It is envisaged that flood plains will be put into more active usage to meet the increasing demands for road infrastructural development as well as relieve the pressure exerted on arable lands owing to infrastructural development activities. This is consequent upon the general shortfall in the availability of soils possessing the right engineering properties to carry infrastructures such as roads which consume large tracks of land. Expanding the global infrastructural base is inevitable due to the ever increasing human population and the need to meet their social, economic, political and transportation needs. However, owing to the prevailing environmental awareness campaigns fronted by different environmental agencies, there is the need to regulate and monitor the interaction of the processes involved in the provision of these needs with the limited resources as well as the environmental aftermath associated with such operations. The stabilization of flood plain soils for road embankment construction is envisaged to reduce the demand on the material resources required to build classical high embankments in flood prone areas as well as offer implied mitigating dimensions in the restoration of environmental integrity. This impliedly will reduce the use of traditionally unsustainable methods of soil stabilization such as, the excavation and importation of new materials, to a more robust system that will offer environmental friendliness amidst value engineering for better strength and durability results. The experimental processes involved the simulation of flooding scenarios in the laboratory, to monitor the strength and durability aspects of low-bearing-capacity soils (such as Lower Oxford Clay) stabilized with blended mixes of the traditional stabilizer of lime and the novel materials of lime and Ground Granulated Blastfumace Slag (GOBS) by-product combined. Preliminary investigations were carried out on the Lower Oxford Clay soil to establish the moisture and compaction requirements of the material. Different mix compositions were formulated by incrementally replacing the amount of lime in the system with GOBS. This was based on the premise that high stabilizer contents could offer better stabilization to flood susceptible geo-materials upon flooding. A high stabilizer level of 16% was therefore investigated. Regimes of different blending ratios were established as follows: 16%Lime-0%GGBS, 12%Lime-4%GGBS, 8%Lime-8%GGBS, 4%Lime-12%GGBS and 0%Lime-16%GGBS and tested at moisture contents of 23%, 28%, 33% and 38%. The two extremes 16%Lime-0%GGBS and 0%Lime-16GGBS were used as controls. A system of elimination based on strength criteria was employed, where only the 8%Lime- 8%GGBS and 4%Lime-12%GGBS mixtures were deemed fit to be investigated further to determine their resistance to challenging environmental factors of flooding. The test samples were cylindrical, measuring 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm long, and these were compacted using a static compaction apparatus to achieve Maximum Dry Density (MDD). Depending on the testing regime to be applied to a given specimen, a curing pattern was defined and samples were wrapped in cling film to minimise moisture losses. At the end of each curing period of 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days, one of the experimental procedures which ranged from Unconfined Compressive Strength, Water Absorption, Volume Stability, Permeability, Soaked Strength and Durability Index Assessment or Compressibility Assessment was carried out on the moist cured samples. Following these assessments, the 4%Lime-12%GGBS mix composition was appraised to have overall improved characteristics with the added benefit of reduced cost of material utilisation. Based on the available data, regression analyses were carried out and equations established for predicting the strength values of stabilized materials. Using these equations further extrapolations were made and the observable trends were those of the dependence of compressive strength on the age of moist curing and the compaction moisture contents at which samples were produced at given blended mixture. Cost-benefit-risk analysis was also carried out with a further cost annualisation of the capital and operational cost of a selected system. It is reassuring to learn that at replacement level of lime with GOBS of 4%Lime-12%GGBS it was possible to establish multi-binder mixtures that could be effectively used for sustainable construction in flood prone areas with enormous savings accruing from the possible higher strength and enhanced durability indices achievable over traditional unsustainable options of continued over-reliance on lime and Portland cement.

Orientador: Marisa Saenz Leme / Banca: Wilma Peres Costa / Banca: Denise Aparecida Soares de Moura / Resumo: Os recrutamentos militares foram uma realidade na Capitania de São Paulo, desde o século XVIII. Os conflitos na Bacia do Prata, na busca de delimitar as fronteiras da América portuguesa e espanhola, exigiram a organização de uma estrutura militar no Brasil. Para sediar essa estrutura foi escolhida a referida Capitania. A união de interesses, de segmentos da elite paulista e da Coroa portuguesa, possibilitou a consolidação da militarização da Capitania ao longo da segunda metade do século XVIII. Todavia, a dinamização da economia e da sociedade paulista, a partir das últimas décadas do século XVIII e início do XIX, entrou em conflito com a militarização ali desenvolvida. O presente trabalho buscou analisar as diferenças entre os recrutamentos realizados em São Paulo nesses dois momentos, focando as relações entre a sociedade e o Estado na organização e manutenção da estrutura militar. / Abstract: The military recruitment had been a reality in São Paulo, since the 18th century. The conflicts at the Silver Drainage Basin, in search to delimit the Portuguese and Spanish America borders, they had demanded to orgazine the military structure in Brazil. Hosting this structure São Paulo Captainship was chosen. The union of interests, segments of São Paulo’s elite and the Portuguese Crown, made it possible the militarization of Captainship consolidation throughout the second half of 18th century. However, the joining of the economy and the paulista society, from the last decades from the 18th and beginning of 19th century, it got in conflict with the militarization developed there. The current paper searched to analyze the differences between the recruitment fulfilled in São Paulo at these two moments, focusing the relations between the society and the State over the organization and maintenance of the military structure. / Mestre

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A drenagem à uma etapa importante na construÃÃo de um gramado esportivo, auxiliando no desenvolvimento da grama e na utilizaÃÃo por parte dos usuÃrios. Para um projeto de drenagem, informaÃÃes sobre a sensibilidade da cultura ao estresse por excesso de Ãgua facilitarÃo nas tomadas de decisÃes quanto ao dimensionamento do projeto. Partindo da premissa de que o excesso de Ãgua prejudica o crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura da grama e que os Ãndices Sum excess water (SEW30) e Index day stress (IDS) sÃo sensÃveis Ãs variÃveis de desenvolvimento da cultura, objetivou-se com este estudo identificar a sensibilidade da cultura da grama bermuda ao excesso de Ãgua com base na anÃlise de variÃveis de desenvolvimento da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido com a grama bermuda (Cynodon spp.), durante trÃs meses, em um modelo fÃsico localizado no LaboratÃrio de HidrÃulica e IrrigaÃÃo do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). No local foram construÃdos tanques de alvenaria que medem 1,5 m de altura, 2,0 m de largura e 1,5 m de comprimento, que permitem controlar o nÃvel do lenÃol freÃtico em diferentes posiÃÃes. Foi utilizado substrato à base de areia, conforme especificaÃÃes da United States Golf Association (USGA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos consistiram em elevaÃÃes do lenÃol freÃtico, variando as profundidades entre 0,05 m e 0,20 m, realizadas quinzenalmente, com duraÃÃo de trÃs dias, alÃm do tratamento sem elevaÃÃo do lenÃol freÃtico. As variÃveis utilizadas para testar os tratamentos foram: comprimento de raiz, taxa de fotossÃntese, massa da matÃria seca de raÃzes, estolÃes, rizomas, colmos e folhas e massa seca das aparas de grama. Na anÃlise de variÃncia os tratamentos foram comparados pelo teste F, considerando-se um nÃvel mÃnimo de significÃncia de 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados permitem concluir que os valores associados Ãs variÃveis analisadas demonstram decrÃscimos em seus rendimentos com o incremento no nÃvel de estresse por excesso de Ãgua; a cultura da grama bermuda mostra-se mais sensÃvel ao excesso de Ãgua no primeiro estÃdio de desenvolvimento e a taxa fotossintÃtica no tratamento com maior nÃvel de estresse, ou seja; lenÃol freÃtico a 0,05m da superfÃcie do solo decresceu em torno de 2/3 do valor para a condiÃÃo de ausÃncia do lenÃol freÃtico. / The drainage is an important stage in building a filed sports turf helping in the development of grass and in use by the users. For a drainage project information on the sensitivity of culture to stress by excess water will facilitate making decisions as to the design of the project. Assuming that the excess water affect the growth and development of the culture of grass and that the indices SEW30 and IDS are sensitive to the variables of development of the cultivation, the objective of this study was to identify the sensitivity of the culture of Bermuda grass to the excess of water based on the analysis of variables for crop development and stress treatments by excess water as referenced in the indices SEW30 and IDS. The experiment was conducted for three months with the Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) in the area of the Laboratory of hydraulic and irrigation of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Federal University of Cearà (UFC). On the site were constructed tanks of masonry which measure 1.5 m in height, 2.0 m wide and 1.5 m in length, which allows you to control the level in the groundwater in different positions. The soil mix used the base of sand as per specifications of the United States Golf Association (USGA). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of six elevations in the groundwater, varying the depths between 0.05 m and 0.20 m, and carried out monthly, with a duration of three days and the treatment without elevation of the groundwater. The variables used to test the treatment was root length, photosynthesis rate, dry weight of roots, rhizomes, stolons, culms and leaves and dry weight of clippings grass. In the variance analysis the treatments was compared by F test, considering a minimum level of significance was 5% probability. It was concluded that the values assigned to the variables analyzed showed decreases in their income with the increase in the stress level by excess water; The culture of bermudagrass was more sensitive to excess water in the first stage of development; and the photosynthetic rate at higher stress levels, decreases reaches approximately 2/3 of the value for the condition of no groundwater.

Orientadores: Ivan Felizardo Contrera Toro, Alfio Jose Tincani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T10:37:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vega_NelsondeAraujo_M.pdf: 4035476 bytes, checksum: 8e53d952a2d1dafb0e3094da655eed5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O manuseio tradicional dos drenos de tórax, após toracotomia, resume-se em um período inicial de aspiração contínua do frasco de drenagem, subseqüente a um intervalo de tempo com o selo de água. Essa estratégia foi desenvolvida, há muitos anos, para ser utilizada após grandes toracotomias. O aprendizado de novas técnicas cirúrgicas e o moderno desenvolvimento de instrumentais médicos propiciaram um menor trauma cirúrgico ao doente. Atualmente, o manejo dos drenos vem sendo modificado em algumas situações. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a drenagem pleural, por meio de válvula unidirecional de tórax (VUT), no pós-operatório de ressecção pulmonar eletiva. Foram realizadas 39 ressecções pulmonares, de forma prospectiva e não randomizada, em pacientes que utilizaram a VUT, como o método de drenagem pleural durante o período pós-operatório. Foram excluídos os pacientes com idade inferior a 12 anos, os submetidos à pneumectomia ou à operação de urgência e os que não completaram o seguimento do estudo. Observou-se a expansão pulmonar, o tempo de permanência com o sistema de drenagem, o período de internação e as complicações pós-operatórias. Foram incluídos e analisados 36 pacientes. A média de permanência com o sistema de drenagem pleural foi de 2,94 ± 1,6 dias. A radiografia de tórax, realizada após 30 dias do procedimento cirúrgico, foi considerada normal em 34 (94,18%) pacientes. Ocorreram oito (22,16%) casos de complicações pós-operatórias, sendo três (8,31%) relacionados à VUT. A utilização da VUT, no pós-operatório de ressecção pulmonar eletiva, foi eficiente e apresentou baixo índice de complicação, principalmente nas ressecções menores / Abstract: The traditional management of chest tubes after a lung resection involves a period of applied suction followed by water seal drainage. This strategy was developed over many years to be used after large thoracotomies. However, the learning of new surgical techniques associated with the current development of medical devices made possible minor surgical traumas in patients. Nowadays, this strategy has been modified in some situations. This study aim is to evaluate pleural drainage using a unidirectional thorax valve (UTV) after elective lung resection.Thirty-nine non randomized prospective lung resections were performed in patients that have been used UTV during a postoperative period. Exclusion criteria were patients below 12 years of age, those who underwent pneumonectomy or emergency surgery and those who were considered lost of follow-up. Pulmonary expansion, chest tube duration, hospital stay and postoperative complications were observed. This study comprised 36 patients. Mean duration of pleural drainage was 2,94 ± 1,6 days. Thirty-four (94,18%) patients showed normal findings on chest roentgenogram 30 days after surgical procedure. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 (22,16%) patients, being 3 (8,31%) related to drainage system. The use of UTV after elective lung resection was effective and showed a low rate of complications, especially in minor resection / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

O trabalho busca debater as principais dificuldades e potencialidades da inserção urbana das infraestruturas hídricas de drenagem. O objeto de estudo é o Sistema de Reservatórios de Amortecimento de Cheias, conhecidos como piscinões, na interface com a estrutura urbana da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Busca-se, ao entender o existente, redefinir e ampliar seu significado. O principal objetivo da pesquisa é contribuir com uma abordagem mais abrangente e multidisciplinar do entendimento da reservação da água pluvial na metrópole, entendendo-o não somente como mero sistema de fluxos cuja única finalidade é a eficiência técnica. Evidencia-se que o sistema de contenção de águas pluviais tem potencial para desempenhar um papel relevante na qualificação espacial em diversas escalas e contribuir para a estruturação e legibilidade das localidades as que pertencem. / The objective of this research is to discuss the main challenges and potentials of integrating water infrastructure in urban morphology. The case study that will be examined is the Flood Storage Reservoirs System, or as it is colloquially referred to piscinões, along with its interface with the urban structure of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of drainage through a more comprehensive approach, beyond that of its technical efficiency as a flow system. It is clear that the flood storage system has the potential to play an important role in the qualification of its urban space at various scales and contribute to the locality structure.

A estruturação urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB) é estritamente relacionada à sua rede hídrica. A várzea dos rios e igarapés da região conforma um território classificado como baixada, conceituado por condicionantes físicas (cotas altimétricas suscetíveis à inundação) e socioeconômicas do sítio referentes ao perfil da população residente. Sob o contexto de desigualdades estruturais no país, observadas na concentração de renda e benefícios, incluindo o acesso à terra, as baixadas são a expressão local para favelas que se formaram como a alternativa viável para moradia da população migrante que se estabeleceu na capital entre os anos 1950 e 1970. A omissão do Estado na provisão de habitação de interesse social e de infraestrutura urbana básica, aliada a um padrão de rendimentos baixos fazem com que a RMB figure entre as metrópoles mais precárias do país. Dados censitários de 2010 a classificam como a metrópole brasileira com maior percentual de população vivendo em aglomerados subnormais (53,9%). Por outro lado, nos últimos 10 anos, houve uma inédita e vultosa provisão de investimentos para o desenvolvimento urbano da RMB, por meio do incentivo federal dado pelo Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em eixos voltados para a Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários e para a provisão de Saneamento Básico nas áreas de baixadas. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar, à luz da morfologia urbana e de conceitos compreensivos de soluções de drenagem, as seguintes intervenções do PAC em desenvolvimento em Belém: a Macrodrenagem e Urbanização da Bacia da Estrada Nova e a Urbanização da Comunidade Taboquinha. Busca-se identificar quais as alterações físico-urbanísticas previstas e qual padrão de soluções sanitárias e ambientais dado aos igarapés e canais das áreas em questão. Isso porque intervenções desta natureza na cidade partem, historicamente, de um padrão conservador e sanitarista que não alcança as melhorias pretendidas com projetos de urbanização de favelas. Pretende-se, portanto, contribuir na discussão sobre os modelos de intervenção desenvolvidos pelo PAC, identificando os avanços e limites que o programa apresenta para RMB. / The Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) urban structure is strictly related to its water bodies and hydrologic network. The rivers and streams floodplains in the region conforms a territory classified as lowlands, conceptualized by its physical (elevations susceptible to flooding) and socioeconomic constrains concerning the resident population profile. In the context of structural inequalities in the country, observed in the concentration of income and benefits, including access to land, lowlands are the slums local expression that were formed as a viable housing alternative to migrants who settled in the capital between 1950s and 1970s. The State\'s omission in providing social interest housing and basic urban infrastructure, combined with a low incomes standard means that the RMB is among the poorer cities in the country. This Brazilian city is classified by the 2010 census data as with the highest percentage of population living in subnormal settlements (53.9%). On the other hand, in the last 10 years there has been an unprecedented and massive provision of investments for RMB urban development, through federal incentive given by the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), in axes focused on the Urbanization of Slums and for sanitation provision in the lowland areas. This research aims to examine, in the light of urban morphology and comprehensive concepts of drainage solutions, the following in progress interventions of PAC in Belém: the Macrodrainage and Urbanization of Estrada Nova Bacin and the Urbanization of Taboquinha Community. The aim is to identify the physical and urban expected changes and what standard of basic sanitation and environmental solutions is given to streams and drainage channels in question. That\'s because interventions of this nature in the city depart, historically, from a conservative and sanitary standard that does not reach the intended improvements in slums urbanization projects. It is intended, therefore, to contribute in the discussion of intervention models developed by the PAC and to identify the advances and limitations that the program provides for RMB.

M. Tech. / Gold (Au) mining in South Africa resulted in vast volumes of hazardous waste being generated. Poor management of most of the tailings dams has resulted in the release of acid mine drainage, which caused stream water and soil contamination with their run-offs. The consequence of mine closure has not only been observed in large-scale land degradation, but also in widespread pollution of surface water and groundwater in the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment Area (WCA). Thus, clean-up methods must be developed in order to remove heavy metals from contaminated water bodies in this area. The efficacy of algae, zeolite and zeolite functionalized with humic acid in reducing the concentration of the heavy metals iron (Fe3+), zinc (Zn2+), manganese (Mn2+) and nickel (Ni2+) to acceptable levels in WCA was investigated in this study. It is also envisaged that the heavy metals to be removed from contaminated water can be useful in various industries. A sampling exercise was undertaken with the aim of identifying the heavy metals that contaminate the water in the catchment, as well as identify the priority heavy metals for laboratory sorption tests. Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption behavior of natural zeolite clinoptilolite and algae Desmodesmus sp. with respect to Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. The data was analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Two kinetic models namely, pseudo-first order and pseudo second order were also tested to fit the data. It was found that the concentration of Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ was 115 mg/L, 121 mg/L, 26.5 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L from the sampled water bodies in the WCA, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was found to correlate the adsorption of Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ better, with the adsorption capacity of 11.9 mg/g, 1.2 mg/g, 1.3 mg/g, and 14.7 mg/g, for the functionalized zeolite (FZ), respectively. The algae system gave adsorption capacities of 1.523 mg/g, 144 mg/g and 71.94 mg/g for Fe3+, Mn2+ and Ni2+; respectively. Pseudo second-order equation was found to be the best fit for the adsorption of heavy metals by unfunctionalized zeolite (UFZ) and the algae system. Zeolite functionalization with humic acid increased its uptake ability. The best results for kinetic study was obtained in concentration 120 ppm for Fe3+ and Mn2+, whilst for Ni2+ was at 20 mg/L , which is about the same concentrations found in contaminated water in the WCA (Fe3+ 115 mg/L, Mn2+121 mg/L and Ni2+ 26.5 mg/L).

Abstract In this thesis, I examine two important aspects surrounding salmonid reproductive ecology, namely: (i) the problems with passing obstructions during migratory spawning runs and (ii) how the early life stages in boreal streams are influenced by increased levels of fine-grained particulate matter from drained peatlands. These aspects are not only critical to salmonid reproductive success but have grave implications regarding environmental quality and species conservation. Spawning runs can be re-established by constructing fishways at obstructions but the efficiency of fishways depends on several factors. The passage of multi-sea-winter salmon was enhanced in the Isohaara fishway by increasing its water flow and by creating a small waterfall at the entrance. The fishway, which consists of vertical slot and Denil sections, proved to be unsuitable for most freshwater fish, whitefish and river lamprey, whereas salmonids, once they had entered, successfully negotiated the fishway. In fishway design, the migratory behaviour and the demands of the species of interest should be considered. For salmonids, priority should be given to the attractiveness of the fish entrance. When there is a migration corridor, the availability and the quality of spawning and rearing habitats has a major effect on the success of restoration projects. In the humic rivers studied, the survival of incubated brown trout eggs was lower in riffles susceptible to increased levels of fine-grained particulate matter from drained peatlands. Additionally, an increase in the Fe content of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter followed by its precipitation and sedimentation was proposed to be involved. Correspondingly, the recapture rates of stocked yearling salmon were lower in the affected riffles, individual salmon being smaller and thinner and having less food in their stomachs than reference salmon. Based on these results, it seems probable that peatland drainage, by influencing the incubation success of salmonid embryos and the foraging, growth and survival of juveniles, eventually affects the number and quality of smolts produced. In future, such water pollution control measures should be implemented that would enhance the success of natural spawning and help ensure environmental quality.

M.Sc. / Water is essential to life on our planet (Miller, 1999) because no living organism can survive without it (Kupchella & Hyland, 1993). Thus there is a demand for clean, unpolluted water to be in substantial supply. There is growing awareness worldwide of the environmental legacy of coal mining activities that have been undertaken with little concern for the environment (EMCBC, 2001). Coal mining by its nature consumes, diverts and can seriously pollute water resources (Miller, 1999). Acid mine drainage is a major problem on coalmines throughout the world (Kupchella & Hyland, 1993), and South Witbank Colliery, the main focus of this study, is no exception. Various studies that have been undertaken at South Witbank Colliery have shown that the water decanting from the mine is highly acidic (pH 2 – pH 4), and as such cannot be released into the natural watercourse (streams). Some form of water treatment to nullify or neutralise the acid levels of the mine water is necessary. Currently a temporary liming plant is being utilised to treat the water and to reduce its acidity levels to between pH 5.0 – pH 9.5, however, this plant is seen as a limited treatment option as it does not guarantee that the acidic nature of the water will be sufficiently nullified. This study endeavours to identify and analyse a variety of permanent, long-term water treatment methods relevant to acid mine water mitigation at South Witbank Colliery. Four long-term water treatment methods, namely artificial wetlands, anoxic limestone drains, transfer of water to a water treatment plant, and construction of a permanent liming facility at South Witbank Colliery, were identified and discussed. Artificial wetland technology has not been proven for treatment on such variable pollutant loads as present in the South Witbank Colliery mine water decant. A constraint to this technology also lies in its necessity for large surface area requirements, which is restricted due to site subsidence and sinkhole formation (as a result of shallow mining). This technology is also known to increase water evaporation rates, which may result in additional water removal from an already stressed resource. The anoxic limestone drain water treatment technology is considered unsuitable for the study area, ultimately due to it having more a pre-treatment functionality than a total treatment one. It is also limited due to its ability to address only certain water quality variables. If considered for use in a partnership with other acid mine drainage water treatment technologies, its use might be more viable than when considered as a stand-alone treatment technology. Transferring of the acid mine drainage water decant from South Witbank Colliery to a water treatment plant is a feasible option. The Brugspruit Water Pollution Control Works, operated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, is the most likely option. The water treatment would become the responsibility of DWAF, thereby ensuring that the treated water is compliant with specified water quality standards and requirements. The attractiveness of this option is that it minimizes the short and long term water management requirements for South Witbank Colliery, but is ultimately dependant on a formal contract being negotiated between the relevant parties. Construction of a permanent liming facility at South Witbank Colliery is possible and, in comparison to the current temporary liming plant, is likely to treat the water adequately so as to comply with specified water quality standards and requirements. A permanent facility would allow for more water to be treated than is currently possible at the temporary liming plant. Due to this option being based on proven technology increases its feasibility in terms of use at South Witbank Colliery. Given that water is a scarce resource in South Africa, the implementation of these water treatment options is dependent on the acceptability of each option by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Of the four treatment options identified the latter two, namely transfer of water to a water treatment facility and construction of a permanent liming plant, are considered to be the most suitable solutions for the treatment of acid mine drainage at South Witbank Colliery.

Dr. K. Reddy