Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-15T12:50:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VANDERLEI JOSE JUNIOR.pdf: 1351825 bytes, checksum: 599d050ec951a6a8e7497a0cea5d2e17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T12:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VANDERLEI JOSE JUNIOR.pdf: 1351825 bytes, checksum: 599d050ec951a6a8e7497a0cea5d2e17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the male population, occupying the second position among malignant neoplasms. There are several therapeutic options for the treatment of localized prostate cancer, ranging from conservative behaviors to interventional treatments such as radical prostatectomy or external radiotherapy, associated or not with brachytherapy. Objective: To identify the factors that can predict biochemical recurrence and to evaluate treatment toxicity. METHOD: This is a retrospective and longitudinal study of 162 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer treated with conformational external radiotherapy associated with high dose rate brachytherapy (BTATD) between 2005 and 2014. The database was used of the Radium ? Campinas Oncology Institute, collected prospectively. Results: The mean follow-up time was 57 months. No grade 3 late toxicity was observed in the gastrointestinal tract, with only 1 patient (0.6%) genitourinary tract. The only categorical variable that presented statistical significance for biochemical relapse was the Nadir PSA <1 ng / ml (p = 0.018). The biochemical recurrence rate found was 96.3%, based on the Phoenix criteria (PSA nadir + 2 ng / ml). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that in the treatment of localized prostate cancer, the association of external radiotherapy with BATD is a safe therapeutic option, with a low degree 3 late toxicity and a biochemical recurrence of only 3.7% (with HF = 95 %). / Introdu??o: O c?ncer de pr?stata ? uma das doen?as mais prevalentes na popula??o masculina, ocupando a segunda posi??o entre as neoplasias malignas. H? v?rias op??es terap?uticas para o tratamento do c?ncer de pr?stata localizado, podendo variar de condutas conservadoras ? tratamentos intervencionistas como a prostatectomia radical ou a radioterapia externa, associada ou n?o ? braquiterapia. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que possam predizer recidiva bioqu?mica e avaliar a toxicidade do tratamento. M?todo: Tratase de um estudo retrospectivo e longitudinal, com 162 pacientes diagnosticados com c?ncer de pr?stata, tratados com radioterapia externa conformacional associada ? braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose (BATD), entre 2005 e 2014. Utilizou-se o banco de dados do Radium - Instituto de Oncologia de Campinas, coletados prospectivamente. Resultados: O tempo m?dio de seguimento foi de 57 meses. N?o foi observada toxicidade tardia grau 3 no trato gastrointestinal, sendo apenas 1 paciente (0,6%) trato genitourin?rio. A ?nica vari?vel categ?rica que apresentou signific?ncia estat?stica para recidiva bioqu?mica foi o PSA Nadir <1 ng/ ml (p = 0,018). A taxa de recidiva bioqu?mica encontrada foi de 96,3%, baseando-se nos crit?rios de Phoenix (PSA nadir + 2 ng/ml). Conclus?es: Esse estudo demonstrou que, no tratamento de c?ncer de pr?stata localizado, a associa??o de radioterapia externa com BATD ? uma op??o terap?utica segura, com baixa taxa de toxicidade tardia grau 3 e recidiva bioqu?mica de apenas 3,7% (com I.C = 95%).

This research deals with equivalent dose rate (EDR) in the ground level air caused by gamma radiation. Weighting factor for gamma radiation is equal one, so EDR in the ground air is identical absorbed ionic radiation dose. Highways A6 Kaunas-Zarasai and A11 Panevėžys-Šiauliai-Palanga were investigated. In this research the main parameters determining the level of equivalent dose rate in the ground air by the Lithuanian highways have been defined and analyzed. The objective of this research is to measure EDR in the ground air by the Lithuanian highways and compare to adequate average regional and with reference to modulation values evaluate variation reasons. In the expeditions EDR in the ground air was measured in winter and in summer. Samples of soil and asphalt were examined with gamma spectrometer and analyze presented. There was determined the dependence of EDR in the ground air from soil composition, floral or snow cover and distance to the asphalt cover. Cosmic radiation impact on EDR formation is equal to all locations. Natural origin radionuclides in soil gamma radiation have the main influence to EDR formation in the ground air. Modeling program VISIPLAN was used to define impact of radionuclides radiation in asphalt cover to EDR formation in the roadside zone. Modeling program InterRAS was used to define EDR in the ground air formation from gamma radiation of radionuclide in soil.

This thesis is a study of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) activity concentration, gamma dose rate and radon (222Rn) exhalation from the waste streams of large-scale onshore petroleum operations. Types of activities covered included; sludge recovery from separation tanks, sludge farming, NORM storage, scaling in oil tubulars, scaling in gas production and sedimentation in produced water evaporation ponds. Field work was conducted in the arid desert terrain of an operational oil exploration and production region in the Sultanate of Oman. The main radionuclides found were 226Ra and 210Pb (238U - series), 228Ra and 228Th (232Th - series), and 227Ac (235U - series), along with 40K. All activity concentrations were higher than the ambient soil level and varied over several orders of magnitude. The range of gamma dose rates at a 1 m height above ground for the farm treated sludge had a range of 0.06 0.43 µSv h 1, and an average close to the ambient soil mean of 0.086 ± 0.014 µSv h 1, whereas the untreated sludge gamma dose rates had a range of 0.07 1.78 µSv h 1, and a mean of 0.456 ± 0.303 µSv h 1. The geometric mean of ambient soil 222Rn exhalation rate for area surrounding the sludge was mBq m 2 s 1. Radon exhalation rates reported in oil waste products were all higher than the ambient soil value and varied over three orders of magnitude. This study resulted in some unique findings including: (i) detection of radiotoxic 227Ac in the oil scales and sludge, (ii) need of a new empirical relation between petroleum sludge activity concentrations and gamma dose rates, and (iii) assessment of exhalation of 222Rn from oil sludge. Additionally the study investigated a method to determine oil scale and sludge age by the use of inherent behaviour of radionuclides as 228Ra:226Ra and 228Th:228Ra activity ratios.

Aircraft crew members are exposed to cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin and secondary radiations produced due to interaction of primary cosmic rays with the atmosphere. Thus, it is necessary to estimate the dose that aircrew members receive and to evaluate the risks associated with their exposure. Radiation exposure scenarios were elaborated in computational scope in order to provide conversion coefficients (CCs) that relate measurable quantities (fluence) with limiting quantities (such as the effective dose). Knowing the particle fluence rate in a specific altitude, latitude and longitude, it is possible to determine the effective dose rate using these CC's. Aircraft crews are usually in sitting posture when exposed to cosmic radiation at altitudes of common flights. There are no studies in the literature using anthropomorphic phantoms in the sitting posture to calculate the effective dose rate at flight altitudes. In this study, effective dose per fluence conversion coefficients were calculated using the MCNPX code and the male and female UFH/NCI hybrid anthropomorphic phantoms in standing and sitting postures. Conversion coefficients were obtained in the isotropic irradiation geometry. CCs were calculated for neutrons, protons, photons, electrons, and positrons sources, which are the particles that most contribute to the dose at flight altitudes. The effective dose rate was calculated from the effective dose per fluence conversion coefficients and the fluence rate spectrum obtained by the EXPACS data package. The effective dose rate was also obtained using the fluence rate spectrum calculated by the MCNP6 software. The differences between the effective dose rate calculated for the phantom in the standing and sitting posture are less than 1%, showing that the posture does not contribute considerably to the dose of aircrew members. However, the dose rate calculated using the UFH/NCI phantom in the standing posture are 7 to 12 % higher than the dose rate obtained from the EXPACS package (which uses reference phantoms of ICRP 110) and are very close to experimental values of dose equivalent presented in other studies. Thus, the calculation of the effective dose rate using the UFH/NCI phantoms presents conservative results compared to those calculated using the ICRP reference phantoms and close to values obtained experimentally. The aim of this study was also estimate the dose to the fetus of pregnant crewmembers in a common flight. To estimate the dose to the fetus, CCs were calculated in the isotropic geometry for neutrons, protons, photons, electrons, positrons, and muons using a pregnant woman phantom and the MCNPX code. The dose rate was obtained from the conversion coefficients of equivalent dose per fluence and the fluence rate of cosmic radiation at an altitude of 12.3 km and under typical conditions of a flight from