesis assesses both these areas and is divided into those two parts. The first section deals with these three biological topics, and the second section contains a synthesis and exploratory data assessment of the commonly used morphometric techniques and provides some new methodology for understanding their requirements and interpreting their results. PART I 1. The systematics of the Dolly Varden char species complex is examined by using principal component analysis (PCA) to designate typological species groupings and then employing linear discriminant function analysis on a reduced set of significant characters to classify the remaining specimens. This typological distinction is verified with distributional information that reveals no interbreeding of the species in areas of parapatry and sympatry, and with preliminary information regarding intra- and inter- specific crosses, spawning colouration, skull osteology, cytology and embryology. This data is also suggestive of competitive exclusion and character displacement. All these results indicate that the Dolly Varden char species complex in B.C. is composed of two species, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). 2. The zoogeography of these two species is analyzed using canonical trend surface analysis (CTS). CTS can potentially separate confounding non-geographic morphometric information from the data and thus could allow historical zoogeograpbic patterns to be inferred from that data which corresponds to geography. Such a reconstruction reveals the possible glacial refuge origins and post-glacial recolonization patterns of these two species for each of the major river drainages in B.C.. 3. The evolution of these two species is assessed through the implementation of PCA to fit the cross-sectional morphometric data to an ontogenetic model. The resultant PCA size and shape vectors effectively portray allometric trends which indicate that Dolly Varden could have evolved from bull trout through neotenic paedomorphosis. This result is supported with data on growth rates and developmental homeostasis. PART II 4. A synthesis of the available but widely scattered and disparate information on the data and statistical requirements for morphometric statistics reveals the analytical problems that can result from not approximating underlying test assumptions. These assumptions are important, but are not appreciated or often assessed. Simple recommendations and rarely used tests for dealing with these requirements are provided. 5. The effectiveness and compatability of four bivariate morphometric techniques (ratios, log₁₀ ratios, allometric regression, regression residuals) are assessed. All methods provide similar but ineffective individual ordination and group separation. Their effects on characters differ greatly and are often unrealistic. None of these methods effectively removes all the confounding allometric size information, but allometric regression will usually be the best bivariate procedure. 6. A similar assessment of four multivariate morphometric procedures (covariance matrix PCA, correlation matrix PCA, shear matrix PCA, size-constrained matrix PCA) is undertaken. Size-constrained PCA results in non-orthogonal vectors that also do not represent the traditional multivariate morphometric size and shape vectors. As well, the character and individual information it provides is unrealistic. The other three techniques result in similar and effective individual ordination, group separation and removal of confounding allometric size information. PCA on a covariance matrix is likely the best multivariate method since it provides the most realistic size adjustment and character information. 7. PCA is often carried out on data which has been previously adjusted through bivariate procedures. An examination of this method demonstrates that it results in no benefits since the multivariate morphometric size and shape vectors are lost, and the data variation is no longer synthesized into only two or three resultant significant vectors. 8. PCA is also performed on mixed character data sets (continuous and discontinuous data). An assessment of this procedure shows that it provides improved group separation, but the representation of characters, individuals and multivariate morphometric size and shape relationships is confounded and unrealistic. There also is a slight reduction in data synthesis. 9. A methodology for back-transforming PCA output into the original and more intuitively comprehensible data scale, format and dimensions is given. This back-transformation also verifies the traditional belief that the first resultant PCA morphometric vector is size and that the second is shape. Separate unconfounded matrices for size and shape information in which only the significant data variation is accounted for can thus be independently back transformed. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate