Chapter One contains a lengthy discussion of tafsír, outlining its meaning, its need to the present study and the different forms in which it exists, whilst at the same time clarifying its obscurities and commending it as an indispensable science. Chapter Two offers a concise overview of five Qur'ánic commentators selected for this particular study. This assessment is based on the eras from which they emerged which has a definite bearing on their commentaries. Chapter Three is a résumé of my subject's biography adopted primarily from Qur'ánic sources. As a frequently mentioned prophet in the Qur'án the story of Músá [p.b.u.h] is drawn from various chapters highlighting substantial aspects of his life. Chapter Four concentrates on two frequently mentioned events in the life of prophet Músá [ p.b.u.h], namely, his call to prophethood and the proclamation to the pharaoh and his people. Chapter Five concludes this work by presenting an overview of the perspectives of the different commentators. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A.

The master thesis focuses on the study information systems used in Czech universities. The biggest part concerns the development of information system used in the University of Economics Prague. The goal of this thesis is to propose a way of a new development of this system, based on the analysis of other systems and to support it with the opinions of a representative sample of University of Economics students. The thesis itself is divided into 3 main parts. The first part shows the 4 most used study systems. Each system is analyzed from different viewpoints and its specifics are stressed. The analysis are made from interviews of the system developers and also web presentations of each subject. Each application solutions are compared with each other. The second part is devoted to the development of the information system of the University of Economics Prague. The author of this thesis expresses his opinion of the information system and proposes a recommendation concerning new functions and possibilities. The proposals are based on the experiences of other students of study information systems, or of the developer himself. All proposals are now in the third part introduced through the questionnaire to students of all other faculties of University of Economics Prague, where they themselves can express their opinions to proposed innovations or to the system in general. The results of the questionnaire are interpreted both in words and graphically.

This thesis deals with the exploration and evaluation of historic masonry building. The researched building was built in the 20th 20th century. Is located in the premises of the Philosophical Faculty of Masaryk University in Brno. During preparation for the planned modernization of the survey was conducted several objects of the university complex. In this work, however, we consider only the building named "C". It will be processed by selected diagnostic method. The findings will then serve as a basis for static analysis and follow-up activities associated with modernization.

C­lem t©to prce je zvit vkon sekvenÄn­ho prochzen­ adres v souborov©m syst©mu ext4. Datov struktura HTree, jen je v souÄasn© dobÄ pouita k implementaci adresu v ext4 zvld velmi dobe nhodn© p­stupy do adrese, avak nen­ optimalizovna pro sekvenÄn­ prochzen­. Tato prce pin­ analzu tohoto probl©mu. Nejprve studuje implementaci souborov©ho syst©mu ext4 a dal­ch subsyst©mu Linuxov©ho jdra, kter© s n­m souvis­. Pro vyhodnocen­ vkonu souÄasn© implementace adresov©ho indexu byla vytvoena sada test. Na zkladÄ vsledk tÄchto test bylo navreno een­, kter© bylo nslednÄ implementovno do Linuxov©ho jdra. V zvÄru t©to prce naleznete vyhodnocen­ p­nosu a porovnn­ vkonu nov© implementace s dal­mi souborovmi syst©my v Linuxu.

[pt] Sistemas de múltiplas antenas de larga escala são técnicas fundamentais para sistemas de comunicação sem fio do futuro, que deverão servir dezenas de usuários por estação rádio-base. Neste contexto, um problema chave é o aumento do consumo de energia à medida que o número de antenas cresce. Recentemente, CADs de baixa resolução têm atraído grande interesse de pesquisa. Em particular, CADs de 1 bit são adequados para sistemas de larga escala devido ao seu baixo custo e consumo de energia. Nesta tese, CADs de 1 bit são usados em três diferentes abordagens de projeto, que operam a taxa de Nyquist e a taxas superiores a taxa de Nyquist com estratégias de amostragem uniforme e dinâmica. Nos sistemas operando a taxa de Nyquist, algoritmos de estimação de canal que exploram o conhecimento da baixa resolução e um novo esquema de detecção e decodificação iterativas são propostos, em que códigos low-density paritycheck de bloco curto são considerados para evitar alta latência. Nos sistemas operando a taxas superiores a taxa de Nyquist com sobreamostragem uniforme, algoritmos eficientes de estimação de canal e de detecção com janela deslizante com exploração da baixa resolução são propostos. Além disso, são deduzidas expressões analíticas associadas aos limitantes de Cramér-Rao para os sistemas com sobreamostragem. Resultados numéricos ilustram o desempenho dos algoritmos de estimação de canal propostos e existentes e os limitantes teóricos deduzidos. Nos sistemas operando com sobreamostragem dinâmica, duas abordagens de projeto são desenvolvidas: uma técnica baseada na maximização da soma das taxas e uma técnica baseada na minimização do erro médio quadrático. Em seguida, três algoritmos de redução de dimensão são apresentados e investigados. Resultados de simulações mostram que os sistemas com sobreamostragem dinâmica têm melhor desempenho do que os sistemas com sobreamostragem uniforme em termos de soma das taxas alcançáveis e de taxa de erro de símbolos, enquanto o custo computacional das técnicas examinadas é comparável. / [en] Large-scale multiple-antenna systems are a key technique for future wireless communications, which will serve tens of users per base station (BS). In this scenario, one problem faced is the large energy consumption as the number of receive antennas scales up. Recently, low-resolution analogto-digital converters (ADCs) have attracted much attention. Specifically, 1-bit ADCs in the front-end are suitable for such systems due to their low cost and low energy consumption. In this thesis, 1-bit ADCs are applied in three different system designs, which operate at the Nyquist rate and faster than Nyquist rates along with uniform and dynamic strategies. In the Nyquist-sampling system, low-resolution-aware channel estimation algorithms and a novel iterative detection and decoding scheme are proposed, where short block length low-density parity-check codes are considered for avoiding high latency. In the faster than Nyquist rates with uniform oversampling system, lowresolution-aware channel estimation and sliding window based detection algorithms are proposed due to their low computational cost and high detection accuracy. Particularly, analytical expressions associated with the Bayesian Cramér-Rao bounds for the oversampled systems are presented. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed channel estimation algorithms and the derived theoretical bounds. In the dynamic-oversampling system, two different system designs are devised, namely, sum rate and mean square error based. Three different dimension reduction algorithms are presented and thoroughly investigated. Simulation results show that the systems with the proposed dynamic oversampling outperform the uniformly oversampled system in terms of the computational cost, achievable sum rate and symbol error rate performance.

Prophetic reports, constituting the second foundational source of the Islamic Weltanschauung, have been categorised in terms of their authenticity. The current work explores reports occurring in single transmission chains that are corroborated in word or meaning by other similarly narrated reports whose source at the level of Prophet Muhammad's companions could either be the same or different. Rules pertaining to this field have been amalgamated for the first time to simplify their application. Appropriated practical examples have been given to illustrate harmony between theory and praxis. Concentration has been restricted to a corroboration of reports by other transmission chains. An examination of the latter falls outside the scope of this investigation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

Mes travaux de recherche portent sur la théorie de la démonstration, le lambda-calcul et l'informatique théorique, dans la ligne de la correspondance de Curry-Howard entre les preuves et les programmes.<br /><br />Dans ma thèse de doctorat, j'ai étudié les opérateurs de mise en mémoire pour les types de données. Ces notions, qui sont introduites par Krivine, permettent de programmer en appel par valeur tout en utilisant la stratégie de la réduction de tête pour exécuter les $\lambda$-termes. Pour cette étude, j'ai introduit avec David une extension du $\lambda$-calcul avec substitutions explicites appelée $\lambda$-calcul dirigé. Nous en avons déduit une nouvelle caractérisation des termes de mise en mémoire et obtenu des nombreux résultats très fins à leur sujet. En ce qui concerne le typage des opérateurs de mise en mémoire, Krivine a trouvé une formule du second ordre, utilisant la non-non traduction de Gödel de la logique classique dans la logique intuitionniste, qui caractérise ces opérateurs. Je me suis attaché à diverses généralisations du résultat de Krivine pour les types à quantificateur positif dans des extensions de la logique des prédicats du second ordre.<br /><br />J'ai poursuivi, après ma thèse, une activité de recherche sur l'extension de la correspondance de Curry-Howard à la logique classique, au moyen des instructions de contrôle. J'ai étudié des problèmes liés aux types de données dans deux de ces systèmes : le $\lambda \mu$-calcul de Parigot et le $\lambda C$-calcul de Krivine. J'ai donné des algorithmes très simples permettant de calculer la valeur d'un entier classique dans ces deux systèmes. J'ai également caractérisé les termes dont le type est l'une des règles de l'absurde. J'ai étendu le système de Parigot pour en obtenir une version non déterministe mais où les entiers se réduisent toujours en entiers de Church. Curieusement, ce système permet de programmer la fonction ``ou parallèle''.<br /><br />Je me suis intéressé aux systèmes numériques qui servent à représenter les entiers naturels au sein du $\lambda$-calcul. J'ai montré que pour un tel système, la possession d'un successeur, d'un prédécesseur et d'un test à zéro sont des propriétés indépendantes, puis qu'un système ayant ces trois fonctions possède toujours un opérateur de mise en mémoire. Dans un cadre typé, j'ai apporté une réponse négative à une conjecture de Tronci qui énonçait une réciproque du résultat précédent.<br /><br />La notion de mise en mémoire ne s'applique qu'à des types de données. Une définition syntaxique a été donné par Böhm et Berarducci, et Krivine a proposé une définition sémantique de ces types. J'ai obtenu avec Farkh des résultats reliant la syntaxe et la sémantique des types de données. Nous avons proposé également des définitions des types entrée et des types sortie pour lesquelles nous avons montré diverses propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques.<br /><br />J'ai réussi à combiner la logique intuitionniste et la logique classique en une logique mixte. Dans cette logique, on distingue deux genres de variables du second ordre, suivant que l'on peut, ou non, leur appliquer le raisonnement par l'absurde. Ce cadre m'a permi de donner le type le plus général pour les opérateurs de mise en mémoire. Vu le rôle important que cette logique semble devoir jouer dans la théorie de ces opérateurs, j'en ai mené avec A. Nour une étude théorique approfondie. Le système de logique mixte propositionnelle auquelle nous avons abouti évoque les sytèmes $LC$ de Girard et $LK^{tq}$ de Danos, Joinet et Schellinx.<br /><br />Je me suis intéressé avec David à l'équivalence induite par l'égalité entre les arbres de Böhm infiniment $\eta$-expansés. Avec Raffalli, je me suis également intéressé à la sémantique de la logique du second ordre.

El estudio tiene como objeto crear una metodología de trabajo que permita tratar de forma normalizada una colección pública de fondos artísticos que no tiene entidad jurídica de museo. El método empleado incluye tanto técnicas de revisión bibliográfica como trabajo de campo para la identificación de recursos en Internet y para la adaptación e importación de datos textuales en una aplicación informática. El trabajo se estructura en ocho capítulos que comienzan con la determinación de conceptos, así como la identificación y clasificación de fuentes de información artística. A continuación estudia las entidades que custodian y difunden la información y las técnicas que se aplican para ello, desde una perspectiva internacional para concluir con el panorama local. El último segmento desarrolla los conocimientos implantando una metodología a través de una herramienta informática y su validación con los registros de la sede del Rectorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El trabajo demuestra la necesidad de utilizar en cualquier colección, técnicas y procedimientos probados en instituciones museísticas. De esta forma se garantizaría la compatibilidad de los resultados del tratamiento de la información: los sistemas de documentación de museos. El método implementado concluye la posibilidad de aplicar a cualquier información artística, con sus peculiaridades, unas técnicas de tratamiento estandarizadas. / The aim of this study is to develop a methodology that allows dealing with an artistic public collection which is not an established museum in a standardized way. It has been used a scientific method, including bibliographic review techniques as well as research work, which has been essential to identify Internet resources and to adapt and import textual data in a computer application. It is organized in eight chapters that begin with conceptual determinations, and the identification and classification of the artistic information sources. Then, the work studies the organizations that custody and spread the information and the procedures used for it, from an international perspective to a local view. The last chapter develops this knowledge implementing the method through a computer application and its validation with the Rectorate of the Polithecnic University of Valencia's records. This work demonstrates the need to use techniques and procedures experienced or previously tested at museums in any collection. In this way, compatibility of the results of the information treatment is ensured: the museums' documentation systems. The implemented method comes to the conclusion that it is possible to apply standardized techniques of information treatment to any artistic information, with its peculiarities.

The goal of this investigation was to explore the efficacy of implementing a rehabilitation robot controlled by a noninvasive brain-computer interface (BCI) to influence brain plasticity and facilitate motor learning. The motivation of this project stemmed from the need to address the population of stroke survivors who have few or no options for therapy. A stroke occurs every 40 seconds in the United States and it is the leading cause of long-term disability [1-3]. In a country where the elderly population is growing at an astounding rate, one in six persons above the age of 55 is at risk of having a stroke. Internationally, the rates of strokes and stroke-induced disabilities are comparable to those of the United States [1, 4-6]. Approximately half of all stroke survivors suffer from immediate unilateral paralysis or weakness, 30-60% of which never regain function [1, 6-9]. Many individuals who survive stroke will be forced to seek institutional care or long-term assistance. Clinicians have typically implemented stroke rehabilitative treatment using active training techniques such as constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) and robotic therapy [10-12]. Such techniques restore motor activity by forcing the movement of weakened limbs. That active engagement of the weakened limb movement stimulates neural pathways and activates the motor cortex, thus inducing brain plasticity and motor learning. Several studies have demonstrated that active training does in fact have an effect on the way the brain restores itself and leads to faster rehabilitation [10, 13-15]. In addition, studies involving mental practice, another form of rehabilitation, have shown that mental imagery directly stimulates the brain, but is not effective unless implemented as a supplemental to active training [16, 17]. Only stroke survivors retaining residual motor ability are able to undergo active rehabilitative training; the current selection of therapies has overlooked the significant population of stroke survivors suffering from severe control loss or complete paralysis [6, 10]. A BCI is a system or device that detects minute changes in brain signals to facilitate communication or control. In this investigation, the BCI was implemented through an electroencephalograph (EEG) device. EEG devices detect electrical brain signals transmitted through the scalp that corresponded with imagined motor activity. Within the BCI, a linear transformation algorithm converted EEG spectral features into control commands for an upper-limb rehabilitative robot, thus implementing a closed-looped feedback-control training system. The concept of the BCI-robot system implemented in this investigation may provide an alternative to current therapies by demonstrating the results of bypassing motor activity using brain signals to facilitate robotic therapy. In this study, 24 able-bodied volunteers were divided into two study groups; one group trained to use sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) (produced by imagining motor activity) to control the movement of a robot and the other group performed the 'guided-imagery' task of watching the robot move without control. This investigation looked for contrasts between the two groups that showed that the training involved with controlling the BCI-robot system had an effect on brain plasticity and motor learning. To analyze brain plasticity and motor learning, EEG data corresponding to imagined arm movement and motor learning were acquired before, during, and after training. Features extracted from the EEG data consisted of frequencies in the 5-35Hz range, which produced amplitude fluctuations that were measurably significant during reaching. Motor learning data consisted of arm displacement measures (error) produced during an motor adaptation task performed daily by all subjects. The results of the brain plasticity analysis showed persistent reductions in beta activity for subjects in the BCI group. The analysis also showed that subjects in the Non-BCI group had significant reductions in mu activity; however, these results were likely due to the fact that different EEG caps were used in each stage of the study. These results were promising but require further investigation. The motor learning data showed that the BCI group out-performed non-BCI group in all measures of motor learning. These findings were significant because this was the first time a BCI had been applied to a motor learning protocol and the findings suggested that BCI had an influence on the speed at which subjects adapted to a motor learning task. Additional findings suggested that BCI subjects who were in the 40 and over age group had greater decreases in error after the learning phase of motor assessment. These finding suggests that BCI could have positive long term effects on individuals who are more likely to suffer from a stroke and possibly could be beneficial for chronic stroke patients. In addition to exploring the effects of BCI training on brain plasticity and motor learning this investigation sought to detect whether the EEG features produced during guided-imagery could differentiate between reaching direction. While the analysis presented in this project produced classification accuracies no greater than ~77%, it formed the basis of future studies that would incorporate different pattern recognition techniques. The results of this study show the potential for developing new rehabilitation therapies and motor learning protocols that incorporate BCI.

Prophetic reports, constituting the second foundational source of the Islamic Weltanschauung, have been categorised in terms of their authenticity. The current work explores reports occurring in single transmission chains that are corroborated in word or meaning by other similarly narrated reports whose source at the level of Prophet Muhammad's companions could either be the same or different. Rules pertaining to this field have been amalgamated for the first time to simplify their application. Appropriated practical examples have been given to illustrate harmony between theory and praxis. Concentration has been restricted to a corroboration of reports by other transmission chains. An examination of the latter falls outside the scope of this investigation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)