Vancouver to Frankfurt, whose average flight time is 9 hours. The results indicate that the equivalent dose to the fetus can exceeds the ICRP recommended fetal dose limit of 1 mSv after 6 or 7 round trips flights between Vancouver and Frankfurt. / Os tripulantes de aeronaves estão expostos a níveis elevados de radiação cósmica que tem origem galáctica, solar e de radiações secundárias produzidas devido à interação com a atmosfera. Assim, é necessário estimar a dose que estes indivíduos recebem e avaliar os riscos associados à sua exposição. Para isto, cenários de exposição à radiação foram elaborados em âmbito computacional a fim de fornecer coeficientes de conversão (CC’s) que relacionam grandezas mensuráveis (como a fluência) com grandezas limitantes (como a dose efetiva). Sabendo a taxa de fluência de partículas numa região onde um indivíduo é exposto, é possível determinar a taxa de dose efetiva usando estes CC’s. Tripulantes de aeronaves normalmente se encontram na postura sentada quando expostos à radiação cósmica em altitudes de voos convencionais. Como não foi encontrado na literatura estudos utilizando simuladores antropomórficos na postura sentada para o cálculo da taxa de dose efetiva em altitudes de voos tripulados, nesse trabalho, foram realizados cálculos de coeficientes de conversão de dose efetiva por fluência utilizando o código MCNPX e os simuladores antropomórficos híbridos UFH/NCI masculino e feminino nas posturas vertical e sentada e na geometria de irradiação isotrópica. Os CC’s foram calculados para as partículas que mais contribuem para a dose em altitude de voos tripulados, que são nêutrons, prótons, fótons, elétrons e pósitrons. A taxa de dose efetiva foi calculada a partir dos coeficientes de conversão de dose efetiva por fluência e do espectro da taxa de fluência obtidos pelo pacote de dados EXPACS. A taxa de dose efetiva também foi obtida utilizando os espectros de taxa de fluência calculados pelo software MCNP6. As diferenças entre a taxa de dose efetiva calculada para o simulador na postura vertical e sentada são menores do que 1 %, mostrando assim que a postura não influencia no cálculo da taxa de dose em tripulantes de aeronaves. Contudo, os valores da taxa de dose calculados utilizando o simulador UFH/NCI na postura vertical são de 7 a 12 % maiores do que os obtidos do pacote EXPACS (que utiliza os simuladores de referência da ICRP 110) e muito próximo a valores experimentais de equivalente de dose apresentados em outros trabalhos. Assim, o cálculo da taxa de dose efetiva a partir de CC’s usando os simuladores UFH/NCI apresenta resultados conservadores em relação aos calculados utilizando o simulador de referência da ICRP e próximo de valores obtidos experimentalmente. Outro objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a dose no feto de tripulantes gestantes, considerando parâmetros de um voo real. Para estimar a dose no feto, foram calculados CC’s na geometria isotrópica para nêutrons, prótons, fótons, elétron, pósitrons e múons utilizando o simulador de mulher grávida e o código MCNPX. A taxa de dose foi obtida a partir dos coeficientes de conversão de dose equivalente por fluência e da taxa de fluência da radiação cósmica a uma altitude de 12,3 km e nas condições típicas de um voo de Vancouver a Frankfurt, que tem duração média de 9 horas. Os resultados mostram que a dose equivalente no feto ultrapassam o limite de 1 mSv, que é o limite de dose no feto durante a gestação considerado aceitável de acordo com a publicação 103 da ICRP, em até 7 voos de ida e volta entre Vancouver e Frankfurt. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-23T09:59:05Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T09:59:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A braquiterapia de baixas taxas de dose realizada com sementes de 125I tem sido amplamente usada por décadas em variados sítios anatômicos, com bons resultados clínicos. O advento de algoritmos para cálculo de dose baseados em modelos (MBDCAs) permitiu aprimorar oestudo de deposição da dose considerando heterogeneidades como diferentes tecidos, órgãos,aplicadores com composições diferentes da água, proporcionando a análise em geometriascomplexas. As simulações matemáticas realizadas através destes algoritmos possibilitam odesenvolvimento de modelos fisicamente mais acurados que estendem sua aplicabilidade àverificação de sistemas de planejamento em braquiterapia. Neste trabalho foram estudadasconfigurações de objetos simuladores confeccionados para medidas experimentais e simuladosatravés do código MCNP de Monte Carlo a fim de observar as diferenças ocasionadas pelaintrodução de heterogeneidades quando presentes fontes de 125I de baixa taxa de dose. Para estepropósito, distintas as vertentes do tema foram abordadas, entre elas o estudo da influênciaexercida pelos parâmetros de densidade e composição dos materiais tecido equivalentes. Osresultados obtidos demonstraram que, o efeito que a composição de cada um dos materiaisexerce sobre a deposição de dose é mais expressivo que o efeito de sua densidade. Em outroestudo, foi estabelecida uma relação para estimar, de maneira simples, a dose de atenuação detecidos heterogêneos a partir da aferição ou simulação da dose obtida num objeto simuladorconstituído por PMMA, metodologia que pode ser desenvolvida e implementada na rotina clínica.Para complementação das análises dos estudos dosimétricos com a presença deheterogeneidades, foi realizada a validação da geometria simulada da semente de 125I, onde sereproduziu a metodologia de cálculo dosimétrico presente no TG-43 da AAPM. Além disto, foirealizado o estudo teórico da dependência energética dos dosímetros termoluminescentes paraanalisar a variação de sua resposta conforme a energia. A metodologia desenvolvida para oestudo dos efeitos da heterogeneidade na deposição de dose é recomendada na avaliação desistemas de planejamento computadorizados que possuem algoritmos de cálculo de dosebaseados em modelos, quando utilizadas fontes de 125I com baixa taxa de dose, de forma acontribuir na incorporação de novas estimativas de doses com maior acurácia. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Ce travail s’intègre dans le cadre du programme européen COMET (7ième PCRD EURATOM) et vise à évaluer les réponses épigénétiques (particulièrement la méthylation de l’ADN), lors d’expositions chroniques à de faibles niveaux de substances radioactives.Lors d’une première expérience, les poissons zèbres (Danio rerio) ont été exposés au laboratoire à des concentrations environnementales d’uranium appauvri : 2 et 20 µg L-1. Cette expérimentation a révélé un impact sur la méthylation de l’ADN génomique, majoritairement chez les mâles exposés, croissant avec la durée et le niveau d’exposition. Lors d’une seconde expérience, nous avons observé un impact sur les profils de méthylation de la descendance issue de parents exposés, ainsi qu’une perturbation du statut transcriptomique et des dommages histologiques dans le muscle squelettique des larves issues de parents exposés.Les outils développés ont pu être appliqués à la problématique d’étude des effets biologiques induits par les radionucléides émis lors de l’accident de la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima Daiichi. Les analyses réalisées sur la grenouille arboricole Japonaise (Hyla japonica) ont révélé une corrélation positive entre la dose totale de radioactivité absorbée par ces grenouilles, l’hyperméthylation de l’ADN génomique et l’augmentation des dommages à l’ADN mitochondrial.L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de mettre en évidence la sensibilité des réponses épigénétiques chez différents organismes soumis à de faibles doses de radionucléides, qui pourraient ainsi permettre de mieux caractériser les mécanismes d’adaptation et les potentiels effets transgénérationnels induits par les radionucléides. / This work integrates within the general framework of the European program COMET (7th Framework Programme EURATOM) and aims to assess the epigenetic responses (particularly DNA methylation), during chronic exposure to low levels of radioactive materials. During a first experiment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed in laboratory controlled conditions to environmentally relevant concentrations of depleted uranium: 2 and 20 µg L-1. This experiment allowed an impact on the genomic DNA methylation to be demonstrated, mainly in exposed males, which increased with the duration and level of exposure. In a second experiment, we observed an impact on DNA methylation patterns in the progeny of exposed parents, as well as a perturbation of transcriptomic, and histological damage in larvae skeletal muscle from exposed parents.The methods developed were applied to the second context focusing on the study of biological effects induced by radionuclides emitted following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. The analyses performed on the Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica) revealed a positive correlation between the total dose of radiation absorbed by these frogs, hypermethylation of genomic DNA as well as increasing damage to mitochondrial DNA.This work highlighted the sensitivity of epigenetic responses in different biological models exposed to low levels of radionuclides, and could be used to further characterize adaptation mechanisms and potential transgenerational effects induced by radionuclides.

In Medizin und Technik besteht ein Bedarf an flexiblen, miniaturisierten Dosisleistungs-messgeräten mit hoher Ortsauflösung für den Einsatz in Strahlungsfeldern hoher Dosisleistung und Dosisleistungsgradienten. Lichtwellenleiterbasierte Dosisleistungsmess-systeme können diese Anforderungen erfüllen. Sie bestehen aus einem strahlungssensitiven Leuchtstoff, welcher über einen flexiblen Lichtleiter an einen Lichtdetektor gekoppelt ist. Die Eliminierung des dominierenden Störeinflusses, des bei Bestrahlung des Lichtleiters generierten Stem-Effekts, ist eine inhärente Herausforderung aller lichtwellenleiter¬basierten Dosisleistungsmesssysteme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein solches System unter Verwendung der Lumineszenz der gewebeäquivalenten Detektormaterialien Berylliumoxid und Lithiumtetraborat realisiert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Methoden der Stem-Eliminierung unter Nutzung der zeitlichen Charakteristik der Lumineszenzmaterialien sowie der zeitlichen Struktur des Strahlungsfeldes oder einer modulierten optischen Stimulation. Eine performante Ausleseelektronik auf FPGA-Basis ermöglicht Echtzeit-Messungen mit einer Abtastung von 10 ns. Verschiedene Auswertemethoden generieren aus den Rohdaten in Zeitstempelform eine stem-unabhängige, dosisleistungsproportionale Detektorantwort. / In medicine and technology there is a demand for flexible, miniaturized dose rate measurement systems with high spatial resolution for the application in radiation fields of high dose rates and dose rate gradients. Fiber optic coupled dosimeters can meet these requirements. They consist of a radiation sensitive luminescent material which is connected to a light detector with a flexible light guide. The elimination of the dominant perturbation, which is the stem effect generated by irradiation of the light guide, is one inherent challenge of all fiber optic dosimeters. In the present work such a system is realized, using the luminescence of the two tissue equivalent detector materials beryllium oxide and lithium tetraborate. The main focus is on the investigation of methods of stem elimination, exploiting the temporal characteristics of the luminescent materials, as well as the time structure of the irradiation or a modulated optical stimulation. For this purpose, capable FPGA-based read out electronics are employed, which enable real time measurements with 10 ns sampling. Different methods of analysis process the time stamp raw data and generate a stem-free, dose rate proportional detector response.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T11:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A calibração, por definição, é o processo pelo qual se estabelece uma relação entre valores de medição de um padrão, com as suas respectivas incertezas, e as indicações com as incertezas associadas do instrumento de medição a ser calibrado. Um protocolo de calibração descreve a metodologia a ser aplicada em um processo de calibração. O método escolhido para a obtenção deste protocolo foi o da espectrometria de feixe de raios X associada à simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo, fundamentado no fato de que ambos são considerados métodos absolutos na determinação de parâmetros de feixes de radiação. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o método de Monte Carlo utilizado para obter a função resposta do detector utilizada para a correção dos espectros obtidos do feixe primário de radiação X; deste modo foram calculadas as taxas de kerma destes feixes e comparadas aos valores obtidos com as câmaras de ionização padrão secundário do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN (LCI/IPEN). Foram obtidos os coeficientes de calibração para o sistema padrão com diferenças em relação ao fornecido pelo laboratório primário entre 1,3% e 15,3%. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a viabilidade do estabelecimento deste protocolo de calibração utilizando a espectrometria como padrão de referência, com incertezas relativas de 0,62% para k=1. As incertezas associadas ao método proposto foram satisfatórias, para um laboratório padrão secundário e comparáveis a um laboratório primário. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

In the absence of a fusion neutron source, research on the structural integrity of materials in the fusion environment relies on current fission data and simulation methods. Through investigation of the Fe-Cr system, this detailed study explores the challenges and limitations in the use of currently available radiation sources for fusion materials research. An investigation of ion-irradiated Fe12%Cr using nanoindentation with a cube corner, Berkovich and spherical tip, and micro-cantilever testing with two different geometries, highlighted that the measurement of irradiation hardening was largely dependent on the type of test used. Selected methods were used for the comparison of Fe6%Cr irradiated by ions and neutrons to a dose of 1.7dpa at a temperature of 288&deg;C. Micro-cantilever tests of the Fe6%Cr alloy with beam depths of 400 to 7000nm, identified that size effects may significantly obscure irradiation hardening and that these effects are dependent on radiation conditions. Irradiation hardening in the neutron-irradiated alloy was approximately double that of the ion-irradiated alloy and exhibited increased work hardening. Similar differences in hardening were observed in an Fe5%Cr alloy after ion-irradiation to a dose of 0.6dpa at 400&deg;C and doses rates of 6 x 10^-4dpa/s and 3 x 10^-5dpa/s. Identified by APT, it was shown that increased irradiation hardening was likely to be caused by the enhanced segregation of Cr observed in the alloy irradiated with the lower dose rate. These observations have significant implications for future fusion materials research in terms of the simulation of fusion relevant radiation conditions and micro-mechanical testing.