The large-scale entrance of women into the workforce over the past two decades has fundamentally changed the nature of work and family life. This trend has been associated with a constellation of emerging challenges and conflicts in balancing work and family spheres. Gutek, Searle, and Klepa (1991) developed two models for explaining work-family conflict. The Rational Model proposed that workfamily conflict is directly proportionate to the amount of time one spends in work and family activities. The Gender Role Model proposed that work-family conflict is moderated by gender role socialization, in that men are predicted to experience greater work-family conflict when family responsibilities interfere with their career, whereas women are predicted to experience greater conflict when their career interferes with their family responsibilities. To date, models of work-family conflict have been largely derived from White samples, and it has not been established that our models can be generalized across culture. Distinct cultural histories between Black and White women suggest potential differences in how work-family conflict is experienced across ethnicity.The purpose of this study was to test a measure of work-family conflict for invariance across ethnicity. Participants were 111 Black and 119 White, married, middle-income mothers with dependent children who worked outside of the home on a full-time basis. It was hypothesized that Gutek et al.'s (1991) measure of work-family conflict would demonstrate variance across ethnicity. The study further extended Gutek's research by hypothesizing that White women would experience greater work-family conflict when work interfered with family responsibilities than the reverse, and that Black women would be equally sensitive to interference with either domain. Results of a multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the hypothesis of construct bias or the prediction that White women would be more sensitive to work interference with family life than the reverse. The results of this study supported the prediction that among Black women, there would be no differences in the relationship between family interference with work and work interference with family on total work-family conflict. Limitations of the present study and implications for future research were discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-158). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-47). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-47). Also available on the Internet.

Um fenômeno que surge estreitamente relacionado às mudanças no âmbito social, econômico e cultural, e que cresce à medida que os anos caminham, vem despertando a atenção de pesquisadores para o desenvolvimento de estudos que envolvem tanto o campo individual quanto o organizacional. Denominado de famílias de dupla carreira, esse fenômeno enfatiza um movimento conjunto de marido e mulher (casal) na esfera familiar e no desenvolvimento da carreira de ambos. As leituras sobre gênero ajudam a explicar e entender um pouco mais esse cenário de modificações no qual a dupla carreira desponta, visto que se verifica cada vez mais a migração das mulheres do ambiente doméstico para espaços públicos de trabalho. Essa entrada da mulher no mercado de trabalho alterou várias estruturas e impactou conceitos tradicionais já arraigados no cotidiano das pessoas. O modelo familiar tradicional e a identidade de homens e mulheres em relação ao desempenho de suas funções são duas estruturas impactadas pela mutação dessas mesmas estruturas. Tais mudanças, que acabaram favorecendo uma relação mais íntima entre família e trabalho, levaram a mulher à assumir responsabilidades e atividades antes consideradas somente dos homens, como o desenvolvimento e comprometimento com sua própria carreira. Dessa forma, a fim de conhecer como essas relações estão se estabelecendo, propôs-se como objetivo geral deste estudo investigar quais os fatores determinantes que constituem o fenômeno da dual career no contexto brasileiro. Inicialmente, foi conduzida uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre carreira, visando a construção do referencial teórico, seguida de uma discussão de gênero, a fim de entender as mudanças nessa área e seus impactos na dupla carreira. A pesquisa contou com 340 participantes, todos ex-alunos da FEA/USP, que deveriam ser casados ou viver maritalmente. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar, por meio de estatísticas descritivas, o perfil dos casais de dupla carreira no cenário brasileiro. Observou-se na amostra predominância de pessoas do gênero masculino. Há maior frequência de casais legalmente unidos, escolaridade maior do que a graduação e atuação em empresas de grande porte. Alguns desses resultados corroboram estudos anteriores, e outros contribuem com novas informações sobre as características desses casais. Com base nos estudos sobre tipologias, aplicou-se a análise de cluster com o objetivo de agrupar os indivíduos com comportamentos próximos nas questões que indicam a postura diante da família e do trabalho. Obtiveram-se cinco tipos de dual career: familista coordenada, familista convencional, carreirista coordenada, carreirista convencional e acrobata. Os familistas são aqueles que priorizam a família, os carreiristas priorizam a carreira e os acrobatas atribuem importância similar a ambas as esferas. Verificou-se na amostra que há uma maior adesão ao tipo acrobata, ou seja, os casais estão dispostos a atuar simultaneamente nas esferas família e carreira. Considerando-se essas tipologias, foram identificadas as percepções que os participantes desenvolvem sobre os benefícios e conflitos que a prática da dual career pode originar. Dessa forma, aplicou-se a análise fatorial, para identificar os diferentes tipos de benefícios e conflitos advindos da dual career. Foram obtidos sete fatores e observou-se predominância dos benefícios sobre os conflitos, ou seja, os respondentes perceberam com maior relevância os benefícios do que os conflitos da dupla carreira. As possíveis contribuições deste estudo envolvem a perspectiva individual e também organizacional. Na perspectiva individual, favorece delinear quais são as prioridades desse casal, seus anseios em relação à carreira e à família, o que favorece a perspectiva organizacional, já que traz informações sobre o colaborador que a empresa possui, possibilitando a esta definir estratégias direcionadas a adequar as políticas de trabalho ao perfil no qual o seu funcionário dual career se adequa. / A phenomenon that appears closely linked to changes in social, economic, and cultural changes and that has been growing as the years go by. It has attracted attention to the development of studies involving both the individual and the organizational field. Termed as dual career families, this phenomenon emphasizes a combined movement between husband and wife (couple) in the family sphere and in the career development of both. The readings on gender help to explain and understand a little more about this scenario of changes, in which dual career emerges, since there is increasing migration of women from home environment to the public work. This entry of women into the labor market has changed several structures and has an impacted on traditional concepts rooted in everyday life. The traditional family model and the identity of men and women in relation to the performance of their duties, two structures are impacted by mutation of its structures. Such changes ultimately favoring a relationship between family and work, led women to assume responsibilities and activities previously considered only by men, including the development and the compromising with their own career. Thus, in order to know how these relationships are being established it was proposed as a general objective of this study, investigate what are the factors that constitute the phenomenon of dual-career in the Brazilian context. Initially a literature search was conducted about career seeking the construction of the theoretical framework, followed by a discussion about gender in order to understand the changes in this area and their impacts on the dual career. The research included 340 participants, all former students of FEA USP that had to be married or at least live maritally. The results allowed to characterize by means of descriptive statistics, which the profile of dual career couples in the Brazilian scenario. In the sample has been observed a predominance of male. There is a higher frequency of couples legally united, and a higher educational degree and experience in large companies. Some of these results corroborate previous studies and others contribute with new information on the characteristics of these couples. Based on studies on typologies, we applied cluster analysis with the aim of grouping individuals with similar patterns that indicate the posture towards family and work. We obtained five types of dual careers: familist coordinated, conventional family, careerist coordinated , conventional careerist and acrobat. The families are those who prioritize family, the careerists are those who prioritize career and the acrobats are those who attach similar importance to both spheres. It was found in the sample that there is a greater adhesion to type acrobat, that means the couples are willing to work in both spheres - family and career. Considering these types it has been identified the perceptions that participants had about the benefits and conflicts that the practice of dual-career can manifest. For this purpose we applied factor analysis to identify the different types of benefits and conflicts arising from dual-career. Seven factors have been obtained and it has been noted the predominance of the benefits on conflicts. The possible contributions of this study surround the individual and also organizational perspective; the individual perspective helps delineate what are the priorities of this couple, their expectations regarding career and family, which favors an organizational perspective as it brings information about the employee that the company has, allowing for this, strategies directed that permit to suit the demand of labor at the profile of the dual career employee.

Nas últimas décadas, foi possível observar mudanças na forma como as pessoas estão lidando com as decisões de carreira nas organizações. Além da dimensão profissional, aspectos de âmbito pessoal e familiar estão sendo considerados, evidenciando a importância da integração entre vida e trabalho no contexto contemporâneo. Muitos fenômenos sociais, culturais e políticos têm proporcionado debates relevantes sobre carreira e trabalho no cenário mundial e brasileiro, destacando-se o crescente aumento da participação feminina no processo produtivo, a ressignificação do papel masculino no casamento, o modelo familiar homoafetivo se fundamentando enquanto instituição legal, social e política, e os novos desenhos de carreira que buscam suprir necessidades pessoais e organizacionais. Considerando tais temas, estudos sobre dual career family (famílias em carreira dual) têm sido retomados de forma mais intensa pela academia, buscando investigar como os casais estão gerenciando os domínios do trabalho e da vida familiar, concomitantemente às suas aspirações de carreira. As pesquisas sobre a carreira dual no cenário mundial abordam o relacionamento, os dilemas, os conflitos e as influências na carreira e na família para casais hetero e homoafetivos. Este estudo buscou determinar os fatores que influenciam a carreira dual para casais heteroafetivos, casais de lésbicas e casais de gays, em função das aspirações de carreira profissional e das demandas familiares. Para tanto, foram realizadas doze entrevistas com homens e mulheres em união hetero e homoafetiva da Grande São Paulo, com nível superior e união conjugal de mais de dois anos. Os dados foram coletados e analisados de acordo com a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977). Para os heteroafetivos, constatou-se o crescente compromisso com a carreira dual, fundamentado nos ajustes que ambos os cônjuges realizam para conciliar as demandas profissionais e familiares por meio da busca de interações equitativas de poder. Os homoafetivos direcionam seus esforços à progressão na carreira. Entre os gays, o foco na carreira individual influencia o nível de compromisso com a carreira dual, observando-se relações de poder menos igualitárias na interação do casal. As lésbicas vivenciam o compromisso compartilhado com a carreira dual, baseado em interações igualitárias e em ajustes que ambas realizam para conciliar as demandas profissionais e familiares, e crescerem juntas na carreira. Constatou-se também diferença na tomada de decisões entre o casal baseada no papel de gênero associado ao sexo, construindo socialmente. / In recent decades, changes were observed in the way how people are dealing with career decisions in organizations. In addition to the professional dimension, personal and family context aspects are considered, highlighting the importance of integration between life and work in the contemporary context. Many social, cultural and political phenomena have provided relevant discussions on career and work in the world and Brazilian scenario, emphasizing the increasing female participation in the production process, the redefinition of the male role in marriage, homosexual family model is basing as a legal institution, social and political, and the new career designs that seek to fulfill personal and organizational needs. Studies on dual career family have been taken up more fully in the academy, trying to investigate couples are managing the domains of work and family life, concomitantly to their career aspirations. Research on dual career on the world stage approach the relationship, dilemmas, conflicts and influences on career and family for heterosexual and homosexual couples. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the dual career for heterosexual couples, lesbian couples and gay couples, according to the career aspirations and family demands. Twelve interviews were conducted with men and women in union hetero and homosexual of São Paulo, with higher education and marital union of more than two years. Data were collected and analyzed according to the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin (1977). For heterosexuals, there was the growing commitment to dual career, based on the settings that both spouses hold to reconcile work and family demands by seeking equitable interactions power. The homosexuals direct their efforts to career progression. Among gays, focus on individual career influences the level of commitment to dual career, observing least equal power relations in the interaction of the couple. Lesbians experience the shared commitment to dual career, based on egalitarian interactions and adjustments that both perform to reconcile work and family demands, and grow together in their careers. It was also difference in decision making between the couple based on gender role associated with sex, building socially

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utforska golf student-idrottares upplevelser av stöd i deras dubbla karriärs miljö från ett helhetsperspektiv. Samt att utforska nyckelpersoners perspektiv på den dubbla karriärens miljö och stödet som finns för golf student-idrottarna, från ett helhetsperspektiv. För att undersöka syftet gjordes två semistrukturerade  intervjuguider, en med frågor om fem olika domäner, idrottslig, akademisk, psykosocial, psykologisk och finansiell. Den andra hade frågor i samma domäner samt frågor om strukturen inom den dubbla karriär miljön. Deltagarna i studien var nio golf student-idrottare som tävlade på internationell eller nationell nivå, medelåldern var 21 (SD=1.80), samt tre nyckelpersoner med en medelålder på 41.33 (SD=8.39). Baserad på resultatet har en utvecklad version av Athletic talent development  environment model tagits fram. Föreliggande studies slutsats var att student-atleterna upplevde mer stöd än brist på stöd i deras dubbla karriär miljö och att mest stöd gavs inom den idrottsliga domänen.

This thesis investigates the experiences of Malaysian dual-career couples combining career and family. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were used to collect data from 23 dual-career couples. The findings indicate that being in a dual-career relationship impacts upon how they perceive the family’s provider role; career priorities; how decisions are made; and how family work is divided. The experiences described by the participants reflect their gender role ideologies and the salience of family and work roles. The results also reveal how interaction between partners can shape their ideologies and role salience, in addition to how religious and cultural values influence their gender attitudes. A number of challenges faced by the couples are identified. The supports and strategies that help them cope with housework, childcare and work demands are also critiqued. The thesis also highlights the implications of the government and organization’s policies and support to the couples and the kind of policies and support that the couples would like to see introduced. The similarities and differences between dual-career couples in the Malaysian context compared with the West are explored. Additionally, the findings extend the use of gender role ideology and role salience theories to develop an understanding of the couples’ experiences. A summarizing framework of their experiences based on the analysis is presented. In summary, the thesis firstly fills a gap in the dual-career couples’ literature which has previously focused upon Western couples only. Secondly, the study has examines the utility of gender role ideology and role salience as a framework to understand the context of dual-career couples. Thirdly, the current research also makes an important methodological contribution in a Malaysian context. Finally, it provides some recommendations for the government and organizations in Malaysia in terms of policies that promote work-family balance and gender equality for dual-career women.

M.A. (Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract