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DNA damage responses in the context of the cell division cycleGiunta, Simona January 2010 (has links)
During my PhD, I have investigated aspects of the DNA damage response (DDR) in the context of three different cellular scenarios: DNA damage signalling in response to double-strand breaks during mitosis, coordination of DNA replication with DNA damage responses by regulation of the GINS complex, and checkpoint activation by the prototypical checkpoint protein Rad9. Here, I show that mitotic cells treated with DNA break-inducing agents activate a 'primary' DDR, including ATM and DNA-PK-dependent H2AX phosphorylation and recruitment of MDC1 and the MRN complex to damage sites. However, downstream DDR events and induction of a DNA damage checkpoint are inhibited in mitosis, with full DDR activation only ensuing when damaged mitotic cells enter G1. In addition, I provide evidence that induction of a primary DDR in mitosis is biologically important for cell viability. The GINS complex is an evolutionarily conserved component of the DNA replication machinery and may represent an ideal candidate for transferring the DNA damage signal to the replication apparatus. Here, I show the identification of a consensus 'SQ' PIKK phosphorylation motif at the carboxyl end of the GINS complex subunit, Psf1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, switching the conserved serine to a glutamic acid is lethal, indicating that the site is crucial for the protein's function. Moreover, in human cells, I identified UV-DDB, a heterodimeric complex involved in NER repair, as a binding partner that specifically interacts with the Psf1 C-terminus in vitro. Finally, I discuss my findings in characterizing functional interactions between Rad9 and Chk1 in S. cerevisiae. I show that specific consensus CDK sites within Rad9 N-terminus are essential to enable Chk1 phosphorylation and activation, and that MCPH1, a human homologue of Rad9, may share a conserved function in binding and activating Chk1, underscoring the evolutionarily conservation of checkpoint activation mechanisms.
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Intégrité de la chromatine au cours de la réparation des cassures doubles brins méiotiques chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Chromatin integrity during meiotic double strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeBrachet, Elsa 23 September 2014 (has links)
Au cours de la méiose, des centaines de cassures doubles brins (CDB) sont générées et réparées par recombinaison homologue. Ces CDB peuvent être réparés par deux voies différentes donnant lieu à des crossing-overs (CO) ou des non crossing-overs (NCO). Le choix entre les deux voies est finement régulé pour assurer un nombre suffisant de CO; les facteurs influençant ce choix n’ont pas encore été bien caractérisés. L’environnement chromatinien pourrait jouer un rôle important dans ce processus.Peu d’études ont été réalisées sur l’influence de la chromatine sur la recombinaison méiotique. Le but de ma thèse a été de caractériser les facteurs chromatiniens nécessaires au remaniement de la chromatine pendant la recombinaison méiotique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae.J’ai pu montrer que CAF-1 (Chromatin Assembly Factor 1) et Hir (Histone Regulator), deux protéines chaperons capables de réassembler les histones, s’associent aux sites de cassures doubles brins méiotiques lors de la recombinaison. L’absence de CAF-1 et Hir n’a pas d’effet sur la progression et la formation de CO. Cependant, par des études de recombinaison sur l’ensemble du génome, j’ai pu observer que l’absence de CAF-1 tend à réduire l’interférence des CO. Ce résultat suggère que CAF-1 pourrait être un des facteurs régulant la réparation au cours de la recombinaison méiotique. Pour finir, je me suis aussi intéressée à un troisième chaperon d’histone H3/H4, Asf1. J’ai aussi pu montrer que la délétion d’un autre chaperon Asf1 (Anti-silencing Function 1) entraîne des défauts de progression méiotique et de formation des spores.Ce travail aide à mieux comprendre l'impact de la chromatine sur la réparation de la méiose et le rôle des facteurs d'assemblage de la chromatine. / During meiosis, hundreds of programmed double strand breaks (DSB) are generated and repaired by homologous recombination. Meiotic DSB can be repaired by two major alternative pathways, which generate either crossing-over (CO) or non-crossing-over (NCO) products. The choice between the two repair pathways is tightly controlled to ensure sufficient and accurate CO formation. The chromatin environment could play a crucial role in this process that has not been elucidated yet. Little information is available about the importance of chromatin factors for meiotic recombination. The aim of my PhD was to study chromatin factors necessary for chromatin dynamic during meiotic recombination. I have shown that CAF-1 (Chromatin Assembly Factor 1) and Hir (Histone Regulator), two chaperone proteins that are able to incorporate histones into chromatin, associate with DSB sites during meiotic recombination. CAF-1 and Hir deletion have no effect on the outcome of meiosis and CO formation. However, by genome-wide recombination studies, I have observed that the absence of CAF-1 histone chaperone results in a slight decrease in CO interference. The result suggests that CAF-1 could be one of the factors regulating DNA repair during meiotic recombination. Finally, I have also studied another H3/H4 chaperone, Asf1 (Anti-silencing Function1). Asf1 deletion gives rise to a defect in meiotic progression and spore formation. This work helps to better understand the impact of chromatin on meiotic repair and the role of chromatin assembly factors.
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UBC13-Mediated Ubiquitin Signaling Promotes Removal of Blocking Adducts from DNA Double-Strand Breaks / UBC13を介したユビキチン経路によるDNA二重鎖切断端の付加体除去の促進Akagawa, Remi 23 September 2020 (has links)
付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22730号 / 医博第4648号 / 新制||医||1046(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 遊佐 宏介, 教授 溝脇 尚志, 教授 篠原 隆司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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TDP2 suppresses genomic instability induced by androgen in the epithelial cells of prostate glands / TDP2は、前立腺上皮細胞においてアンドロゲンによるゲノム不安定性を抑制するMahmud, Md Rasel Al 23 March 2021 (has links)
付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23090号 / 医博第4717号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 小川 修, 教授 溝脇 尚志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Genetic Evidence for the Involvement of Mismatch Repair Proteins, PMS2 and MLH3, in a Late Step of Homologous Recombination / ミスマッチ修復蛋白質PMS2とMLH3は、相同組換え修復後期過程の組換え中間体DNA構造の解消に機能するMd, Maminur Rahman 23 March 2021 (has links)
付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第23114号 / 医科博第125号 / 新制||医科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 滝田 順子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Involvement of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A (XPA) in Progeria Arising From Defective Maturation of Prelamin ALiu, Yiyong, Wang, Youjie, Rusinol, Antonio E., Sinensky, Michael S., Liu, Ji, Shell, Steven M., Zou, Yue 01 February 2008 (has links)
Cellular accumulation of DNA damage has been widely implicated in cellular senescence, aging, and premature aging. In Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and restrictive dermopathy (RD), premature aging is linked to accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which results in genome instability. However, how DSBs accumulate in cells despite the presence of intact DNA repair proteins remains unknown. Here we report that the recruitment of DSB repair factors Rad50 and Rad51 to the DSB sites, as marked by γ-H2AX, was impaired in human HGPS and Zmpste24-deficient cells. Consistently, the progeria-associated DSBs appeared to be unrepairable although DSBs induced by camptothecin were efficiently removed in the progeroid cells. We also found that these progeroid cells exhibited nuclear foci of xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA), a unique nucleotide excision repair protein. Strikingly, these XPA foci colocalized with the DSB sites in the progeroid cells. This XPA-DSB association was further confirmed and found to be mediated by DNA, using a modified chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and coimmunoprecipitation. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of XPA in HGPS cells partially restored DSB repair as evidenced by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and comet assays. We propose that the uncharacteristic localization of XPA to or near DSBs inhibits DSB repair, thereby contributing to the premature aging phenotypes observed in progeria arising from genetic defects in prelamin A maturation.
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DNA Damage Responses in Progeroid Syndromes Arise From Defective Maturation of Prelamin ALiu, Yiyong, Rusinol, Antonio, Sinensky, Michael, Wang, Youjie, Zou, Yue 15 November 2006 (has links)
The genetic diseases Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and restrictive dermopathy (RD) arise from accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A because of defects in the lamin A maturation pathway. Both of these diseases exhibit symptoms that can be viewed as accelerated aging. The mechanism by which accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A leads to these accelerated aging phenotypes is not understood. Here we present evidence that in HGPS and RD fibroblasts, DNA damage checkpoints are persistently activated because of the compromise in genomic integrity. Inactivation of checkpoint kinases Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) in these patient cells can partially overcome their early replication arrest. Treatment of patient cells with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) did not result in reduction of DNA double-strand breaks and damage checkpoint signaling, although the treatment significantly reversed the aberrant shape of their nuclei. This suggests that DNA damage accumulation and aberrant nuclear morphology are independent phenotypes arising from prelamin A accumulation in these progeroid syndromes. Since DNA damage accumulation is an important contributor to the symptoms of HGPS, our results call into question the possibility of treatment of HGPS with FTIs alone.
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Numerical Simulation and Graphical Illustration of Ionization by Charged Particles as a Tool toward Understanding Biological Effects of Ionizing RadiationMahee, Durude January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Double-strand breaks (DSBs) and structure transition on genome-sized DNA / ゲノムサイズDNAの二本鎖損傷と構造転移研究 / ゲノム サイズ DNA ノ ニホンサ ソンショウ ト コウゾウ テンイ ケンキュウYue Ma 20 September 2018 (has links)
DNA中の二本鎖切断(DSB)に対するアスコルビン酸(AA)およびDMSOの保護効果を、蛍光顕微鏡による巨大DNA(T4 DNA; 166kbp)の単分子観察によって評価した。凍結/解凍の状態に対して3つの異なる形態の放射源、可視光、γ線、および超音波の環境下にさらした。1‐プロパノールと2‐プロパノールの間で異なる効果が表れた。ゲノムDNA分子の高次構造の変化は、1−プロパノールを用いると、長軸長が濃度60%で最小を示し、次にアルコール含有量の増加と共に増加する傾向があることを見出した。一方、2−プロパノールを用いると、長軸長はアルコール含有量の増加と共にほぼ単調な減少を示した。 / The protective effect of ascorbic acid (AA) and DMSO against double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA was evaluated by single-molecule observation of giant DNA (T4 DNA; 166kbp) through fluorescence microscopy. Samples were exposed to three different forms of radiation: visible light, γ-ray, and ultrasound or freeze/thawing. The change of the higher-order structure of genomic DNA molecules in the presence of alcohols by use of single DNA observation with fluorescence microscopy, by focusing our attention to unveil the different effect between 1-propanol and 2-propanol. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University
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A ROLE OF THE PROTEASOME IN RECOMBINATION AND SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX MORPHOGENESISAhuja, Jasvinder Singh 23 December 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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