Call number: LD2668 .T4 1965 S379 / Master of Science

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

The merits of fortifying baked products such as biscuits, chocolate cakes, muffins, and yeast rolls with non-fat dried milk solids at six concentrations were compared. Baked products were used because the majority of older people consume fairly large quantities of them, and this group of people needs added milk in their diets. / Master of Science

Insoluble sediments are contained in all the samples of evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, and milk made from powdered milk solids that were examined. The amount of sediment was greates in the milk :powder milk, being over 13 per cent of the original substance. With the sweetened condensed milk it averaged 6.6 per cent, and 2.2 per cent with evaporated milk. The sediments from evaporated milk were coarse and granular. The coarse material had a high per cent of calcium. Granulation occurred in the milks of the least density. The granular particles are the result of recrystallization, and this takes place more quickly in fluids of low density. The sediments are characteristic of highly heated and condensed milk products, and their presence in milk would show that condensed milk or powdered milk had been used. The protein probably forms from one-half to two-th irds of this sediment. The results of the calcium, phosphorus and magnesium determinations indicate tha.t insoluble compounds are formed with these constituents. Some of the calcium is evidently in the form of carbonates and phosphates, since efferve~nce took place on addition of an acid to the granular sediment, and phosphorus was shown to be in the sediment in greater proportion than normal. / Master of Science / Major thesis in Diary Chemistry

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Marketing, Durban University of Technology, 2008. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate Chinese parents' buying behaviour towards baby milk powder in the context of China's One-Child policy. The study examined the Chinese culture, social trends, the influence of product attributes among urban Chinese parents and parents' product knowledge of baby milk powder. This study is an exploratory study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from 400 respondents at Shangdong University, China. There are 312 respondents' questionnaires used to analyse the results. The results were discovered through the use of four research objectives. Firstly, the results reflect that family and friends do have an influence on buying decisions on baby milk powder. There parents rely more on word-of-mouth communication and shop assistants play a negative role in parents' buying decision. Secondly, mothers need to opt for baby milk powder for their babies due to the flood of women into the job market and incomes from dual earners. Thirdly, parents perceive high price with good quality; the preferred brand by the parents have a significant impact on their brand loyalty and parents generally hold positive views of foreign-made baby milk powder. Fourthly, parents have a high level of subjective and objective knowledge of baby milk powder. This study was limited to the sample size and the geographic area. Consequently, results of this study can not be regarded as representative of the entire Chinese population. The results may help marketers develop more effective marketing programmes to affect consumers' buying decision. In addition, this study is one of a few studies that apply the theory of buying behaviour in the context of China's One-Child policy in the marketing field. / M

2008年三鹿三聚氰胺毒奶粉事件震驚國內外，該事件導致六名嬰兒腎結石死亡，逾三萬嬰幼兒從此生活在各種腎疾病的陰霾之下。此後奶產品安全問題尋出不窮，對國內奶產業造成嚴重的負面影響，令消費者對整個國內奶產業信心下降。事實上，在很多奶產品安全的危機中，遭受質疑的企業組織最後均被政府的檢測結果證實是無辜的。在危機中，組織的形象受到威脅，組織需通過不同的方法進行自我辯護。現存的文獻提出，危機溝通策略和組織對責任承擔的態度是兩個影響公眾對組織信心和媒體報導語調的重要因素。組織類型（國有或外資）也會影響公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調。過往研究也發現，公眾對組織的信心與媒體報導語調之間存在正相關的聯繫。此研究通過對兩個犯行危機情景的案例研究（2009多美滋危機事件和2010聖元危機事件），目的在於評估危機溝通策略的效用，同時也探討在不同的階段中危機溝通策略、組織責任承擔、組織類型、公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調之間的關係。研究成果發現文獻建議之在不同階段的最佳策略和組織責任承擔對公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調均無重要影響。然而，使用越少藉口和越多提供信息策略的組織贏得更多公眾信心，從而提升正面媒體報導。研究也發現，外企在第一和第二階段報導更正面，但最後國企反而取得正面的媒體報導。另外，組織類型與階段對組織選取策略與組織責任承擔均有影響。本研究結果顯示西方危機處理理論在低信任度社會如中國等未必適用。研究一方面透過更複雜的情境角度，進一步加深對現有危機傳播文獻的理解，例如引入不同階段的概念來評估危機管理的成效，另一方面也為在低信任社會中的奶產業企業提供有效的危機管理建議。 / Sanlu Melamine-contaminated Milk Scandal, the frequent outbreak of dairy product safety crises had a severe impact on the domestic dairy industry, resulting in a general loss of the consumers' confidence in the entire domestic dairy industry. In fact, in many crises the crisis-ridden organizations were eventually proven innocent by governmental departments. During a crisis, an organization's image is threatened, so that various communicative entities are used to defend this image. Based on the existing literature, this study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of crisis communicative strategies (CCSs) as well as investigating the relationships among CCSs, organization responsibility acceptance, organization ownership type (domestically owned or foreign-invested), confidence in organization and media coverage in different stages during the crisis by comparing the Dumex case in 2009 and the Synutra case in 2010. The results found that the posited optimal CCS in a particular stage and organization responsibility acceptance generally did not have significant effects on confidence in organization or media image coverage. However, the findings revealed that the less excuses and the more information providing strategies were employed, the higher the stakeholders' confidence in organization would be, which in turn significantly increased the positive image coverage. Certain CCSs, i.e., diversion, no response, also showed significant direct effects on media coverage. Moreover, foreign-invested organization appeared to enjoy favorable image coverage in Stage 1 and Stage 2, but domestically owned organization surpassed it in the last stage. Organization ownership type and stages also had significant impacts on the choices of CCSs and degree of organization responsibility acceptance. Stage was also a significant negative predictor of confidence in organization but not for media coverage. This study on one hand revealed that the western crisis management theory might not be accommodative to the low-trust context in mainland China and thus theoretically further the understanding of existing crisis communication literature in a more complex contextual perspective through integrating stages as a significant time factor into the evaluation of crisis management. On the other hand it also pragmatically provides useful suggestions on effective crisis strategic management to dairy corporate in low-trust societies. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Huang, Peiyi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-177). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (English version) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (Chinese version) --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- CONCEPTUALIZATION --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Crisis Management --- p.9 / Crisis --- p.9 / Crisis Management --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Outcome: Media Image Coverage --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Time Factor: Stages --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- Strategic Factors --- p.20 / Crisis Communicative Strategies (CCSs) --- p.20 / Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Organizational Factor: Organization Ownership Type --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- Mediator: Confidence in Organization --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7 --- Research Framework, Hypotheses and Research Questions --- p.55 / Chapter 3. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Case Selection --- p.58 / Case --- p.58 / Design --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Content Analysis --- p.65 / Data Collection --- p.65 / Data Coding --- p.67 / Inter-coder Reliability --- p.70 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Basic Sample Information --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis Tests of Two Individual Cases --- p.71 / Case 1 (Dumex) --- p.73 / Chapter tCase 2 (Synutra) --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Overall Results of Cases and Research Questions --- p.91 / Media Valance --- p.92 / Research Question 1 --- p.95 / Research Question 2 --- p.99 / Research Question 3 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.116 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1 --- Stage as A Complex Concept --- p.126 / Controlling Other Dangers in a Dynamics Crisis --- p.127 / The Role of Governmental Intervention in a Low-trust Society --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effects of CCSs on Media Image Coverage inLow-trust Society --- p.132 / Chapter 5.3 --- Mediating Effects of Confidence in Organization --- p.139 / Chapter 5.4 --- Suggestions of Applications of CCSs in Low-trust Society --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5 --- Limit Predictive Power of Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.148 / Chapter 5.6 --- Effects of Organization Ownership Type --- p.150 / Chapter 6. --- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS --- p.154 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.159 / Chapter 8. --- APPENDIXES --- p.178

A take-home milk supplementation programme consisting of 2 kg dry powdered milk offered monthly for 12 months to children 6--24 months of age in participating primary health care clinics was evaluated by assessing weight changes in supplemented and control children. Growth charts of supplemented (n = 362) and control (n = 410) children were summarized by the intercept and slope from the regression of individual weight measurements on age. The 2 groups were stratified by gender, ethnicity (Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese), and age intervals 0--6, 6--24, and 24--30 months which corresponded to pre, during, and post supplementation periods, respectively. Supplemented Indo-Guyanese girls gained significantly (p < 0.001) more weight than their controls: the difference being approximately 40 grams per month. No other differences were observed in the other gender/ethnic groups. Contextual information collected in a sub-sample of 60 mothers/caregivers of beneficiaries revealed that the supplement was mainly consumed with porridge, and tended to be shared more in the Afro-Guyanese than in Indo-Guyanese households. Over 90% of the beneficiaries were satisfied with the programme and wanted it to continue while 74% stated that it was of financial benefit. For future programmes, the use of locally produced infant cereal was recommended.

Increasing interest has been shown in the irradiation sterilization and irradiation pasteurization of foods, but problems of off-flavors and odors are still unsolved, especially in the case of dairy products. From the flavor chemistry point of view, milk lipids are very highly susceptible to irradiation effects. Therefore, this investigation was designed to study some irradiation induced reactions involving flavor changes in the milk fat and to identify the volatile components produced in the milk fat upon irradiation. Milk fat, prepared from raw sweet cream and washed free of phospholipids, was first irradiated in the presence of air and under vacuum in glass vials at 4.5 Mrad with gamma rays from cobalt-60. The irradiation resulted in increase in TBA number, peroxide value, total monocarbonyls, bleaching of color, slightly rancid and typical candle-like off-flavors. Free fatty acids were also produced upon irradiation. The changes were more drastic in air along with production of a slight oxidized flavor. The monocarbonyls identified by column and paper chromatographic methods in irradiated milk fat include: C₁ through C₁₂, C₁₄ , and C₁₆ n-alkanals; C₃ through C₉, C₁₁, C₁₃ and C₁₅ alk-2-ones with only traces of C₆ and C₈ alk-2- ones; and C₅, C₆, C₉, and C₁₂ alk-2-enals. Irradiation of milk fat that had been dried over calcium hydride also caused free fatty acid production, especially short chain fatty acids. Methyl octanoate treated with calcium hydride and irradiated at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 Mrad yielded small quantities of free octanoic acid, confirming that irradiation caused fission of the ester linkage even when traces of water were removed. The quantities of octanoic acid formed increased with increasing dose of irradiation. For identification of volatile components, the milk fat was irradiated in 307x409 'C' enameled cans under vacuum. The headspace analysis showed some air still left in the cans. Irradiation resulted in consumption of oxygen and production of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane as identified in the headspace gases. The volatiles were isolated from the irradiated and control milk fats by low temperature, vacuum steam distillation at 40°C and 1-2 mm Hg. The volatile components were then extracted from the aqueous distillate with ethyl ether. The ethyl ether extract exhibited the typical candle-like defect. The ethyl ether concentrate was analyzed by combination of GLC and fast-scan mass spectrometric techniques. Identification of various components was achieved on the basis of mass spectral data and coincidence of gas chromatographic retention times. In the case of the components for which only GLC t[subscript r]/t[subscript r] evidence was available or the mass spectra obtained were not satisfactory, the identity assigned was only tentative. The volatile compounds that were positively identified to be present in irradiated milk fat are given below: n-Alkanes C₅ through C₁₇ 1-Alkenes C₅, C₇ through C₁₇ Fatty acids C₄, C₆, C₈ and C₁₀ n-Alkanals C₅ through C₁₁ Others γ-decalactone, δ-decalactone, 2-heptanone, benzene, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and dichlorobenzene. The tentative identification was obtained for the following compounds: γ-lactones C₆ and C₈ δ-lactones C₆, C₈, C₁₁, and C₁₂ 1, ?-alkadienes C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₆ and C₁₇ iso-alkanes C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, and C₁₃ Others methyl hexanoate, 2-hexanone, 4-heptanone and n-dodecanal. The compounds present in unirradiated control milk fat included: short chain fatty acids (C₄, C₆, C₈, and C₁₀), C₈, C₁₀, and C₁₂ δ-lactones, 2-heptanone, chloroform, dichlorobenzene, benzene, toluene, and ethyl-benzene. Only tentative identity was established for most of these components in control milk fat. Possible reaction mechanisms are presented for the formation of the compounds in irradiated milk fat. / Graduation date: 1966

Spores of thermophilic bacilli are a common concern during the manufacture of milk powder. Spores are believed to occur in high numbers in milk powder due to their ability to survive pasteurisation, attach to stainless steel surfaces, germinate, grow as biofilms and subsequently enter the product stream and thereby contaminate the final product. In this study, thirty one thermophilic bacilli isolates were obtained from a New Zealand milk powder production line and identified as either Anoxybacillus flavithermus or Geobacillus spp. using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and species-specific PCR. Sporulation media and a polyethylene glycol two-phase separation system were modified to produce high yields of spores free from debris. The spores of four Geobacillus spp. isolates (CGT-8, D4, E7 and E11) were characterised in terms of structure (electron microscopy), surface charge (zeta potential), hydrophobicity (contact angle and microbial adhesion to hexadecane) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). Spores from three of the four isolates possessed an exosporium while the fourth did not. However the integrity of the exosporium varied over time. The spores were negatively charged (-10 to -20 mV) at neutral pH and high ionic strength (0.1 M KC1). Both hydrophobicity assays revealed that the spores of the four isolates were relatively hydrophilic while ATR-IR revealed the spores' surfaces consisted of protein and polysaccharides. The influence of these spore characteristics on adhesion to a variety of substrata under high flow rates was examined using the extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. Spores generally attached in higher numbers to hydrophobic surfaces compared to hydrophilic surfaces, however this observation was more prevalent for isolate D4. This result indicated that a single mechanism could not describe the adhesion of spores from different strains. A series of glass surfaces with modified characteristics were produced in order to test the antifouling properties on the adhesion of D4 spores. Spores suspended in a high ionic strength medium (0.1 M KC1) attached in greater numbers (1 Log₁₀ CFU cm⁻�) to positively charged and hydrophobic surfaces compared with negatively charged and hydrophilic surfaces. A clean in place (CIP) procedure, reduced spore numbers on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces by 1.5 and by 2.0 Log₁₀ CFU cm⁻�, respectively. When spores were suspended in milk, there was little difference in the number of spores attaching to the different surfaces (ie. 3.5 to 3.8 Log₁₀ CFU cm⁻�), and spore removal from surfaces via a CIP regime was unchanged (1.5 to 2.0 Log₁₀ CFU cm⁻� reduction) compared with spores that attached in simple 1:1 electrolyte media. The effects of a caustic wash on spore surface characteristics and adhesion was determined. There was a significant reduction in spore viability (2 Log₁₀ CFU mL⁻�) after a 30 min caustic wash at 65 �C in the current study, however surviving spores displayed a greater propensity to attach to stainless steel. Surface characterisation results revealed an increase in hydrophobicity and a greater negative charge on the spores' surface after treatment with NaOH. Surviving spores could potentially recontaminate sections of the plant which are cleaned with this recycled caustic wash solution, thereby seeding surfaces with spores at the beginning of the next processing run. In conclusion, while surfaces that reduce spore adhesion and enhance removal can be produced, exposure to complex solutions such as milk can reduce the anti-fouling effectiveness of such surfaces to spore adhesion.