Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

The article analyzes the involvement of seven university students in drug dealing in Metropolitan Lima. This qualitative study based its analysis on semi-structured interviews and seven-month fieldwork.The article evidences that the experience as recreational drug users allows them to grasp basic routines related to the market: who, where and how to buy drugs. Based on that previous experience, students get involved in marijuana exchanges because: (i) they want to sell it in order to smoke for free / (ii) they have a good connection with and become a broker for their friends, or (iii) they are interested in generating extra-money to maintain a lifestyle associated with recreational consumption in middle-class university contexts (going to parties, going on trips, buying other drugs, among others).Subsequently, students emphasize their interest in generating monetary incomes and begin to sell marijuana more frequently and in greater quantities. This escalation does not lead to the development of and identity as a ‘drug-dealer’, nor an involvement in other criminal activities. / El artículo analiza el involucramiento de siete jóvenes universitarios en la venta de marihuana en Lima Metropolitana. Este estudio cualitativo basó su análisis en entrevistas semiestructuradas y en un trabajo de campo de siete meses. Se identifica que la experiencia como consumidores recreacionales de drogas permite que los jóvenes aprehendan rutinas básicas referidas al mercado: quién, dónde y cómo comprar drogas. Sobre la base de esa experiencia previa, los jóvenes se involucran en los intercambios de marihuana porque: (i) quieren vender para fumar gratis / (ii) tienen una buena conexión y se convierten en intermediarios de sus amigos, o (iii) tienen interés en generar un dinero adicional para para solventar un estilo de vida asociado al consumo recreacional en contextos universitarios de clase media-alta (salir a fiestas, irse de viaje, comprar otras drogas, entre otras). Posteriormente, enfatizan su interés en generar ingresos monetarios y empiezan a vender marihuana con más frecuencia y en mayores cantidades, sin que dicho escalamiento signifique un desarrollo de una identidad como «microtraficante» ni un involucramiento hacia otras actividades delictivas.

