Magister Legum - LLM

Disertacijoje siekiama pasiremiant tiek Rytų Europos (tame tarpe Lietuvos), tiek Vakarų Europos ir kitų valstybių baudžiamosios teisės pasiekimais, taip pat Lietuvos bei užsienio teismų praktikos analize atskleisti Lietuvos baudžiamojoje teisėje dar beveik nenagrinėtą kaltės sampratos problematiką, išanalizuoti tyčinės kaltės struktūrą ir atskirų jos elementų turinį. Disertacijos tiriamąją dalį sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje nagrinėjamos baudžiamosios teisės teorijoje žinomos kaltės teorijos ir prieinama išvados, kad geriausiai baudžiamosios teisės poreikius ir galiojančio baudžiamojo įstatymo nuostatas atitinka ne dabar Lietuvoje vyraujančios psichologinės kaltės teorijos, bet Vakarų Europoje dominuojanti norminė kaltės teorija. Antrojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas tyčinės kaltės intelektinis momentas: apibrėžiamas aplinkybių, kurias turi suvokti tyčia nusikalstantis kaltininkas ratas, gilinamasi į šių aplinkybių suvokimo bei numatymo ypatumus esant skirtingoms tyčios rūšims ar skirtingoms kaltės formoms ir šių ypatumų nustatymo teismų praktikoje problemas. Trečioji dalis skirta tyčinės kaltės valinio momento analizei. Atsižvelgiant į psichologinę valios sampratą bei įvertinus baudžiamosios teisės teorijoje egzistuojančias netiesioginės tyčios valinio momento aiškinimo teorija, daroma išvada, kad valinis momentas netiesioginėje tyčioje yra perteklinė kategorija. Netiesioginę tyčią nuo nusikalstamo pasitikėjimo galima atriboti vien intelektinio momento pagalba. Kita vertus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This research examines the problems of dolus in the criminal law. The Latin notion dolus includes not only what common law would call intention and knowledge, but also some cases of recklessness (so called dolus eventualis). Dissertation aims on the basis of achievements of the criminal law of Eastern, Western European and other countries comprehensively analyze the structure of dolus and its particular elements; to identify essential theoretical questions, as well as typical practical problems and to provide suggestions for the solutions of these questions and problems. The research part of the thesis consists of three parts dedicated, respectively, to problems of culpability, of the intellectual part of dolus and the volitional-dispositional part of dolus. The first part analyzes three theories of culpability: pure psychological, social – psychological and normative. It is concluded that normative theory of culpability has no significant faults, common to other theories of culpability, and it complies with provisions of the Penal Code. The second part of the research is dedicated to the analysis of the intellectual part of dolus - perpetrator’s perception of crime social wrongfulness and foresight of prohibited consequences. It reveals the scope and content of perpetrator’s perception and degree of foresight of prohibited consequences in dolus as well. In the third part of the research volitional parts of dolus directus and dolus eventualis are analyzed. It is concluded... [to full text]

An accused cannot be held criminally liable by a court until he is considered to be culpable, a process which entails establishing criminal capacity and intention (dolus) or negligence (culpa). Determining a perpetrator’s necessary intent in the form of dolus eventualis has proved to be a predicament in South African jurisprudence. This type of intent occurs when a person does not aim to cause the unlawful act, however, he subjectively foresees the likelihood that in pursuing with his conduct, the unlawful result will possibly happen, and he reconciles himself to this possibility. The problem with this form of intention, especially where the death of another is caused recklessly, is, amongst others, reservations as to whether the perpetrator’s foresight was of a real, reasonable or a remote possibility. This research examines the imperatives and rationale for preceding and current interpretations and applications of dolus eventualis and associate concepts in South African as well as in selected foreign legal frameworks in order to provide a comprehensive perspective on the subject. In this regard, the study challenges conflicting judgments on the application of dolus eventualis in domestic courts, especially as regards homicide- and putative private defence cases, amongst others. It is evidenced that in case law concerning dolus eventualis, legal rules were not properly articulated when determining this type of criminal intent. In this investigation, the legislative framework applicable to dolus eventualis under international law is also critically evaluated with the aim of facilitating the comprehension of this element in South African law. As the concept of dolus eventualis is an indispensable concept in South African criminal law, recommendations are proposed on the application and interpretation of dolus eventualis suitable to the South African landscape, which includes possible law reform. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal and Procedural Law)