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Nástroje obchodní politiky uplatňované v mezinárodním obchodě s textilem / Instruments of Trade Policy Used in International Trade in TextilesVoldřichová, Jana January 2009 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to describe the most important trade policy instruments that have been used in international trade in textiles since the second half of the 20th century, and to deduce the implications of the instruments on the textile sector, mainly the European one. The thesis introduces the classification of instruments in the trade policy used in the international trade in textiles and economic consequences of chosen instruments; brief characteristics of evolution of international trade in textiles since the second half of the 20th century, change in localization and sector structure of the textiles and clothing industry and main trends in its evolution. There are described most important multilateral agreements concerning the trade in textiles: Short-Term Arrangement regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long-Term Arrangement regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Multifibre Arrangement, Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and current trends in contractual instruments followed by autonomous instruments such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures and particular cases. The thesis includes consequences of the instruments mentioned above. In the last chapter, the trends in the evolution of instruments are summarized and the reflection on possible solutions for the European, and thus also Czech textile and clothing industry, is mentioned.
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Výšková budova AZ Tower - stavebně technologický projekt / High rise building AZ Tower - construction technological projectHrubá, Denisa January 2014 (has links)
This master´s thesis is dealing with selected part of the construction technology project of the high-rise building AZ Tower. The main content becomes the realization of supporting gross upper structure. It compiles in detail the most optimal proposal of technological processes, working machines, schedule, control and test plan, occupational safety, environment protection, construction site equipment and last but not least, the coordination of four tower cranes. Apart from the architectural and technically impressive draft of the Czech Republic tallest building it will be interesting to deal with progress of the whole construction. New technologies and elementary construction activities adapting to work at extreme altitudes will be used.
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Remember Women: The Los Angeles Times’ Role in Perpetuating Harmful Narratives Against Marginalized Women Victims in the “Southside Slayer” Serial Killer CasesMenard, Laura Leigh 11 August 2023 (has links)
No description available.
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國際法上『海洋環境保護』之研究黃美娟, Sammi Huang Unknown Date (has links)
海洋占地球面積的百分之七十以上,海洋生物資源占有相當重要的地位,供應食物,也提供往來各地的交通道路,與人類生活習習相關。
一九O九年"國際法學之父"格老秀斯(Hugo Grotius)"海洋自由論"(Mare Liberum)一書中反對葡萄牙對東印度航海與貿易的壟斷之主張,奠定國際法上『海洋自由原則』之理論基礎。一直以來,『海洋自由原則』一直被視為海洋法之主要原則。
各國之所以願意遵循海洋自由原則,乃是鑑於海上航行與貿易量遽增,各國對海運依賴日深,一旦部分海域為某國占有,則會影響其他國家對該海域的使用權。所以,依傳統國際法的規定,沿海國僅得對有限之海域行使管轄權,但隨陸上天然資源匱乏及對需求的增加,各國對於海域管轄權範圍之擴大主張,及大陸礁層、專屬經濟海域概念等主張,因此出現對海洋過渡濫用的情形,污染海洋環境。所以是否該遵循『海洋自由原則』?但偌大的海洋亦不能因此淪為無律法之地。基於此,國際社會召開一系列會議、協商、簽訂許多有關防止海洋污染的法規。
傳統國際法上,並無海洋環境保護的國際法規則,但文明國家所承認之一般法律原則:〝一人使用其自身權利,應不得損及他人之權利〞。而在一九四九年哥甫海峽案、一九四一年美加崔爾煉製場仲裁案的司法判例亦確認〝一國行使其權利時,應不得對他國權益產生損害〞。以及一九五八年公海公約序言、一九七二年『聯合國人類環境會議』的宣言中第七原則,所以以上幾個文件似乎可認為國際慣例不准國家及其人民將有害他國或其人民的物質排入海中。因此,可依〝類比〞(Analogy)方式,將上述文明國家所承認之一般法律原則適用於海洋環境保護之範疇內。
但是,此種習慣慣例最大的缺點在於內容不明確,必須經過編纂(Codification),將不夠清楚的規則加以澄清、不夠確切的規則加以確定、不夠充分的規則加以補充及不合時宜的規則加以改進,並使其成系統化的法典,以便適用,但有適用上的困難,所以一般海洋污染的規定,幾乎由條約規定。但有許多國家未批准這些條約時,有時仍只有適用習慣法來解決海洋污染。
本論文寫作架構是依據《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》所列之污染來源:船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、海底活動及冰封區域內之污染方向,並配合【附錄一】的重要國際條約來寫作。
所以,原則上,本論文以《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》內第十二部分§192-§237共四十五條有關『海洋環境保護』為主軸,再依船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染、來自區域內活動之污染與冰封區域內污染之重要相關國際法規範 為主,但因資料、時間的關係,未納入其他較細小的區域性條約,且國內有關海洋環境保護亦不在本論文討論之內,僅就重要相關條約說明。最後,並提到關於臺灣的『海洋環境保護』之新發展。
國際法上『海洋環境保護』之研究
目錄
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1
第二節 研究方法與研究架構 4
第三節 研究範圍 6
第四節 研究資料與研究限制 7
第貳章 有關『海洋環境保護』之一般問題 9
第一節 海洋環境污染之概念 10
第一項 海洋環境污染之定義 10
第二項 海洋環境污染之來源 12
第三項 『海洋環境保護』之形成背景 15
一、『海洋自由原則』之形成與挑戰 15
二、『海洋環境保護』觀念之形成與實踐 19
第二節 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際法律架構 32
第一項 有關『海洋環境保護』之習慣國際法 34
第二項 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際公約 37
第三節 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關
『海洋環境保護』之義務 48
第參章 船舶污染 59
第一節 主要國際公約 59
第一項 概論 59
第二項 《一九五四年防止海洋油污染國際公約》
及其修正案 63
第三項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公
約》 71
第四項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公
約一九七八年議定書》及其三個修正案79
第五項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 82
第二節 如何防止船舶污染海洋環境 83
第一項 船旗國的權利與義務 84
一、船旗國防止海洋污染之權利 84
二、船旗國防止海洋污染之義務 85
第二項 沿海國的相關規定 86
一、領海 86
二、專屬經濟區 88
三、公海 90
第三項 港口國的權利與義務 106
一、港口國防止海洋污染之權利 106
二、港口國防止海洋污染之義務 108
第四項 小結 111
第三節 損害賠償責任 112
第一項 民事賠償責任與國際基金公約 112
一、一九六九年《油污染損害民事責任國際公約》 113
二、一九七一年《建立國際基金補償油污損害國際公約》
117
三、一九八四年議定書 122
第二項 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 125
第肆章 傾倒污染 131
第一節 相關國際公約 131
第一項 概論 131
第二項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 132
第三項 其他區域公約 135
第二節 拋棄廢棄物及其他物質:
《倫敦傾倒公約》的具體規範 140
第一項 制定過程 140
第二項 基本規定 142
第三項 各種物質傾倒處理之問題 148
第三節 船舶及飛機:
一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》與一
九九二年《巴黎公約》的具體規範 156
第一項 一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》 157
第二項 一九九二年《巴黎公約》 159
第伍章 其他污染 161
第一節 相關國際公約 161
第二節 陸地來源之污染 164
第一項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 165
第二項 巴塞爾《危險廢棄物的跨界活動控制及
其處置公約》 167
第三項 巴黎《防止陸源物質污染海洋公約》 169
第四項 其他 173
第三節 來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染 182
第四節 海底活動及冰封區域內之污染 189
第一項 國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染 190
第二項 來自『區域』內活動之污染 193
第三項 冰封區域內之污染 195
第陸章 結論 196
附 圖
【圖A】Diagram of LOT Procedure 69
附 表
【表一】第三屆海洋法會議 25
【表二】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》之一般義務與特別義務 51
【表三】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染立法相關規定 94
【表四】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染法律規章之執行 99
【表五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於沿海國之執行(§220) 103
【表六】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於港口國有充分證據下可提起司法程序 109
【表七】 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》中關於
港口國認為有污染情事發生,會造成污染
或威脅損害到海洋環境時可進行調查 110
【表八】 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 126
【表九】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關
『海洋環境保護』,依不同污染源所規
定之立法、執行、責任與法律賠償條款 199
附 錄
【附錄一】有關『海洋環境保護』之重要國際公約 212
【附錄二】《一九九四年協定》之最新發展 239
【附錄三】各國低放射性廢料最終處置現況 249
【附錄四】一九九二年《波羅的海海洋環境保護公約》
252
【附錄五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關
『海洋環境保護』之條款 267
【附錄六】《中華民國領海及鄰接區法》與《中華
民國專屬經濟海域及大陸礁層法》 294
英文簡稱與縮寫 300
參考書目 304 / Customary international Law contains few rules relevant to the question of marine pollution. In the Corfu Channel,the International Court of Justice said that〝every State's obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States'〞. And in the Trail Smelter arbitration,the arbitral tribunal held that 〝no State has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another or the property or persons therein….〞. Article 2 of the High Seas Convention which state 〝with reasonable regard to the interests of other States must exercise the freedoms of the high seas". It could be argued that, taking the principles in Articel 2 of the High Seas and in the Corfu Channel case together and Trail Smelter case by 〝analogy〞,there is a gereral rule of customary international law that States must not permit their nationals to discharge into the sea matter that could cause harm to the national of other States.
However,this rule appears to be too vague to be very effective. So, given these deficiencies of customary internatinal law,it is not surprising to find that the international law relating to marine pollution is contained almost wholly in treaties.
