Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joaofernandopicollodeoliveira_dissert.pdf: 2216002 bytes, checksum: 172981ec9e4daa13d8e1e6872337867d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / Nephrotoxicity is the main adverse effect of aminoglycoside use. There are few information about its prevalence and risk factor in intensive care unit patients. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, mortality and risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in ICU patients. Casuistic and Method: In order to assess the prevalence of, and risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in the ICU, 360 consecutive patients starting aminoglycoside therapy in the ICU with a baseline calculated GFR (cGFR) &#8805;30 ml/min/1.73 m2 were evaluated. Results: Of them, 209 (58%) developed aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity (AKI, decrease in cGFR >20% from baseline), while 151 did not (non-AKI). Both groups had similar baseline cGFR. The AKI group developed a lower cGFR nadir (45 ± 27 vs. 79 ± 39 ml/min/1.73 m2, p<0.001), was older (56 ± 18 y vs. 52 ± 19 y, p=0.033), had a higher prevalence of diabetes (19.6% vs. 9.3%, p=0.007), used other nephrotoxic drugs (51% vs. 38%, p=0.024) and iodinated contrast more frequently (18% vs. 8%, p=0.0054), showed higher prevalence of hypotension (63% vs. 44%, p=0.0003), shock (56% vs. 31%, p<0.0001), and jaundice (19% vs. 8%, p=0.0036). Mortality was 44.5% in the AKI and 29.1% in the non-AKI groups (p=0.0031). A logistic regression model identified as significant (p<0.05) independent factors affecting aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity baseline cGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR 0.42), diabetes (OR 2.13), simultaneous use of other nephrotoxins (OR 1.61) or iodinated contrast (OR 2.13), and hypotension (OR 1.83). Conclusion: The AKI was frequent among ICU patients using aminoglycoside, and it was associated with high mortality. The presence of diabetes, hypotension, simultaneous use of other nephrotoxic drugs, and iodinated contrast were independent risk factors for the development of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. / Nefrotoxicidade é a principal complicação do uso de aminoglicosídeos. Existem poucas informações sobre a prevalência e os fatores de risco para nefrotoxicidade por aminoglicosídeos em paciente internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência, a mortalidade e os fatores de risco para nefrotoxicidade por aminoglicosídeos em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva geral. Casuística e Métodos: Foram avaliados a prevalência, os fatores de risco e a mortalidade da nefrotoxicidade por aminoglicosídeo de 360 pacientes internados em terapia intensiva com filtração glomerular calculada por fórmula (MDRD, RFG) basal &#8805;30ml/min/ 1,73m2, que iniciaram o uso do antibiótico na terapia intensiva; nefrotoxicidade foi definida como queda >20% na RFG em relação ao RFG basal. Resultados: Entre os pacientes estudados 209 (58%) desenvolveram nefrotoxicidade (IRA) e 151 não alteraram a função renal (não IRA). Ambos os grupos (média±desvio padrão) tinham RFG basal similar (89&#61617;42 ml/min/ 1,73m2 no grupo IRA versus 84±42 ml/min/ 1,73m2 no grupo não IRA). O grupo IRA teve menor nadir de RFG (45±27 ml/min/ 1,73m2 versus 79±39 ml/min/ 1,73m2, p<0,001), idade maior (56&#61617;18 anos versus 52&#61617;19 anos, p=0,033), maior prevalência de diabetes (19,6% versus 9,3%, p=0,007), uso simultâneo mais freqüente de outras drogas nefrotóxicas (51% versus 38%, p=0,024) e contraste (18% versus 8%, p=0,0054), maior prevalência de hipovolemia (44% versus 27%, p=0,001), hipotensão (63% versus 44%, p=0,0003), choque (56% versus 31%, p<0,0001) e icterícia (19% versus 8%, p=0,0036). A mortalidade foi 44,5% no grupo IRA e 29,1% no grupo não IRA (p=0,0031). A análise por regressão logística identificou como fatores de risco independente para a nefrotoxicidade por aminoglicosídeo, RFG basal <60ml/min/1,73m2 [OR 0,42 (IC 95% 0,24-0,72, p=0,02)], diabetes [OR 2,13 (IC 95% 1,01-4,49, p=0,046)], uso simultâneo de outras drogas nefrotóxicas [OR 1,61 (IC 95% 1,00-2,59, p=0,048)], uso de contraste iodado [OR 2,13 (IC 95% 1,02-4,43, p=0,043)] e hipotensão [OR 1,83 (IC 95% 1,14-2,94, p=0,012)]. Conclusões: Nefrotoxicidade por aminoglicosídeo foi freqüente e associada a alta mortalidade em pacientes de UTI. A presença de diabetes, hipotensão, uso simultâneo de outras drogas nefrotóxicas e contraste iodado foram fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento de nefrotoxicidade.

A brief analysis of South African Law relating to intoxication as a defence prior to 1988 is given. This is followed by an in-depth discussion and evaluation of the statutory crime created by section 1 (1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1 of 1988. Various points of criticism against the wording of section 1 (1) as well as the problems with regard to its application in practice are set out. In conclusion a draft for a new, more effective wording for section 1 (1) is given / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

A brief analysis of South African Law relating to intoxication as a defence prior to 1988 is given. This is followed by an in-depth discussion and evaluation of the statutory crime created by section 1 (1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1 of 1988. Various points of criticism against the wording of section 1 (1) as well as the problems with regard to its application in practice are set out. In conclusion a draft for a new, more effective wording for section 1 (1) is given / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)