<p>Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), is a popular medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa. In 2000, a company called Phyto Nova (Pty) Ltd. initiated large-scale cultivation and contract manufacturing of tablets, made from the powdered herb (i.e. thin stems and leaves). Most of these commercial Sutherlandia solid dosage forms are made from the dried leaf powder but recently a new product, viz. Promune&trade / capsules, made from a freeze-dried aqueous extract, came on the market and was claimed to be &ldquo / better&rdquo / as it mimics the traditional tea. However, the pharmaceutical quality and stability of these preparations have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were firstly, to develop a validated stability-indicating HPLC assay for sutherlandioside B (SU-B) / secondly, to compare the SU-B levels in the two commercially available Sutherlandia products viz, the Phyto Nova Sutherlandia SU1&trade / tablet and the Promune&trade / capsule, and, thirdly, to determine the effect of elevated temperature and humidity as well as acid hydrolysis on the SU-B levels in these two products.</p>

<p>Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), is a popular medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa. In 2000, a company called Phyto Nova (Pty) Ltd. initiated large-scale cultivation and contract manufacturing of tablets, made from the powdered herb (i.e. thin stems and leaves). Most of these commercial Sutherlandia solid dosage forms are made from the dried leaf powder but recently a new product, viz. Promune&trade / capsules, made from a freeze-dried aqueous extract, came on the market and was claimed to be &ldquo / better&rdquo / as it mimics the traditional tea. However, the pharmaceutical quality and stability of these preparations have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were firstly, to develop a validated stability-indicating HPLC assay for sutherlandioside B (SU-B) / secondly, to compare the SU-B levels in the two commercially available Sutherlandia products viz, the Phyto Nova Sutherlandia SU1&trade / tablet and the Promune&trade / capsule, and, thirdly, to determine the effect of elevated temperature and humidity as well as acid hydrolysis on the SU-B levels in these two products.</p>

Lors de cette dernière décennie, le développement de formes pharmaceutiques innovantes permettant d'améliorer l'efficacité, la sécurité et l'acceptabilité des médicaments pédiatriques est en pleine croissance. Les films orodispersibles (ODF) appartiennent à ces nouvelles formes galéniques améliorant la compliance des patients. Ils sont constitués d'une matrice de polymère hydrophile dans laquelle un ou des principe(s) actif(s) (PA) sont dissous ou dispersés. Après dépôt de l'ODF sur la langue ou dans la cavité buccale, la matrice se désagrège libérant le PA pour une action locale ou systémique. Dans cette étude, la mise au point d'ODF, par la méthode de coulée/évaporation de solvant a été explorée afin d'administrer un PA d'intérêt en pédiatrie, la tétrabénazine (TBZ). Les caractérisations physicochimiques et biopharmaceutiques des ODF ont mis en évidence une augmentation de la vitesse et du taux de dissolution de la TBZ induit par son état amorphe. Le système constitué d'un support polymère et d'un PA sous forme amorphe peut être assimilé aux dispersions solides amorphes (SD). Les études réalisées démontrent l'importance de la nature du polymère utilisé pour maintenir les propriétés initiales du système dans le temps. La formation de liaisons hydrogène entre la PA étudié et le polymère est un facteur essentiel pour assurer la stabilité des SD. De plus, l'incorporation de cyclodextrines (CD) prolonge l'état amorphe du PA en générant des liaisons hydrogène avec la TBZ et en l'entourant d'une barrière chimique. Cette association favorise la libération du PA par effet synergique améliorant la biodisponibilité. Cette forme innovante représente un intérêt majeur dans l'amélioration de l'observance dans le cadre d'un traitement pédiatrique / During the last decade, various strategies to develop innovating oral dosage forms for pediatric population were investigated in order to improve treatment efficiency, safety and acceptability. Among these new delivery systems, orodispersible films (ODF) present a great potential to enhance patient compliance. In ODF, drug is dissolved or dispersed in a hydrophilic film-forming polymer. Once the ODF is in the mouth, polymeric matrix disintegrates releasing the drug for local or systemic action. In this study, ODF, produced with the solvent casting/evaporation method, were developed to administer a drug of interest for pediatric population, the tetrabetazine (TBZ). Physicochemical and biopharmaceutic characterizations showed that ODF allowed a major improvement of TBZ dissolution profile in simulated saliva, mainly due to the amorphous state of the drug in ODF. ODF were identified as amorphous solid dispersion (SD) composed of both amorphous TBZ and polymer matrix. We demonstrated that the choice of the polymer plays an important role to maintain initial properties of the system and amorphous state stability over the time. H-bonding formation between TBZ and polymer is essential to assure the preservation of TBZ amorphous state. Moreover, the incorporation of cyclodextrins (CD), by generating H-bonding with TBZ, has extended its stability. By synergic effect, this association produces an improvement of drug release leading to promote bioavailability. As they are easy to swallow and allow enhancing treatment efficiency, ODF appear as suitable delivery forms for pediatric patients

Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach that has been recommended as suitable for the development of quality pharmaceutical products. The QbD approach commences with the definition of a quality target drug profile and predetermined objectives that are then used to direct the formulation development process with an emphasis on understanding the pharmaceutical science and manufacturing principles that apply to a product. The design space is directly linked to the use of QbD for formulation development and is a multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide an assurance of quality. The objective of these studies was to apply the principles of QbD as a framework for the optimisation of a sustained release (SR) formulation of salbutamol sulphate (SBS), and for the establishment of a design space using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). SBS is a short-acting ♭₂ agonist that is used for the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The use of a SR formulation of SBS may provide clinical benefits in the management of these respiratory disorders. Ashtalin®8 ER (Cipla Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) was selected as a reference formulation for use in these studies. An Ishikawa or Cause and Effect diagram was used to determine the impact of formulation and process factors that have the potential to affect product quality. Key areas of concern that must be monitored include the raw materials, the manufacturing equipment and processes, and the analytical and assessment methods employed. The conditions in the laboratory and manufacturing processes were carefully monitored and recorded for any deviation from protocol, and equipment for assessment of dosage form performance, including dissolution equipment, balances and hardness testers, underwent regular maintenance. Preliminary studies to assess the potential utility of Methocel® Kl OOM, alone and in combination with other matrix forming polymers, revealed that the combination of this polymer with xanthan gum and Carbopol® has the potential to modulate the release of SBS at a specific rate, for a period of 12 hr. A central composite design using Methocel® KlOOM, xanthan gum, Carbopol® 974P and Surelease® as the granulating fluid was constructed to fully evaluate the impact of these formulation variables on the rate and extent of SBS release from manufactured formulations. The results revealed that although Methocel® KlOOM and xanthan gum had the greatest retardant effect on drug release, interactions between the polymers used in the study were also important determinants of the measureable responses. An ANN model was trained for optimisation using the data generated from a central composite study. The efficiency of the network was optimised by assessing the impact of the number of nodes in the hidden layer using a three layer Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). The results revealed that a network with nine nodes in the hidden layer had the best predictive ability, suitable for application to formulation optimisation studies. Pharmaceutical optimisation was conducted using both the RSM and the trained ANN models. The results from the two optimisation procedures yielded two different formulation compositions that were subjected to in vitro dissolution testing using USP Apparatus 3. The results revealed that, although the formulation compositions that were derived from the optimisation procedures were different, both solutions gave reproducible results for which the dissolution profiles were indeed similar to that of the reference formulation. RSM and ANN were further investigated as possible means of establishing a design space for formulation compositions that would result in dosage forms that have similar in vitro release test profiles comparable to the reference product. Constraint plots were used to determine the bounds of the formulation variables that would result in the manufacture of dosage forms with the desired release profile. ANN simulations with hypothetical formulations that were generated within a small region of the experimental domain were investigated as a means of understanding the impact of varying the composition of the formulation on resultant dissolution profiles. Although both methods were suitable for the establishment of a design space, the use of ANN may be better suited for this purpose because of the manner in which ANN handles data. As more information about the behaviour of a formulation and its processes is generated during the product Iifecycle, ANN may be used to evaluate the impact of formulation and process variables on measureable responses. It is recommended that ANN may be suitable for the optimisation of pharmaceutical formulations and establishment of a design space in line with ICH Pharmaceutical Development [1], Quality Risk Management [2] and Pharmaceutical Quality Systems [3]

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm

L’étude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du Compritol® (béhénate de glycérol) et du Précirol® (palmito-stéarate de glycérol) a été effectuée. Les méthodes d’évaluation consistaient en la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, la microscopie sur platine chauffante et la rhéologie dans un rhéomètre capillaire à pression variable. Cette étude a montré une évolution de la structure cristalline de ces deux corps gras en fonction du temps et de la température de stockage. En effet, ces composés, après fusion et refroidissement, « recristallisent » sous une structure partiellement amorphe, qui évolue avec le temps en structure cristalline. Il est également ressorti de cette évaluation que ces deux excipients lipidiques présentent des plages de fusion bien distinctes. Cette caractéristique est conservée lorsqu’ils sont en mélanges binaires. Enfin, ces corps gras se déforment sous l’action de fortes forces de cisaillement à des températures inférieures à leurs plages de fusion. <p>L’utilisation du Compritol® et du Précirol® comme corps gras lipophiles pour former des microbilles à libération prolongée a alors été envisagée. Nous avons procédé moyennant une technique de fabrication simple et rapide appelée « la pelletisation thermoplastique ». Il s’agit d’un procédé en une étape qui met à profit le pouvoir liant des corps gras facilement fusibles et se passe ainsi de l’usage de l’eau ou de solvants organiques. L’appareillage utilisé est de type mélangeur granulateur à haute vitesse. <p>Nous nous sommes basés sur les renseignements fournis par l’étude de préformulation afin d’optimaliser les conditions de fabrication des microbilles. Le contrôle de la température du mélange est très important pour la réussite du procédé de pelletisation thermoplastique. La vitesse du bras du mélangeur, la température de la double paroi et le temps de sphéronisation constituent les paramètres clés pour réussir la pelletisation du mélange. Nous avons mis au point des formulations contenant 15% (m/m) de Précirol® et une quantité croissante de Compritol® variant de 3 à 65 % (m/m). La libération du chlorhydrate de phényléphrine, employé comme agent traceur, a déjà été ralentie pour les formulations contenant 25 % (m/m) de corps gras. Face à ces résultats encourageants, nous avons mis au point des formulations contenant 75 % (m/m) de différents principes actifs (chlorhydrate de ciprofloxacine, théophylline et kétoprofène) et 25 % (m/m) de corps gras. Ces formulations ont abouti à la fabrication de microbilles à libération prolongée. Une étude de stabilité menée sur certaines des formes finies a montré la stabilité des microbilles lipidiques pour autant que le principe actif incorporé dedans ne soit par lui-même facilement dégradable. <p>Afin d’élargir le champ d’application du procédé de fabrication, nous avons mis au point des microbilles flottantes à libération prolongée. Les formulations proposées contiennent comme excipients :les deux corps gras, un mélange effervescent (bicarbonate sodique/ acide tartrique) et du Methocel K100. Leur flottabilité a été prouvée in vitro sur une période de plus de huit heures et In vivo par administration de microbilles de riboflavine flottantes versus non flottantes à des volontaires humains sains.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Yes / Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has demonstrated great potential for multi-material fabrication because of its capability for printing bespoke and spatially separated material conformations. Such a concept could revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of personalised, multi-layered drug products on demand. Here, we developed a novel stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing method that, for the first time, can be used to fabricate multi-layer constructs (polypills) with variable drug content and/or shape. Using this technique, six drugs, including paracetamol, cffeine, naproxen, chloramphenicol, prednisolone and aspirin, were printed with dfferent geometries and material compositions. Drug distribution was visualised using Raman microscopy, which showed that whilst separate layers were successfully printed, several of the drugs diffused across the layers depending on their amorphous or crystalline phase. The printed constructs demonstrated excellent physical properties and the different material inclusions enabled distinct drug release profiles of the six actives within dissolution tests. For the first time, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of SLA printing as an innovative platform for multi-drug therapy production, facilitating a new era of personalised polypills.

O jambeiro (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston) constitui uma das diversas espécies frutíferas e medicinais pertencentes à família Myrtaceae. O extrato hidroetanólico a 70% liofilizado de folhas de S. jambos apresentou atividade dose-dependente em modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por etanol acidificado, sendo que a dose de 400 mg/kg reduziu significativamente a Área Total de Lesão (81,64%) e a Área Relativa de Lesão (65,11 %), em comparação ao grupo controle. Nesta dose, o extrato apresentou-se mais eficaz que o fármaco empregado como referência (lansoprazol 30 mg/kg). No modelo de indução de úlcera gástrica por ácido acético, o extrato (400 mg/kg) não apresentou resultados significativos na cura das lesões. A atividade antioxidante do mesmo extrato e de quatro frações foi avaliada através da medida da capacidade seqüestrante de radicais 1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazila. O extrato hidroetanólico a 70% liofilizado apresentou CE50 de 5,36 ± 0,06 &#181;g/mL, valor comparável ao do Trolox (CE50 =4,98 ± 0,04 &#181;g/mL) , substância antioxidante de referência. As frações clorofórmica, acetato de etila, etanólica e hidroetanólica a 50% apresentaram CEso de, respectivamente, 64,06 ± 0,68 &#181;g/mL, 19,02 ± 0,22 &#181;g/mL, 6,89 ± 0,12 &#181;g/mL e 8,47 ± 0,05 &#181;g/mL. Da fração clorofórmica do extrato foi isolado o triterpeno ácido ursólico. Na avaliação da toxicidade subcrônica através da administração oral a ratos Wistar, durante 30 dias, de três diferentes doses do extrato (400, 1000 e 2500 mg/kg), não foram observados sinais clínicos de toxicidade. As análises macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos não mostraram alterações dignas de nota para nenhuma das doses empregadas. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos resultados das análises bioquímicas do sangue dos animais. Os resultados revelam o potencial do extrato no tratamento de úlceras gástricas, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados do mecanismo de ação desta atividade, bem como de toxicidade crônica. / Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston is one of the species of Myrtaceae with medicinal properties. The dried 70% hydroethanolic extract of the leaves showed a doseresponse effect in ethanol/HCI-induced ulcers, significantly decreasing the total lesion area (81,64%) and relative lesion area (65,11 %) compared to control group. At this dose the extract was more effective than lansoprazol (30 mg/kg), used as reference drug. The same extract at 400 mg/kg was not effective on healing acetic acid-induced ulcers. Antioxidant activity of S. jambos extract and four fractions was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging ability. The EC50 value for the extract was 5,36 ± 0,06 &#181;g/mL, while Trolox, antioxidant substance of reference, showed EC50 of 4,98 ± 0,04 &#181;g/mL. The tested fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and 50% ethanol) showed EC50 of 64,06 ± 0,68 &#181;g/mL, 19,02 ± 0,22 &#181;g/mL, 6,89 ± 0,12 &#181;g/mL e 8,47 ± 0,05 &#181;g/mL, respectively. Ursolic acid was identified in the chloroformic fraction of the extract. Subchronic toxicity studies were performed by oral administration of the leaf extract to rats, during 30 days, at three different doses (400, 1000 and 2500 mg/kg). The extract did not show any clinicai sign of toxicity. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the organs demonstrated no alterations for the three doses tested. There were no statistically differences between results of biochemical analysis of blood. These results show the potential of the extract in treatment of gastric ulcer, although more studies of mechanism of action and chronic toxicity are necessary.

O jambeiro (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston) constitui uma das diversas espécies frutíferas e medicinais pertencentes à família Myrtaceae. O extrato hidroetanólico a 70% liofilizado de folhas de S. jambos apresentou atividade dose-dependente em modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por etanol acidificado, sendo que a dose de 400 mg/kg reduziu significativamente a Área Total de Lesão (81,64%) e a Área Relativa de Lesão (65,11 %), em comparação ao grupo controle. Nesta dose, o extrato apresentou-se mais eficaz que o fármaco empregado como referência (lansoprazol 30 mg/kg). No modelo de indução de úlcera gástrica por ácido acético, o extrato (400 mg/kg) não apresentou resultados significativos na cura das lesões. A atividade antioxidante do mesmo extrato e de quatro frações foi avaliada através da medida da capacidade seqüestrante de radicais 1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazila. O extrato hidroetanólico a 70% liofilizado apresentou CE50 de 5,36 ± 0,06 &#181;g/mL, valor comparável ao do Trolox (CE50 =4,98 ± 0,04 &#181;g/mL) , substância antioxidante de referência. As frações clorofórmica, acetato de etila, etanólica e hidroetanólica a 50% apresentaram CEso de, respectivamente, 64,06 ± 0,68 &#181;g/mL, 19,02 ± 0,22 &#181;g/mL, 6,89 ± 0,12 &#181;g/mL e 8,47 ± 0,05 &#181;g/mL. Da fração clorofórmica do extrato foi isolado o triterpeno ácido ursólico. Na avaliação da toxicidade subcrônica através da administração oral a ratos Wistar, durante 30 dias, de três diferentes doses do extrato (400, 1000 e 2500 mg/kg), não foram observados sinais clínicos de toxicidade. As análises macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos não mostraram alterações dignas de nota para nenhuma das doses empregadas. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos resultados das análises bioquímicas do sangue dos animais. Os resultados revelam o potencial do extrato no tratamento de úlceras gástricas, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados do mecanismo de ação desta atividade, bem como de toxicidade crônica. / Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston is one of the species of Myrtaceae with medicinal properties. The dried 70% hydroethanolic extract of the leaves showed a doseresponse effect in ethanol/HCI-induced ulcers, significantly decreasing the total lesion area (81,64%) and relative lesion area (65,11 %) compared to control group. At this dose the extract was more effective than lansoprazol (30 mg/kg), used as reference drug. The same extract at 400 mg/kg was not effective on healing acetic acid-induced ulcers. Antioxidant activity of S. jambos extract and four fractions was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging ability. The EC50 value for the extract was 5,36 ± 0,06 &#181;g/mL, while Trolox, antioxidant substance of reference, showed EC50 of 4,98 ± 0,04 &#181;g/mL. The tested fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and 50% ethanol) showed EC50 of 64,06 ± 0,68 &#181;g/mL, 19,02 ± 0,22 &#181;g/mL, 6,89 ± 0,12 &#181;g/mL e 8,47 ± 0,05 &#181;g/mL, respectively. Ursolic acid was identified in the chloroformic fraction of the extract. Subchronic toxicity studies were performed by oral administration of the leaf extract to rats, during 30 days, at three different doses (400, 1000 and 2500 mg/kg). The extract did not show any clinicai sign of toxicity. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the organs demonstrated no alterations for the three doses tested. There were no statistically differences between results of biochemical analysis of blood. These results show the potential of the extract in treatment of gastric ulcer, although more studies of mechanism of action and chronic toxicity are necessary.