Information systems and their services (referred to as cyberspace) are ubiquitous and touch all aspects of our life. With the exponential growth in cyberspace activities, the number and complexity of cyber-attacks have increased significantly due to an increase in the number of applications with vulnerabilities and the number of attackers. Consequently, it becomes extremely critical to develop efficient network Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) that can mitigate and protect cyberspace resources and services against cyber-attacks. On the other hand, since each network system and application has its own specification as defined in its protocol, it is hard to develop a single IDS which works properly for all network protocols. The keener approach is to design customized detection engines for each protocol and then aggregate the reports from these engines to define the final security state of the system. In this dissertation, we developed a general methodology based on data mining, statistical analysis and protocol semantics to perform anomaly behavior analysis and detection for network-centric systems and their protocols. In our approach, we develop runtime models of protocol's state transitions during a time interval ΔΤ. We consider any n consecutive messages in a session during the time interval ΔΤ as an n-transition pattern called n-gram. By applying statistical analysis over these n-gram patterns we can accurately model the normal behavior of any protocol. Then we use the amount of the deviation from this normal model to quantify the anomaly score of the protocol activities. If this anomaly score is higher than a well-defined threshold the system marks that activity as a malicious activity. To validate our methodology, we have applied it to two different protocols: DNS (Domain Name System) at the application layer and the IEEE 802.11(WiFi) at the data link layer, where we have achieved good detection results (>95%) with low detection errors (<0.1%).

Legal protection of domains in relation to the right of indication The aim of this master thesis is to provide information about the relation between domain names and law, with particular attention paid to rights of indication. The reader will become acquainted with the classification of domain names within the Czech legal system, their possible conflicts with different rights, and procedures which can be used for their protection. The thesis reflects changes caused by the new conception of private law and recent judicial decisions, mainly regarding alternative dispute resolutions. In order to understand this issue, it is also necessary to be familiar with the technical aspects of domain names and the Internet, and therefore this subtopic is included in the thesis as well. The thesis consists of four topical parts. The first one, which is made up of the second and the third chapter, deals with the functioning of the Internet and IP addresses, the registration process of domain names, and their composition, management and main functions. It is followed by the second part, which is represented by the fourth chapter, evaluating the position of domain names in the legal system of the Czech Republic, especially in terms of the question whether domain names are the subject of ownership or not. In this...

Legal protection of domain names The main purpose of this thesis is to provide complex information about the topic of domain names. In the last fifteen years, domain names have become a very valuable estate, that can generate millions of dollars. The value of domain names have been a cause of various exploitations, namely speculative domain registrations of attractive domain names. These registrations are infringing third person rights, mostly trademark rights. The issue at hand with domain names seems to be the registration process. The first come, first serve principle that is associated with domain name registration can be a cause of various legal infringements. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first three chapters are an introduction into the world of domain names, providing necessary information about what domain names are, what is their definition and how they are categorised. The subject of the fourth chapter are the main organisations that have the most influence on domain names, where historical context and a summary of their functions are provided. The next chapter describes the legal nature of domain names, whether a domain name can be viewed as a property right or a contract right. Further the chapter analyzes relations between domain names and other legal institutions,...

This thesis is dealing with the thought of running a bussines on the internet. In connection with this there are introduced posibilities in what way is possible to run an e-commerce. Then there is mentioned description of one functional e-shop, which was created within the scope of this thesis. Also there is outlined easy leaving of this business segment - but only for this concreete case.

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Att en hemsida tar extra lång tid att ladda är inte ovanligt och kan bero på att trafiken från en klient tar en helt annan väg till hemsidans server än den som är geografiskt närmast. Orsaken bakom problemet är att DNS-förfrågningarna färdas onödigt långa sträckor. NetNod är ett företag som tillhandahåller dessa internettjänster, bland annat rotservrar runt om i världen. De vill ta reda på varför trafik från olika klienter inte alltid går den geografiskt närmaste vägen till deras anycastnoder Problemställningen för examensarbetet är att analysera varifrån trafik till företagets anycastnod i Miami kommer. Realiseringen av detta gjordes genom att utveckla en programkod som markerade geografisk placering av olika klienter utifrån deras IP-adress. Förinspelade trafikdata från NetNod analyserades. Detta gjordes för att visa på vilka problem som observeras i peering och anycastrouting mellan internetprotokoll. Resultatet redovisades med en karta med markeringar av de IP-adresser där deras trafik analyserades för att se hur det transporterades till anycastnoden. Utifrån detta har resultatet visat på vilka avvikelser och mönster som uppstått inom BGP-routing när trafiken färdas till anycastnoden. De avvikelser som hittats är hur olika routingregler manipulerat trafikens transport till anycastnoden och gör att trafiken från klienterna inte tar den geografiskt närmaste vägen till anycastnoden. / The fact that a website takes an unusually long time to load is not uncommon. This can be due to a client taking a different path to the websites server than one that is geographically closer. One reason behind this problem is that DNS-queries travel unnecessarily long distances. NetNod is a company that provides internet services and maintains one of the few root-servers around the world. The company wants to know why traffic from different clients do not always go via the geographically closest route to anycast nodes. The objective of the thesis is to analyze where traffic to NetNods anycast node in Miami geographically originates from. In order to do this, a computer program was developed in which plots the geographical location of different clients from their IP-address. Pre-recorded data from the company was used as a data source for the program. This was done to show different challenges in peering and anycast routing between internet protocols. The result is presented via a map with plots of where the IP-addresses are geographically coming from to the anycast node in Miami, it was generated by the developed program. The generated map showed anomalies and patterns of how the traffic is transported in large junctions as well as how routing rules are applied, this is one reason to why the traffic does not always go the geographically closest route.

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The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.

Les noms de domaine sont des objets polymorphes, à la fois techniques et sémantiques. La question de leur régulation, avec l’essor du Domain Name System, est rapidement devenue un défi de taille pour le législateur. Face à une certaine défaillance du droit étatique s’est développé un véritable corpus supplétif de source privée. C’est notamment le cas des procédures extrajudiciaires de résolution des conflits mises en places par l’ICANN. Ces différents mécanismes de nature transnationale forment un ensemble cohérent, en constante évolution, que l’on peut qualifier de véritable lex domainia. Ce concept implique cependant une vision nécessairement pluraliste du droit - où cohabitent systèmes publics, privés et hybrides -, qui invite le juriste à repenser la théorie des sources. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de la nature et de l’articulation de ces différentes sphères normatives. Celles-ci ne doivent pas être considérées comme des espaces clos et hermétiques ; il existe entre eux des perméabilités qui dessinent un dispositif de régulation transnational aux sources plurielles. Il s’agit, selon l’auteur, d’une parfaite illustration de la théorie du réseau. / Domain names are polymorphic objects, whose nature is both technical and semantic. The question of their regulation has quickly become, with the rapid growth of the Domain Name System, a major challenge for the lawmaker. A certain default of state law favored the development of what one might call a private supplementary corpus. This is notably the case for extrajudicial domain name dispute resolution mechanisms promoted by the ICANN. These various transnational mechanisms form a coherent whole, in constant evolution, which can be described as a real lex domainia. This concept, however, necessarily implies a pluralistic conception of law - where public, private and hybrid systems cohabit -, which invites legal theorists to rethink the sources theory. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the nature and the articulation of these various normative spheres. These should not be regarded as closed and hermetic spaces ; permeabilities exist between them, that draw a transnational regulation pattern with plural sources. This is, according to the author, a perfect illustration of the mesh theory.