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A major instrumented geosynthetic reinforced approach embankment was constructed to 5.5 m elevation above ground, with prefabricated vertical drains, over a soft compressible clay deposit at Leneghan, Newcastle, Australia in May 1995. The field monitoring of settlements for over six years shows that the embankment manifests significant creep. The instrumentation, field performance and the finite element analyses for predicting the long-term performance of this embankment are described in this thesis. The maximum settlement of 1.1 m was observed one year after the completion of construction. However, the embankment continued to settle at a rate of 0.4 mm/day for the next 5 years. The horizontal displacements of 0.09-0.14 m at various locations and the maximum reinforcement strains of 0.67% were recorded. A numerical model was developed to perform a fully coupled large deformation elasto-viscoplastic finite element analysis for this performance prediction based on creep model proposed by Kutter and Sathialingam (1992). The foundation soil was modelled with creep material behaviour using six noded linear strain triangular elements. A well-documented case history ??? Sackville embankment, New Brunswick, Canada was analysed using this model as a benchmark problem and the model was found to predict all the behaviour characteristics reasonably well. The results obtained from finite element analysis using this model are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the observed performance of Leneghans embankment in terms of settlements, horizontal displacements, excess pore pressures and geosynthetic strains. But, the prediction of settlements was less than satisfactory beyond April 1999. Finite element analyses were performed to study the sensitivity of this embankment behaviour on the variation of hydraulic conductivity values and geosynthetic reinforcement properties. This sensitivity study indicated that the kv variation, the kh/kv ratio and the nominal values of geosynthetic properties adopted in the benchmark analysis are reasonable enough for the long-term behaviour prediction.

A major instrumented geosynthetic reinforced approach embankment was constructed to 5.5 m elevation above ground, with prefabricated vertical drains, over a soft compressible clay deposit at Leneghan, Newcastle, Australia in May 1995. The field monitoring of settlements for over six years shows that the embankment manifests significant creep. The instrumentation, field performance and the finite element analyses for predicting the long-term performance of this embankment are described in this thesis. The maximum settlement of 1.1 m was observed one year after the completion of construction. However, the embankment continued to settle at a rate of 0.4 mm/day for the next 5 years. The horizontal displacements of 0.09-0.14 m at various locations and the maximum reinforcement strains of 0.67% were recorded. A numerical model was developed to perform a fully coupled large deformation elasto-viscoplastic finite element analysis for this performance prediction based on creep model proposed by Kutter and Sathialingam (1992). The foundation soil was modelled with creep material behaviour using six noded linear strain triangular elements. A well-documented case history ??? Sackville embankment, New Brunswick, Canada was analysed using this model as a benchmark problem and the model was found to predict all the behaviour characteristics reasonably well. The results obtained from finite element analysis using this model are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the observed performance of Leneghans embankment in terms of settlements, horizontal displacements, excess pore pressures and geosynthetic strains. But, the prediction of settlements was less than satisfactory beyond April 1999. Finite element analyses were performed to study the sensitivity of this embankment behaviour on the variation of hydraulic conductivity values and geosynthetic reinforcement properties. This sensitivity study indicated that the kv variation, the kh/kv ratio and the nominal values of geosynthetic properties adopted in the benchmark analysis are reasonable enough for the long-term behaviour prediction.

Master’s thesis examines the effect of the shrinkage reducing additives on rheological properties of high-strength concrete. The first part is focused on high-strength concrete in terms of their composition and properties. The second part contains a detailed analysis of the cementitious composites shrinkage problems. Total shrinkage is divided into individual elementary shrinkages. For each of them there is a detailed description of causes and factors that affect their sizes. The next part describes the basic additives used to reduce the shrinkage of cementitious composites. The experimental part is focused on verifying the effectiveness of the shrinkage reducing additives during preparation of high-strength concrete. Usage of shrinkage drains for relative strain measurement enables to determine the process of shrinkage immediately after placing the concrete in the form and to obtain the overall curve of the hight-strength concrete volume changes during its setting and hardening. At the end of the thesis, there are overall analysis and summary of the results of the performed experiments.

Au Québec, les drains installés dans les sols sableux-limoneux sont sensibles au colmatage par ensablement et/ou par ocre de fer. Dans le passé, les drains avec des pertuis inférieurs à 2 mm étaient utilisés au Québec avec un filtre tissé de 110 microns ou un filtre tricoté de 450 microns. Récemment, des drains avec des pertuis supérieurs à 2 mm ainsi qu’un filtre de 250 microns ont été introduits sur le marché mais n’ont jamais été testés. Le projet avait pour objectif de déterminer les vitesses auxquelles se feront l’ensablement et le colmatage ferrique pour différentes combinaisons de drains (pertuis de 1,8 mm et de 3 mm) et de filtres (110 μm, 250 μm et 450 μm) dans un sol sableux à Bécancour. Un dispositif expérimental en blocs complets (3) aléatoires a été utilisé. Les débits ont été mesurés à la sortie des drains de chaque parcelle et les hauteurs des nappes ont été mesurées avec un bulleur dans des puits d’observation. Le suivi du pH, du potentiel d’oxydoréduction et du contenu en Fe2+ a été réalisé dans l’eau de la nappe et celle des drains. Les drains excavés 13 mois après leur installation ne montrent que des traces de sédiments et de colmatage ferrique. Les niveaux de Fe2+ sont significativement plus faibles dans l’eau à la sortie des drains que dans l’eau de la nappe. Le processus de colmatage ferrique ne semble que commencer et son impact n’est pas mesurable au niveau des débits unitaires à la sortie des drains. / In Quebec, drains installed in sandy loam soils are susceptible to clogging by silt and/or by iron ochre. In the past, drains with slot widths smaller than 2 mm were used with a woven filter of 110 microns or knitted filter of 450 microns. Recently, drains with slot widths larger than 2 mm and a filter of 250 microns were introduced on the market but have never been tested. The project aimed to determine the speed at which silting and iron clogging will happen for different combinations of drains (slot widths 1,8 mm and 3 mm) and filters (110 μm, 250 μm et 450 μm) in a Becancour’s sandy soil. An experimental randomized complete block (3) design was used. The flow rates were measured at the outlet of each experimental plot and the heights of water table were measured with a bubbler in piezometers. The monitoring of physicochemical parameters (pH, redox potential and Fe2+ content) was performed in ground water and water from the drain outlet. The drains excavated 13 months after their installation only show traces of sediments and of iron ochre. Concentrations in Fe2+ are significantly lower in the water from the outlet drains than water from the ground water table. Iron clogging process seems to begin and its impacts are not measurable in terms of flow rates at the drain outlets.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Pressure is being brought to bear on national resources of air, earth, and water in the growing cities in the arid southwest. Legal questions involved in capturing urban runoff and putting it to a beneficial use are examined. Urbanization of a watershed results in a 3 to 5 fold increase in runoff amounts. Legal aspects include tort liability from floods, water rights to the increased flows, land use restrictions along banks and flood plains, condemnation of land for park development and flowage easements, financing problems, zoning applications, and coordination of governmental bodies responsible for parks, storm drainage and related services. Urban runoff is the most obvious legal problem in the tort liability area. It appears feasible to divert small quantities of water from urban wastes for recreational uses which provide flood control benefits. It appears that municipalities could appropriate increased flows caused by urbanization. The ultimate legal questions remain to be resolved by legislation, litigation or extension of the appropriative system.

The thesis deals with plumbing in a residential building in Brno. The theoretical part is devoted to the development of residential bathroom units over time. The experimental part is focused on versions of such core units. The work also focuses on possible options and requested specifics. The project part solves sanitary equipment and installation of a residential building in the selected case. It is a multi-storey building which is intended for long-term living.

The thesis deals with possible ways of drainage and wastewater disposal. The issue of wastewater discharge to the environment has been closely monitored in recent years, and there is an apparent effort to improve the current situation.The dissertation discusses and compares three selected options – access to improved sanitation, building reservoirs and domestic wastewater treatment plant.The final section is dedicated to a comparison of acquisition and operating costs over time and to subsequent evaluation of the most suitable option. For the sake of clarity and assessment of potential solutions, the locality in the administrative area Vysoké Mýto - Domoradice has been selected as a model. The local authorities have been designing a public storm sewer, and given that it is surrounded by land, this issue will need to be addressed.

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