The concept of ‘social supply’ has emerged as a term used both in the UK, and internationally, to describe drug distribution that is non-commercially motivated and almost exclusively found between friends and acquaintances. Social suppliers have increasingly been presented as actors who are qualitatively different to drug dealers (proper), in relation to their motivation and their activity. As a result, they have increasingly become identified as a group who should be distinguished as such legally (Police Foundation, 2000; Release, 2009). While social supply behaviours can be identified in wider research literature relating to recreational drug use, there is a relative gap in regard to in-depth accounts of social supply activity, and in regard to a social supply definition. In a similar way, heroin and crack cocaine user-dealers - a group who are also perhaps not best understood as profit motivated suppliers - have received insufficient academic attention, with the majority of research references failing to go beyond typologies that recognise them simply as suppliers who also use. With research indicating that social supply permeates a meaningful section of adolescent and adult drug markets, along with evidence to suggest that drug supply embodies one of limited options for addicted drug users to fund their habit, this thesis explores how far we can understand these behaviours as drug dealing (proper). Using qualitative in-depth interviews and case studies, this interpretivist research design develops existing ideas, as well as highlighting emergent social supply and user-dealing themes. Findings from this research indicate that social supply behaviours are usefully understood through a theoretical application of ‘normalisation’ (Parker et al., 1998) and ‘drift’ (Matza, 1964) and are wider in scope than those currently recognised by the literature base. The research findings also indicate the importance of the notion of ‘economies of scale’ - an incentive for drug users to obtain a larger quantity of substance for a cheaper price. Notions of reciprocity also feature, with group obligation providing a rationale for involvement in social supply. The findings are also suggestive of the idea that user-dealing - understood through the theoretical gaze of Bourdieu’s ‘Theory of Practice’ (1990) - is characterised by limited distribution, minimal profit and explicated as a less harmful option than other crimes undertaken to fund drug dependence. This thesis concludes with the proposal that a conceptual shift towards ‘minimally commercial supply’ offers a more realistic and inclusive means of conceptualising both social supply and user-dealing activity. Possible ways forward therefore include the implementation of this term as a distinct offence that focuses on intent, thereby presenting a more proportionate approach than current policy responses for these groups allow.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O uso e o tráfico de drogas, associados à violência, constituem-se numa das questões mais emblemáticas da sociedade contemporânea. Por acreditar na necessidade de realizar investigações e reflexões sobre este problema, visando subsidiar programas de promoção de saúde e cidadania através de um novo enfoque, realizei o presente estudo com os seguintes objetivos gerais: conhecer, sob o ponto de vista dos agentes participantes, as percepções e concepções relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas na cidade de Ribeirão Preto e região; e que tem por objetivos específicos, conhecer, sob o ponto de vista dos participantes: 1. as razões que levam as pessoas, principalmente os jovens, a se envolverem com o tráfico de drogas; 2. as percepções e concepções sobre a estrutura e/ou organização do tráfico de drogas, funções dos atores sociais envolvidos, inclusive com relação ao adolescente; 3. as apreciações sobre a violência relacionada ao tráfico de drogas e, em particular, sobre a participação do adolescente na mesma. Foram sujeitos deste estudo sete homens, com idades entre 27 e 60 anos, que têm ou já tiveram envolvimento no tráfico de drogas, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto e região. Os participantes foram intencionalmente escolhidos, levando-se em conta sua vinculação significativa com o problema investigado. Procedimento: a entrevista, com roteiro semi-estruturado, foi o principal instrumento para a coleta de dados. Foram realizadas vinte e três sessões de entrevistas individuais, no período de agosto de 2.001 a setembro de 2.002, e julho a agosto de 2.004. Como instrumentos complementares, foram utilizados registros em notas, em Diário de Campo, assim como, de narrativas fortuitas. Análise de dados: os dados obtidos foram analisados através de uma abordagem qualitativa, sob uma perspectiva compreensivista, a qual privilegia o ponto de vista dos agentes sociais envolvidos. O método de análise foi o de conteúdo temático. A análise dos dados mostrou os múltiplos motivos que podem levar alguém a envolverse com o tráfico de drogas, a partir do ponto de vista dos participantes. São razões que podem se dar isolada ou simultaneamente, e que, muitas vezes, se entrelaçam e se interpenetram. Nas concepções sobre a estrutura e a organização do tráfico de drogas, denominado por eles de “movimento", sobre os atores envolvidos e os papéis desempenhados, recolhi uma variedade extensa de categorias. Elas sugerem que o tráfico de drogas está em constante mutação; é dinâmico, improvisado e repleto de alternativas: fraciona-se, migra, difunde-se, escapa e, ainda, é permeado de símbolos e folclores. As apreciações dos participantes sobre a violência relacionada ao tráfico de drogas e, em particular, à participação do adolescente neste contexto, trouxeram relatos, reflexões e questionamentos sobre as mais diversas representações inseridas na dinâmica do tráfico de drogas. / The use of drugs and the drug dealing, associated with violence, are one of the most worrisome issues of our contemporary society. As a believer in the need of investigating and reflecting about such matters (in order to have subsidized programs which can promote health and citizenship based on a new focus) I have conducted the present study which points out the following: (a) general objectives: to know, from the agents' point of view, the perception and conceptions related to drug dealing in the city of Ribeirão Preto and in its surrounding areas and (b) specific objectives: to know, based on the agents' point of view: 1. the reasons why people, mainly the young ones, get involved with drug dealing; 2. the perception and conceptions on the drug dealing structure and/or its organization, the roles taken by the social actors including the aspect concerned teenagers; 3. considerations on violence related to drug dealing and, in particular, the the participation of teenagers in it. Seven adult men were subjects of this study, their ages ranged from 27 to 60 years old. They either have or had already been involved in drug dealing in the city mentioned above and in its surrounding areas. These participants have been carefully chosen as they played an important role and had an important link with the “problem" under study. Procedure: interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire were the main informational tool for the study’s data ollection. Twenty three individual interviews were accomplished from August 2001 and Septemper 2002, and also from July to August 2004. Additional data such as notes in the field diary, as well as fortuitous narratives were written or recorded. Data analysis: the gathered data have been analyzed through a qualitative approach, based on a comprehensivist perspective that grants privilege to the involved social agents' point of view. The method of analysis relies on the thematic content itself. Based on the participants’ opinion, the data analysis has shown the various reasons which can lead a person to get involved in drug dealing. Such reasons can happen as an isolated fact or happen simultaneously; and many times they entangle and interpenetrate into themselves. As to the conception of the drug dealing (referred by them as “movement") structure and organization, as well as of the actors involved and their respective roles, I have gathered a large amount of categories. They suggest that drug dealing changes constantly; it is dynamic, improvised and full of alternatives: it divides itself, moves to different places, spreads itself, escapes and, also, is surrounded by symbols and histories. The participants’ appreciation on violence related to drug dealing and, in particular, the participation of teenagers have revealed accounts, reflections and questionings ranging from the most diverse representations inserted in the drug dealing dynamics.

Diante da intensificação do processo de encarceramento feminino verificada na última década e das nefastas consequências que decorrem da prisionalização, a presente pesquisa voltar-se-á para a análise da criminalidade feminina a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, a fim de identificar as especificidades do comportamento feminino e revelar como o gênero e as relações de poder dele decorrentes estão essencialmente entrelaçados na construção da realidade criminal. Para tanto, será adotada uma abordagem histórica sobre o conceito de gênero e da sua introdução analítica nas ciências jurídicas, a fim de compreender de que forma o paradigma de gênero colabora para a transformação do discurso jurídico. Em seguida, será exposta a trajetória das teorias criminológicas, passando pelos caminhos das teorias demonológicas até as feministas, com a finalidade de investigar as diversas abordagens da criminalidade feminina. Por fim, a partir da análise de processos criminais que tramitaram perante o Superior Tribunal de Justiça e abordaram o crime de tráfico de drogas para dentro dos presídios, serão investigados concretamente os diferentes aspectos que as questões de gênero podem relacionar-se com o fenômeno criminal. / In view of the intensification of female incarceration verified on the past decade and the nefarious consequences that follows the imprisonment, the following research will focus on the analysis of the female criminality from a gender perspective, willing to identify the female behavior specificities and reveal how the gender and the following power relations are essentially associated in the framing of the criminal reality. For this purpose, will be taken a historical approach about the concept of gender and its analytical introduction on the legal sciences, in order to understand how the gender paradigm collaborates for the legal discourse transformation. Afterwards, it will be established the criminological theories path, through the demonological theories up to the feminist theories, to investigate the various approaches about feminine criminality. Finally, from the analysis of processes that were processed before the Superior Tribunal de Justiça and addressed drug dealing into prisons, will be investigated truly the different aspects in with gender issues can relate with the criminal phenomenon.

This thesis is an ethnography of drug dealers. Working from a Chicago School Symbolic Interactionist approach (Mead, 1934; Blumer, 1969), nineteen interviews were conducted with current and former drug dealers. I inquired into their careers (initial involvements, continuities, disinvolvements, reinvolvements) of participation in selling drugs. The data analysis is primarily located in three chapters – Chapters Five, Six, and Seven. Chapter Five considers people’s involvements in selling drugs as well as dealers’ interpersonal exchanges with their customers. In particular three processes are considered in Chapter Five: initial involvements in drug sales,expanding the customer base, and making sales. Chapter Six discusses dealers’ relationships with suppliers as well as dealers who become involved in supplying activities. This chapter discusses the matters of: making contacts with suppliers, working with suppliers, and becoming suppliers. Chapter Seven examines some of the identity allures and problematics of being a drug dealer as well as instances of disinvolvement and reinvolvement in drug dealing. This includes considerations of: striving for respectability, encountering regulatory agencies, and the problematics of disentanglement.

This thesis is an ethnography of drug dealers. Working from a Chicago School Symbolic Interactionist approach (Mead, 1934; Blumer, 1969), nineteen interviews were conducted with current and former drug dealers. I inquired into their careers (initial involvements, continuities, disinvolvements, reinvolvements) of participation in selling drugs. The data analysis is primarily located in three chapters – Chapters Five, Six, and Seven. Chapter Five considers people’s involvements in selling drugs as well as dealers’ interpersonal exchanges with their customers. In particular three processes are considered in Chapter Five: initial involvements in drug sales,expanding the customer base, and making sales. Chapter Six discusses dealers’ relationships with suppliers as well as dealers who become involved in supplying activities. This chapter discusses the matters of: making contacts with suppliers, working with suppliers, and becoming suppliers. Chapter Seven examines some of the identity allures and problematics of being a drug dealer as well as instances of disinvolvement and reinvolvement in drug dealing. This includes considerations of: striving for respectability, encountering regulatory agencies, and the problematics of disentanglement.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal