Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a técnica de impedância bioelétrica (IB) identifica as modificações da composição corporal em mulheres no período pós-parto. Participaram do estudo 47 mulheres (≥ 18 anos), nas quais foram avaliadas massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG) e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) pelos equipamentos IB_Tanita BC 533; IB_RJL 101 e por absorciometria de raio X de dupla energia (DXA). Todas as avaliações foram feitas no mesmo dia. Posteriormente, as mulheres foram categorizadas em dois grupos: com perda ponderal (n= 24) e com ganho ponderal (n= 22). Os valores médios das alterações da composição corporal (CC), foram comparados intra-métodos e em relação ao método padrão-ouro (DXA) através de teste T-pareado. A concordância entre as diferenças das alterações da CC obtidas pelas IB e DXA foi avaliada pelo método de Bland & Altman e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). A média  desvio padrão de idade foi de 26,7  5,2 anos e o tempo médio da captação no pós-parto para a primeira avaliação foi de 2,6  2,0 meses e 8,0  2,7 meses para a segunda avaliação. A média de massa corporal (MC) foi de 74,6  11,4 kg na primeira avaliação e 75,1  12,6 kg na segunda avaliação, correspondendo a um valor de índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 28,8  4,0 kg/m2 e 29,0  4,6 kg/m2, respectivamente. O %GC medido pela DXA foi de 40,1  4,9 % para a primeira avaliação e de 41,0  5,2 %, para a segunda avaliação, representando uma MG de 30,2  6,6 kg e de 30,9  8,0 kg, respectivamente. Ambas as IB subestimaram a alteração do % GC (-0,7 % para IB_Tanita e -1,1% para IB_RJL) e MG (-0,6 kg para IB_Tanita e -1,0 kg IB_RJL) em relação ao DXA. Por sua vez, as alterações de MLG foram superestimadas 0,8 kg pela IB_Tanita e 1,0 kg IB_RJL. Houve boa concordância (CCI ≥ 0,75) entre as alterações identificadas para MG pela IB_Tanita e por DXA e satisfatória pela IB_RJL. Dessa forma o presente estudo verificou um desempenho satisfatório da técnica de IB em identificar as alterações da MG gorda e que a IB_Tanita mostrou-se melhor que a IB_RJL na estimativa da alteração desse componente corporal nesse grupo de mulheres pós-parto. / The aim of the present study is to assure that the measurement of the bioelectrical impedance (IB) identifies the changes in the body composition of postpartum women. Forty-seven women (≥ 18 years of age) were enrolled in the study. Body composition (BC) - fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) and percentage body fat (%BF) - was obtained by two IB devices (Tanita BC 533 and RJL 101) and DXA. All measurements were performed at the same day in two different postpartum moments. The women were categorized in two groups: with weight loss (WWL, n= 24) and with weight gain (WWG, n= 22). Pair T-test was used to compare mean difference values within methods and DXA. Bland & Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the agreement between body composition changes obtained by both IB and DXA. The first and second visits for BC measurements occurred 2,6  2,0 months e 8,0  2,7 months after delivery, respectively. Mean ( SD) age was 26.7  5.2 years and body mass was 74.6  11.4 kg at the first visit and 75.1  12.6 kg at the second visit. Women were overweight in both visits (BMI= 28.8  4,0kg/m2 e 29.0  4.6 kg/m2). % BF measured by DXA at the first visit was 40.1  4.9% and at the second visit was 41.0  5.2% yielding on average a FM of 30.2  6,6 kg and 30,9  8,0 kg, respectively.. IB_Tantia yelded lower mean values for FFM and FM compare to DXA mean values, except for %BF. Both IB underestimated %BF (-0.7% for Tanita and -1.1% for RJL) and FM changes (-0.6 kg for Tanita and -1.0 for RJL) compared to DXA changes. On the other hand FFM changes were overestimated by Tanita (0,8 kg) and RJL (1,0 kg). There was a good agreement (CCI ≥ 0.75) between FM changes measured by IB_Tanita and DXA and a fair agreement for IB_RJL. Therefore the IB technique was able to identified FM changes, and IB_Tanita showed a better performance than IB_RJL on the estimation of FM changes in these postpartum women.

O COMEX Lab-Sorter MSX-400-VL-XR-3D (Sorter) foi avaliado, sob diferentes condições operacionais em relação a sua capacidade de realizar testes de pré-concentração em escala laboratorial, visando o uso dos resultados gerados para aplicação industrial. Para tal, 24 testes de separação (bem como mais testes de calibração) foram realizados para dois minérios diferentes (a base de ferro e zinco). Nesses testes, aproximadamente 73 kg de minério foram avaliados para fins de separação no equipamento acima citado. Este mostrou a capacidade de aumentar o teor do minério de ferro acima de 60% Fe, aproveitando assim de 46% da massa do material no tamanho Lump (-31 +12,7mm) que era anteriormente classificado como rejeito pela mina e tinha um teor de apenas 53% de Fe. Com respeito do Zinco, o equipamento recuperou 93% do minério de zinco, aumentando seu teor acima de 27% Zn. Dessa forma, o Sorter eliminou 27% da massa do ROM a ser alimentado na planta de benefíciamento da mina de zinco. As configurações de porcentagem ideal para o ferro eram de 150-220 threshold e 75% porcentagem, e para o zinco as configurações ideais eram de 0-100 threshold para a granulometria maior (-50 +19 mm) e de 0-150 para a granulometria menor (-25 +8mm), ambos com 75% porcentagem. / The MS-400-VL-XR-3D COMEX Lab-Sorter (Sorter) was evaluated under different operating conditions for its ability to carry out pre-concentration tests at the laboratory scale, with the intention of using the results generated for industrial application. To this end, 24 separation tests (and many more calibration tests) were performed for two different ores (iron and zinc). In these tests, more than 73 kg of ore was passed, particle per particle in the equipment. The Sorter showed the ability to increase the iron ore content to over 60% Fe, thus taking advantage of 46% of the mass of the Lump size material (-31 + 12.7mm) that was previously classified as waste and had a grade of only 53% Fe. With respect to Zinc, the Sorter recovered 93% of the zinc ore, increasing its content above 27% Zn. In this way, the Sorter eliminated 27% of the ROM mass to be fed into the zinc mine beneficiation plant. The ideal percentage configurations for the iron were 150-220 threshold and 75% percentage, and for zinc the ideal configurations were 0-100 threshold for the large particle size (-50 +19 mm) and 0-150 for the small particle size (-25 + 8mm), both with 75% percentage.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a técnica de impedância bioelétrica (IB) identifica as modificações da composição corporal em mulheres no período pós-parto. Participaram do estudo 47 mulheres (≥ 18 anos), nas quais foram avaliadas massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG) e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) pelos equipamentos IB_Tanita BC 533; IB_RJL 101 e por absorciometria de raio X de dupla energia (DXA). Todas as avaliações foram feitas no mesmo dia. Posteriormente, as mulheres foram categorizadas em dois grupos: com perda ponderal (n= 24) e com ganho ponderal (n= 22). Os valores médios das alterações da composição corporal (CC), foram comparados intra-métodos e em relação ao método padrão-ouro (DXA) através de teste T-pareado. A concordância entre as diferenças das alterações da CC obtidas pelas IB e DXA foi avaliada pelo método de Bland & Altman e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). A média  desvio padrão de idade foi de 26,7  5,2 anos e o tempo médio da captação no pós-parto para a primeira avaliação foi de 2,6  2,0 meses e 8,0  2,7 meses para a segunda avaliação. A média de massa corporal (MC) foi de 74,6  11,4 kg na primeira avaliação e 75,1  12,6 kg na segunda avaliação, correspondendo a um valor de índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 28,8  4,0 kg/m2 e 29,0  4,6 kg/m2, respectivamente. O %GC medido pela DXA foi de 40,1  4,9 % para a primeira avaliação e de 41,0  5,2 %, para a segunda avaliação, representando uma MG de 30,2  6,6 kg e de 30,9  8,0 kg, respectivamente. Ambas as IB subestimaram a alteração do % GC (-0,7 % para IB_Tanita e -1,1% para IB_RJL) e MG (-0,6 kg para IB_Tanita e -1,0 kg IB_RJL) em relação ao DXA. Por sua vez, as alterações de MLG foram superestimadas 0,8 kg pela IB_Tanita e 1,0 kg IB_RJL. Houve boa concordância (CCI ≥ 0,75) entre as alterações identificadas para MG pela IB_Tanita e por DXA e satisfatória pela IB_RJL. Dessa forma o presente estudo verificou um desempenho satisfatório da técnica de IB em identificar as alterações da MG gorda e que a IB_Tanita mostrou-se melhor que a IB_RJL na estimativa da alteração desse componente corporal nesse grupo de mulheres pós-parto. / The aim of the present study is to assure that the measurement of the bioelectrical impedance (IB) identifies the changes in the body composition of postpartum women. Forty-seven women (≥ 18 years of age) were enrolled in the study. Body composition (BC) - fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) and percentage body fat (%BF) - was obtained by two IB devices (Tanita BC 533 and RJL 101) and DXA. All measurements were performed at the same day in two different postpartum moments. The women were categorized in two groups: with weight loss (WWL, n= 24) and with weight gain (WWG, n= 22). Pair T-test was used to compare mean difference values within methods and DXA. Bland & Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the agreement between body composition changes obtained by both IB and DXA. The first and second visits for BC measurements occurred 2,6  2,0 months e 8,0  2,7 months after delivery, respectively. Mean ( SD) age was 26.7  5.2 years and body mass was 74.6  11.4 kg at the first visit and 75.1  12.6 kg at the second visit. Women were overweight in both visits (BMI= 28.8  4,0kg/m2 e 29.0  4.6 kg/m2). % BF measured by DXA at the first visit was 40.1  4.9% and at the second visit was 41.0  5.2% yielding on average a FM of 30.2  6,6 kg and 30,9  8,0 kg, respectively.. IB_Tantia yelded lower mean values for FFM and FM compare to DXA mean values, except for %BF. Both IB underestimated %BF (-0.7% for Tanita and -1.1% for RJL) and FM changes (-0.6 kg for Tanita and -1.0 for RJL) compared to DXA changes. On the other hand FFM changes were overestimated by Tanita (0,8 kg) and RJL (1,0 kg). There was a good agreement (CCI ≥ 0.75) between FM changes measured by IB_Tanita and DXA and a fair agreement for IB_RJL. Therefore the IB technique was able to identified FM changes, and IB_Tanita showed a better performance than IB_RJL on the estimation of FM changes in these postpartum women.

O COMEX Lab-Sorter MSX-400-VL-XR-3D (Sorter) foi avaliado, sob diferentes condições operacionais em relação a sua capacidade de realizar testes de pré-concentração em escala laboratorial, visando o uso dos resultados gerados para aplicação industrial. Para tal, 24 testes de separação (bem como mais testes de calibração) foram realizados para dois minérios diferentes (a base de ferro e zinco). Nesses testes, aproximadamente 73 kg de minério foram avaliados para fins de separação no equipamento acima citado. Este mostrou a capacidade de aumentar o teor do minério de ferro acima de 60% Fe, aproveitando assim de 46% da massa do material no tamanho Lump (-31 +12,7mm) que era anteriormente classificado como rejeito pela mina e tinha um teor de apenas 53% de Fe. Com respeito do Zinco, o equipamento recuperou 93% do minério de zinco, aumentando seu teor acima de 27% Zn. Dessa forma, o Sorter eliminou 27% da massa do ROM a ser alimentado na planta de benefíciamento da mina de zinco. As configurações de porcentagem ideal para o ferro eram de 150-220 threshold e 75% porcentagem, e para o zinco as configurações ideais eram de 0-100 threshold para a granulometria maior (-50 +19 mm) e de 0-150 para a granulometria menor (-25 +8mm), ambos com 75% porcentagem. / The MS-400-VL-XR-3D COMEX Lab-Sorter (Sorter) was evaluated under different operating conditions for its ability to carry out pre-concentration tests at the laboratory scale, with the intention of using the results generated for industrial application. To this end, 24 separation tests (and many more calibration tests) were performed for two different ores (iron and zinc). In these tests, more than 73 kg of ore was passed, particle per particle in the equipment. The Sorter showed the ability to increase the iron ore content to over 60% Fe, thus taking advantage of 46% of the mass of the Lump size material (-31 + 12.7mm) that was previously classified as waste and had a grade of only 53% Fe. With respect to Zinc, the Sorter recovered 93% of the zinc ore, increasing its content above 27% Zn. In this way, the Sorter eliminated 27% of the ROM mass to be fed into the zinc mine beneficiation plant. The ideal percentage configurations for the iron were 150-220 threshold and 75% percentage, and for zinc the ideal configurations were 0-100 threshold for the large particle size (-50 +19 mm) and 0-150 for the small particle size (-25 + 8mm), both with 75% percentage.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-01T16:58:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Valéria Pagotto - 2013.pdf: 1825466 bytes, checksum: f97e4cc29d226317b6a69fbcc4e88f19 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T14:32:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Valéria Pagotto - 2013.pdf: 1825466 bytes, checksum: f97e4cc29d226317b6a69fbcc4e88f19 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T14:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Valéria Pagotto - 2013.pdf: 1825466 bytes, checksum: f97e4cc29d226317b6a69fbcc4e88f19 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to review methods and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia available in the literature to estimate the prevalence and concordance between them, in a sample of elderly Goiânia, and propose anthropometry for screening sarcopenia. To review methods we used the recommendations for systematic review and meta-analysis of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. For other purposes, we used a subsample of 132 elderly Senior Project/ Goiânia, selected in proportion to the Sanitation Districts of Goiânia. The data were collected by staff previously trained and standardized. Sarcopenia was analyzed by mass and muscle strength. The mass mucular was estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry, and muscle strength through hand grip strength (FPP). Analyses were performed in STATA 12.0, comparison of means and proportions, estimation of prevalence and prevalence ratio, Kappa, calculation of sensitivity and specificity analysis and ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goiás. In 28 prevalence studies reviewed were found three methods for the diagnosis of sarcopenia: DEXA BIA and anthropometry with significant variations in prevalence as sex and the method adopted. Applying the diagnostic criteria found in the subsample Elderly Project/ Goiânia, the prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 60.6% to 8.3% for the criteria of muscle mass and 54.2% to 48.8% for the strength, increasing in age and is more prevalent in men by criteria of muscle mass and women by criteria muscle strength. There was good agreement between two diagnostic criteria using DEXA, and moderate to weak for others. Anthropometric measurements of the circumference of the calf (CP), midlearm circumference (MAMC) and brachial circumference (CB) have been proposed for screenig sarcopenia and all showed good sensitivity and specificity for the cutoff of DEXA, and the CP had the best performance. We conclude that there are different methods and criteria for diagnosis of sarcopenia and its aplicabillity both in elderly sample of Goiânia, as other results in different prevalence rates by sex and age. The only good agreement between the two methods indicates DEXA both the need for an operational definition and the need for early detection. Anthropometric measurements of CP, CMB and CB can be used for tracking and consequent prevention of adverse events in elderly health resulting from sarcopenia / O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os métodos e critérios diagnósticos de sarcopenia disponíveis na literatura, estimar a prevalência e a concordância entre estes diferentes critérios em amostra de idosos de Goiânia e propor o método antropométrico como rastreamento da sarcopenia. Para revisão de métodos foram utilizadas as recomendações para comunicação de estudos de revisão sistemática e metanálise do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Para os demais objetivos utilizou-se subamostra de 132 idosos do Projeto Idosos/ Goiânia, selecionados de forma proporcional aos Distritos Sanitários de Goiânia. Os dados foram coletados por equipe previamente treinada e padronizada. A sarcopenia foi analisada segundo a massa e força muscular. A massa mucular foi estimada por meio da Absortometria por raio-X de dupla energia (DEXA), bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) e antropometria; e a força muscular por meio da Força de Preensão Palmar (FPP). As análises foram realizadas no STATA 12.0, por meio de testes para comparação de médias e proporções, estimativa da prevalência e razão de prevalência, teste Kappa, cálculo de sensibilidade e especificidade e análise de Curva Roc (receiver operator characteristic curve). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Em 28 estudos de prevalência revisados, foram encontrados 3 métodos para diagnóstico de sarcopenia: DEXA, BIA e antropometria, com variações significantes na prevalência conforme o sexo e o método adotado. Aplicando os critérios diagnósticos encontrados na subamostra do Projeto Idosos/ Goiânia, a prevalência de sarcopenia variou de 60,6% a 8,3% para os critérios de massa muscular e de 54,2% a 48,8% para os de força, aumentando nas faixa etária, sendo mais prevalente em homens por critérios de massa muscular e em mulheres por critérios de força muscular. Observou-se boa concordância entre dois critérios diagnósticos utilizando DEXA, e moderada a fraca para os demais. As medidas antropométricas da Circunferência da Panturrilha (CP), Circunferência Muscular do Braço (CMB) e Circunferência Braquial (CB) foram propostas para rastreamento de sarcopenia e todas apresentaram boa sensibilidade e especificidade para os pontos de corte de DEXA, sendo que a CP teve o melhor desempenho. Conclui-se que existem diferentes métodos e critérios para diagnóstico da sarcopenia e a aplicabilidiade deles tanto na amostra de idosos de Goiânia, como em outras resulta em diferentes prevalências conforme sexo e faixa etária. A boa concordância entre apenas dois métodos de avaliação pela DEXA sinaliza tanto a necessidade de uma definição operacional como a necessidade de detecção precoce. As medidas antropométricas da CP, CMB e CB podem ser utilizadas para rastreamento e consequente prevenção de eventos adversos a saúde do idoso decorrente da sarcopenia.

Objetivos: Avaliar a composição corporal através da medida das dobras cutâneas (DC) intra e inter observador em mulheres na fase reprodutiva. Estimar a confiabilidade de dois protocolos de medidas de dobras cutâneas com o método Absorciometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (DEXA). Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 90 mulheres com faixa etária de 18 a 37 anos, com Índice de Massa Corporal entre 18 e <= 39,9 Kg/m². A reprodutibilidade dos métodos foram avaliados pelos coeficientes de correlação de concordância (CCC) e coeficiente de Saint Laurent e pelos limites de concordância e gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados: A comparação intra observador foi excelente (CCC = 0,99) para os valores das medidas de DC tricipital, supraíliaca, coxa, soma das dobras e percentual de gordura. O mesmo ocorreu na comparação inter observador (CCC = 0,99). As medidas das DC tricipital foram as que apresentaram maior CCC (0,98), seguido da medida da coxa (0,90), e a medida da DC da suprailíaca foi a menor (0,89). A soma das DC e o percentual de gordura tiveram valores de 0,95. Já os protocolos de medidas de DC comparados entre si e com o padrão ouro DEXA, obtiveram valores de concordância baixa (0,35). Conclusões: Nossos achados mostraram que a comparação intra e inter observador foi satisfatória, contribuindo para a reprodutibilidade das medidas de DC. Os protocolos de avaliação das DC não tiveram concordância quando comparados com a DEXA / Objectives: Assessing body composition by measuring the intra and inter observer skin folds in women in the reproductive phase and estimate the reliability of two protocols skinfold measures with radiographic absorptiometry method of dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA). Methods: The sample consisted of 170 women aged 18-37 years with body mass index between 18 and <= 39.9 kg / m². The reproducibility of methods and skinfold thickness were evaluated by the coefficient of concordance correlation (CCC) and coefficient of Saint Laurent and the limits of agreement and Bland-Altman. Results: Comparison intra observer was excellent with the same values of the CCC (0.99) for the measurements of skinfold thickness of the triceps, suprailiac, thigh and fat percentage. The same occurred in the comparison inter observer (CCC = 0.99). The measures of skinfold thickness of the triceps showed the greatest CCC (0.98), followed by thigh (0.90), and the suprailiac was the lowest (0.89). The sum of the measurements of skinfold thickness and the percentage of fat had CCC values of 0.95. Already the reliability of two protocols skinfold thickness measures compared with the gold standard DEXA method was low (CCC = 0.35). Conclusions: Our findings showed that compared intra and inter observer was satisfactory, contributing to the reproducibility of skin folds. Assessment protocols skinfold did not have agreement when compared with DEXA

Abstract Today, the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk is based on estimation of bone mineral density (BMD) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A lack has been shown in the prediction of individual fracture risk using DXA-based BMD (BMDDXA). Digital radiography (DR) has eased the application of dual-energy techniques for separating bone and soft tissue, but the direct application of dual-energy digital radiography (DEDR) to determine BMD has not been investigated. Additionally, with BMD and bone mass, bone geometry affects strongly the mechanical strength of bone. Geometrical parameters can also be determined from the DR images. This study aimed to investigate the ability of DEDR to determine BMD and whether the combination of DEDR-based BMD and geometry improves the prediction of maximal load. Fracture and osteoporosis diagnoses could thus be done with one examination, i.e. with DEDR, whereas in the current routine both DR imaging and DXA examination are needed for diagnoses. Reindeer femora were imaged by DR with two different energies (79 and 100 kVp). The different geometrical parameters were also determined from the 79 kVp images. The BMD measured by DEDR (BMDDEDR) were calculated using the calculation principle of DXA. The ability of BMDDEDR to predict BMDDXA was investigated. The femora were mechanically tested in an axial loading configuration with the shaft in a vertical position to determine mechanical parameters. The best combination of BMDDEDR and geometrical parameters to predict bone maximal load was explored. BMDDXA was used for comparison. Significant moderate to high linear correlations were observed in all regions of the upper femur (femoral neck, Ward’s triangle, trochanter and inter-trochanter) between BMDDEDR and BMDDXA. BMDDEDR of the femoral neck and BMDDXA of the femoral neck predicted maximal load similarly. The best combination of parameters to predict maximal load was BMDDEDR at Ward’s triangle, femoral shaft diameter (FSD) and femoral shaft axis length (FNAL) (r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.05). The study shows that DEDR is a suitable method to determine BMD in vitro and the combination of BMD and geometry improves the prediction of bone maximal load when compared to BMDDEDR of femoral neck or trochanter only. The thesis also includes unpublished data from a preliminary human study. / Tiivistelmä Osteoporoosin diagnosointi ja murtumariskin määrittäminen perustuvat kaksienergisellä röntgenabsorptiometrialla (DXA) mitattavaan luun mineraalitiheyden (BMD) arviointiin. DXA:lla määritetyn luun mineraalitiheyden (BMDDXA) on kuitenkin osoitettu olevan puutteellinen murtumariskin yksilöllisessä ennustamisessa. Digitaalinen röntgenkuvaus (DR) on helpottanut sellaisten kaksienergisten tekniikoiden toteuttamista, joissa luu ja pehmytkudos on eroteltu toisistaan. Kaksienergisen digitaalisen röntgenkuvausmenetelmän (DEDR) soveltamista BMD:n määrittämiseen ei ole tutkittu. BMD:n ja luun massan lisäksi on luun geometrialla vahva vaikutus luun mekaaniseen lujuuteen. Geometriset parametrit voidaan määrittää niin ikään digitaalisista röntgenkuvista. Tässä työssä tutkittiin, pystytäänkö DEDR:llä määrittämään BMD sekä parantaako DEDR:llä mitattujen BMD:n ja geometrian yhdistelmä luun maksimikuormituksen ennustetta. Näin ollen murtuma- ja osteoporoosidiagnoosit voitaisiin tehdä yhdellä tutkimuksella (DEDR), kun nykyisin diagnoosit vaativat sekä digitaalisen röntgenkuvauksen että DXA-tutkimuksen. Poron reisiluut kuvattiin digitaalisen röntgenlaitteen kahdella eri kuvausjännitteellä (79 ja 100 kVp). 79 kVp -kuvista määritettiin myös erilaiset geometriaparametrit. BMD laskettiin DEDR-kuvista (BMDDEDR) DXA:n laskentaperiaatetta käyttäen. BMDDEDR:n kyky ennustaa BMDDXA:a tutkittiin. Maksimikuormituksen selvittämiseksi reisiluut testattiin mekaanisesti aksiaalisuunnassa varren ollessa pystysuorassa asennossa. BMDDEDR- ja geometriaparametreista määritettiin paras yhdistelmä maksimikuorman ennustamiseen. BMDDXA-arvoja käytettiin analysoinnissa vertailun vuoksi. BMDDEDR- ja BMDDXA-arvojen välillä havaittiin merkitsevä keskinkertainen tai korkea korrelaatio kaikissa mielenkiintoalueissa (reisiluun kaula, Wardin kolmio, sarvennoisen alue ja reisiluun varren alue). Wardin kolmiosta mitatun BMD:n (WABMDDEDR), reisiluun varren halkaisijan (FSD) ja reisiluun kaulan kautta kulkevan akselin (FNAL) yhdistelmä ennusti parhaiten luun haurautta (r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.05). Tutkimus osoittaa, että DEDR on sopiva menetelmä BMD:n määrittämiseen tutkimusolosuhteissa ja että BMD:n ja geometrian yhdistelmä parantaa maksimikuormituksen ennustetta pelkästään reisiluun kaulasta tai sarvennoisesta mitattuun BMDDEDR:iin verrattuna. Väitöskirja sisältää myös julkaisemattomia tuloksia alustavista ihmistutkimuksista.

Dans le cadre de ses actions de R&D sur la caractérisation non destructive, le CEA dispose d’un système d'imagerie photonique de haute énergie. Ce dispositif, unique en France, permet de réaliser des radiographies et des tomographies sur des objets de grands volumes, tels que des colis de déchets radioactifs. Le Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires, qui mène les projets de recherche sur cette installation, a engagé une évolution majeure du système en lançant l'approvisionnement d'une nouvelle source X d'énergie augmentée et d'un banc mécanique de positionnement d'une capacité de 5 tonnes afin de pouvoir caractériser des objets de grande épaisseur : jusqu'à 140 cm de béton. Les travaux qui ont fait l'objet de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans ce contexte de caractérisation et de mise en service du nouveau tomographe, qui permet la mise en place de nouvelles modalités d'examen telles que la tomographie bi-énergie.La première partie de la thèse consiste en une étude approfondie des performances du nouveau tomographe en termes de capacité de pénétration et de résolution spatiale. Elle concerne à la fois la source X et le système de détection. La source X est un accélérateur linéaire Saturne reconditionné pour atteindre des énergies comprises entre 15 et 20 MeV pour des débits de dose supérieurs à 100 Gy/min. Les caractéristiques attendues de cette source sont évaluées par simulation : spectres, taches focales et débits de dose. En parallèle, la recherche d'un système de détection adapté conduit à mettre en compétition trois détecteurs : une série de semi-conducteurs CdTe non jointifs, une caméra linéaire à scintillateur CdWO4 segmenté et des écrans horizontaux de CsI filmés par des caméras bas bruit. Tous trois font l'objet d'une analyse par comptage de quanta (Quantum Accounting Diagram) permettant de mettre en lumière les qualités et limites de chacun à travers l'évaluation et la comparaison d'indicateurs complémentaires de leurs performances : efficacité quantique de détection, rapport signal sur bruit, résolution spatiale et gamme dynamique. Cette étude théorique est complétée, corrigée et validée par des campagnes de mesures expérimentales et permet finalement de prévoir les performances attendues avec l'accélérateur Saturne, et ainsi définir le meilleur détecteur pour l'imagerie des objets ciblés.La seconde partie de la thèse concerne le développement d'une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation des matériaux par tomographie bi-énergie afin d’identifier au mieux le numéro atomique effectif du matériau et sa densité. L'état de l'art sur les techniques actuelles fait ressortir une méthode potentiellement intéressante pour les besoins de la caractérisation de colis de déchets nucléaires : la décomposition en double effet. Initialement développée pour l'imagerie de plus basse énergie, elle a été adaptée à la gamme d’énergie du tomographe en modifiant les interactions photon-matière prises en compte dans le procédé. La méthode a été testée et validée sur des simulations d'examens tomographiques obtenues avec le code de simulation MODHERATO.Il ressort de ces travaux de thèse que le nouveau système d'imagerie du CEA Cadarache devrait être en mesure à la fois d'accueillir et caractériser des objets massifs avec une qualité d'image satisfaisante et une résolution spatiale submillimétrique, mais également de mettre en œuvre des examens de tomographie bi-énergie permettant d'évaluer le numéro atomique et la densité des matériaux composant les objets examinés. / As part of its research and development activities on non-destructive characterisation, CEA utilizes a high-energy photonic imaging system. This instrument, unique in France, allows radiographic and tomographic analyses on large objects (e.g., nuclear waste drums). The "Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires", responsible for running research projects in the facility, has launched a major upgrade of the system by providing a new higher energy X-ray source and a new mechanical bench possessing a 5 t load, which allows the characterisation of thick objects (up to 140 cm concrete thickness). This PhD thesis concerns the characterisation and commissioning of the new computed tomography (CT) system and introduces new examination modalities, such as dual-energy CT.The first part of the thesis is a comprehensive study of the performance of the upgraded CT system, specifically regarding penetration capacity and spatial resolution and concerning both the X-ray source and the detection system. The X-ray source is a linear accelerator called Saturne, which has been repackaged to reach energies between 15 and 20 MeV with dose rates greater than 100 Gy/min. Simulation is used to assess the expected features of this source: spectra, focal spots and dose rates. Parallel comparison among three detectors -a series of non-abutting CdTe semiconductor sensors, a linear camera with segmented CdWO4 scintillators and horizontal screens of CsI filmed by low noise cameras - assessed the most suitable detection system. All three detection systems are studied using a quantum accounting analysis that highlights potentials and limitations of each system and enables measurement of complementary indicators of their performance: detector quantum efficiency, signal to noise ratio, spatial resolution and dynamic range. This theoretical study is completed, corrected and validated by experimental measurement campaigns. This extensive study predicts the expected performance when combined with the Saturne accelerator, allowing selection of the most appropriate detector for the imaging of large objects.The second part of the thesis concerns the development of a new method for the characterisation of materials by dual-energy CT, allowing a better assessment of the effective atomic number and the density of the material. The state of the art of current techniques highlights the potential interesting method for the characterising nuclear waste: the double effect decomposition. Initially developed for lower energy X-ray imaging, it has been adapted to match the energy range of the CT system by adapting the photon/matter interactions taken into account in the process. The method has been tested and validated on tomographic simulations obtained with the simulation code MODHERATO.This PhD work has shown that the new CT system of the CEA Cadarache has the potential to characterise massive objects with a satisfactory image quality and milli-scale spatial resolution. It also opens opportunities for the execution of dual-energy CT evaluations allowing the assessment of the atomic number and density of materials composing the examined objects.

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of Fit Kids for Life (FKFL), a multi-disciplinary exercise and nutrition intervention, on body composition, fitness levels, cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life among overweight and obese children. Subjects. Forty-eight overweight or obese children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile), ages 8-17, were matched by age and BMI and then randomized into an exercise or wait list control group. The groups were similar at baseline for age, gender and ethnicity (p>.05). Method. The exercise group trained for 60 minutes, two times per week for 10 weeks, then performed a 10 week home program. After 10 weeks of waiting to start, the control group began the 10 week exercise program followed by a 10 week home program. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), fitness measures, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at baseline, at completion of the 10 week intervention and following the 10 week home program. Results. Body composition improved over time in both groups with significant changes in % body fat and % lean tissue noted between baseline and twenty weeks (p<.05). Fitness measures improved and changes were maintained or increased during the home program phase. Cardiovascular risk factors remained unchanged between groups and across time, with the exception of systolic blood pressure which increased at 10 weeks. The physical domain of the Impact of Quality of Life scale significantly improved following completion of the program (p<.05). Conclusions.Overweight and obese children who completed the 10 week FKFL program improved their body composition and fitness levels. The beneficial changes were sustained or improved following an additional 10 week home program. Recommendations. Overweight and obese children can benefit from a 10 week multidisciplinary exercise and nutrition program. The use of body composition methods and fitness measures may be better indicators of program effectiveness.

Composition analysis of urinary calculi with dual-energy computed tomography Urolithiasis is among lifestyle diseases. Question the timely and accurate diagnosis is still current. Therapeutic approach in dealing with kidney stones depends on the particular chemical composition of urinary stone. Since the end of the 20th century as a new diagnostic option in the problems of urolithiasis exploring the possibility of using techniques of DECT, which now brings the possibility of the material characteristics of tissues in vivo. The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of chemical analysis stone disease DECT correlation of the results with laboratory chemical analysis of urolithiasis. The research sample of patients with urolithiasis became of the 70 individuals who underwent examination using DECT focusing on the chemical analysis of urinary calculi in vivo. Subsequently, analysis was made of laboratory extracted urolithiasis in all these patients. With regard to the distribution of urolithiasis into 4 main types according to the chemical composition of the stone was then assessed compliance DECT and laboratory methods. Consensus of both analytical methods were investigated on a small set of blind investigated calculi of known chemical composition ex vivo. The main outcome of this work is...