In a honey bee colony, the queen uses queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) to induce young worker bees to feed and groom her. Among its many behavioural and physiological effects, QMP reduces dopamine levels in the brains of young worker bees. Dopamine is a biogenic monoamine involved in numerous functions including motor control and aversive learning. This study investigates the effects of QMP on motor activities and aversive learning behaviour and the potential link between QMP and dopamine levels in the brain of young bees. In young bees under the age of 15-days, QMP dramatically reduced locomotor activity and inhibited aversive learning behaviour. Interestingly in older bees these behaviours were not affected by pheromone. Treating young bees with the dopamine precursor, L-dopa (3.25 [mu]g/mI), partially rescued the levels of locomotor activity in QMP-treated bees, and reduced QMP�s effects on aversive learning. This suggests that blocking effects of QMP on both locomotor activity and aversive learning result at least in part from QMP-induced changes in brain dopamine levels. Two components of the QMP blend, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol (HVA) and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HOB) were examined more closely. Both HVA and HOB are structurally similar to dopamine. HVA was found to mimic the effects of the full QMP blend on aversive learning. Treating bees with HVA reduced aversive learning in young bees. In contrast, treatment with HOB did not affect learning ability. This strongly suggests that HVA is one of the key components that mediates the actions of QMP on aversive learning. The final section of this thesis investigates why it might be advantageous to honey bee queens to block aversive learning and reduce locomotor activity in young worker bees. The study reveals age-related differences in behaviours that individual worker bees display towards QMP. Young bees reared with QMP or collected from a queenright hive showed attraction to QMP. Conversely, older bees displayed avoidance behaviour towards QMP. By blocking the establishment of aversive memories, young bees may be prevented from forming an association between QMP and any unpleasant side effects induced by this pheromone. This may confer significant benefit to the queen by increasing the likelihood of young workers remaining in her attendance.

The two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that the development of the illness involves an early neurodevelopmental stress component which increases vulnerability to later stressful life events, in combination leading to overt disease. This thesis describes a two-hit animal model, comprising of an early first hit in the form of 24 hours maternal deprivation on postnatal day 9, and a late second hit simulated by 2 weeks of corticosterone administration from 8 to 10 weeks of age in rats. The project included behavioural studies on prepulse inhibition (PPI) regulation, locomotor activity, and learning and memory, and neurochemical and molecular studies on dopaminergic parameters, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. / In the two-hit animals, there was little effect on baseline PPI or locomotor activity. However, the effect of acute treatment with the dopaminergic stimulants, apomorphine, amphetamine and quinpirole, was markedly diminished. There were differential effects of either maternal deprivation or corticosterone administration on the action of these drugs. However, there was no change in any of the groups in the effect of the serotonin-1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, on PPI, or the effect of amphetamine and phencyclidine on locomotor activity. (For complete abstract open document)

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacy)) - Rhodes University, 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-171). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Basic Sciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, February 2010.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Treatment with antipsychotic drugs may cause tardive dyskinesia in humans and orofacial dyskinesia in rodents. Although the dopaminergic system in basal ganglia has been implicated in these movement disorders, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, the identification of high density of CB1 cannabinoid receptors within the basal ganglia has suggested a potential role for endocannabinoids in the control of basal ganglia-related movement disorders. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether CB1 receptors are involved in haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats. Adult male rats were treated with haloperidol decanoate (38 mg/kg, i.m., single administration). After 24 days, the animals were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for insertion of cannulas on right ventricle. After recovery, the effect of anandamide (6 nmol, i.c.v.) and/or the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (30 μg, i.c.v.) on haloperidol-induced VCMs was assessed. Anandamide reversed haloperidol-induced VCMs. SR141716A (30 μg, i.c.v.) did not alter haloperidol-induced VCM per se, but prevented the effect of anandamide on VCM in rats. In conclusion, our results show that activation of CB1 receptor may prevent haloperidol-induced VCMs in rats, implicating cannabinoid signaling via CB1 receptor in orofacial dyskinesia. / O tratamento com antipsicóticos pode causar discinesia tardia em humanos e discinesia orofacial em roedores. Embora a via dopaminérgica nigroestriatal tem sido implicada nestas alterações motoras, seus mecanismos continuam não completamente esclarecidos. Recentemente, a identificação da alta densidade de receptores canabinóides (CB1) nos gânglios da base tem sugerido que os canabinoides possuem um papel importante no controle das desordens de movimento. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se os receptores CB1 estão envolvidos na discinesia orofacial induzida por haloperidol em ratos. Ratos machos adultos receberam decanoato de haloperidol (38 mg/kg, i.m., administração única). Após 24 dias os mesmos foram submetidos a cirurgia estereotáxica para a implantação de cânula no ventrículo direito. Após um período de recuperação, o efeito da anandamida (agonista canabinóide) (6 nmol, i.c.v.) e/ou do antagonista do receptor CB1, SR141716A (30 μg, i.c.v.), sobre os MMVs foi analisado. A anandamida reverteu os MMVs induzidos por haloperidol. O SR141716A (30 μg, i.c.v.) per se não alterou os MMVs induzidos por haloperidol, mas preveniu o efeito da anandamida sobre os MMVs em ratos. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que a ativação dos receptores CB1 pode prevenir os MMVs induzidos por haloperidol em ratos, sugerindo a participação da sinalização canabinóide via receptor CB1 na discinesia orofacial.

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons play a key role in a wide range of behaviours, from motor control, motivation, reward and reinforcement learning. Disorders of midbrain dopaminergic signaling is involved in a variety of nervous system disorders including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and drug addiction. Understanding the basis of how dopaminergic neuronal activity in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) governs movements, requires a deep appreciation of how afferent inputs of various neurotransmitter systems create a neuronal circuit that precisely modulates DA neuronal excitability. Two brainstem cholinergic neuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), have major cholinergic projections to the SNc, despite the fact that the precise mechanisms of cholinergic modulation of DA neuronal activity mediated by nAChRs remain unclear. To dissect out the modulatory roles of the cholinergic system in regulating DAergic neuronal activity in the SNc and locomotion, we employed optogenetics along with electrophysiological and behavioural approaches. My results from whole-cell recordings from lateral and medial SNc DA neurons revealed that lateral DA neurons received predominantly excitatory nAChR mediated cholinergic neurotransmission (monosynaptic nicotinic or disynaptic glutamatergic responses) resulting in greater excitability of DA neurons both at 5 and 15 Hz blue LED light stimulation of cholinergic terminals. However, medial SNc DA neurons received predominantly biphasic current responses that were both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory nAChR mediated cholinergic neurotransmission. This led to a net inhibition of action potential firing of DA neurons at 5 Hz blue LED light stimulation of cholinergic terminals, while at 15 Hz stimulation there was an initial inhibition followed by a significant increase of the baseline action potential firing frequency. Furthermore, in vivo optogenetic experiments showed that activation of the cholinergic system in the medial SNc resulted in decreased locomotion, while for the lateral SNc led to increased locomotion. Together our findings provide new insights into the role of the cholinergic system in modulating DA neurons in the SNc. The cholinergic inputs to different subregions of the SNc may regulate the excitability of the DA neurons differentially within a tight range from excitation to inhibition which may translate into different kinds of locomotor behaviour. / Graduate

No description available.

Dopamine mechanisms in the central nervous system are important in the control of both normal and abnormal motor function. The recent observations in both animal and human studies, that melatonin, the principal hormone of the pineal gland, may have a role in the control of movement and the pathophysiology of movement disorders, have given rise to the concept that melatonin may have a modulatory influence on central dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study makes use of three animal behavioural models as well as a biochemical model of central dopaminergic function to further investigate the concept. Results from studies using the biochemical model, which investigated the effect of melatonin on dopamine and apomorphine stimulation of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cylase, suggest that melatonin is neither a competitive antagonist nor agonist at the D₁ receptor level, although the possibility of physiological stimulation or antagonism is not excluded. In behavioural studies, prior melatonin mg/kg administration (1 and 10 (8M) ip) inhibited apomorphine induced stereotypy and locomotor activity in normal rats, and apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour in 6-hydroxydopamine and quinolinic acid lesioned rats. The possibility that these results may have physiological significance is borne out by the observation that, under enviromental lighting conditions that are associated with raised endogeous melatonin levels, apomorphine- induced stereotypy and locomotor activity is attenuated. The general conclusion is that melatonin has an inhibitory influence on central nervous system dopaminergic function, suggesting therefore, that the pineal gland and melatonin may have a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of movement and behavioural disorders associated with dopaminergic dysfunction