There are total Six Chapter,According to The UN Convention on the Law of the sea 1982 (UNCLOS),described Pollution from vessels、Pollution by dumping、Pollution from land-based sources、Pollution from or through the atmosphere 、Pollution from sea-bed activities、Pollution from activities in the『 Area』 and Pollution from Ice-covered areas.
Finally,mentioned Taiwan's New development about The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment.
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Potential to grow informal waste recycling in semi-urban areas: case of the P.E.A.C.E. recycling buyback centre in Senwabarwana, LimpopoChisango, Eliot Tichaona 02 1900 (has links)
This research aimed to investigate an area of research that has largely been overlooked in the past, that is, the efficiency, profitability and sustainability of informal waste recycling in semi-urban areas. In exploring the research topic, a recycling buyback centre was used as a case study. The centre facilitates collection, sorting and selling of waste and is located in Senwabarwana, Northern Limpopo Province. Here the P.E.A.C.E (Planning, Education, Agriculture, Cooperatives and Environment) Foundation, an organisation looking at rural poverty alleviation in South Africa, initiated a flagship recycling buyback centre as a community project. This research picks up on prior research that was conducted on a similar project initiated by the same organisation in Ndumo, KwaZulu Natal. Even though the location is different from KwaZulu Natal, both Senwabarwana and Ndumo are faced with similar challenges affecting social, economic and environmental circumstances. Five objectives were identified to provide structure to this research.
Through action research, the study assessed the sustainability of this recycling buyback centre with regard to the impact on social, economic and environmental factors within Senwabarwana. It also covered problems experienced in rolling out waste management initiatives within the semi-urban study location and assessed the municipal framework with regard to waste and how waste is managed and recycled. Furthermore, analyses of the waste data generated at the recycling centre was examined that culminated in offering solutions to the identified problems. Recommendations for acceptable practices in semi-urban waste management are made to enable further research and potentially up-scaling the project for application in other geographic areas.
The study reports both qualitative and quantitative data collected through the investigation of the case study in the start-up phase. The data gathering was done through administering questionnaires to waste pickers associated with the case study centre. Telephonic and face-to-face interviews and secondary data were interchangeably used to address each of the five objectives. The results from the data gathered show that, if properly coordinated and structured, informal waste recycling in semi-urban communities is possible and can contribute positively to the socio-economic and environmental development of these areas. It is envisaged that this study would contribute to the body of knowledge already in existence, whilst also creating an opportunity for further academic research and input within this field to enable the scaling-up of such initiatives. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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La lutte contre la pollution marine en France / Prevention and control of marine pollution in FrancePantelodimou, Eirini 09 December 2013 (has links)
La mer joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du climat et dans l'équilibre écologique. Les océans et les mers constituent une source de richesse, un immense réservoir de ressources alimentaires et d'emplois pour un grand nombre de personnes. La mer Méditerranée est un écosystème sensible soumis à de fortes pressions par les activités humaines comme la pêche, l'exploration gazière et pétrolière, l'immersion des déchets ou d'autres matières en mer, le transport maritime, le transfert d'espèces aquatiques envahissantes par les eaux de ballast et le tourisme littoral. La France durement touchée par les naufrages de l'Amoco Cadiz, de l'Erika et du Prestige, a pris de nombreuses initiatives tant au niveau international que régional. La complexité du problème de la pollution marine, due à la diversité des facteurs polluants et à leurs sources diffuses, a favorisé une approche sectorielle. Cette approche s'est traduite par l'adoption, aux niveaux national, régional et international, d'un ensemble disparate de politiques, textes législatifs, programmes et plans d'action dans le domaine de la protection du milieu marin. Il s'agit d'un corps de règles étouffées comprenant des mesures préventives et répressives. La complexité institutionnelle et juridique de la protection du milieu marin empêche pourtant la protection effective de la mer. Dans ce contexte, la communauté internationale encourage la mise en œuvre d'une approche écosystématique pour les océans. À l'échelle européenne, l'adoption de la directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin » favorise la cohérence entre les différentes politiques européennes et l'intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans toutes les politiques liées à la mer. De plus, l'efficacité de la législation européenne dans le domaine de la lutte contre la pollution marine a été renforcée par l'adoption d'un cadre commun de responsabilité pour la prévention et la réparation des préjudices environnementaux. / The sea plays a vital role in regulating climate and in maintaining ecological balance. The oceans and the sea constitute a source of wealth, an immense reservoir of food resources and of employment for many people. The Mediterranean Sea is a sensitive ecosystem, subject to strong pressures derived from human activities, such as fishing, oil and gas exploration, dumping of waste and other matter in the sea, maritime transport, transfer of aquatic invasive species via ballast water and littoral tourism. France, severely affected by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika and the Prestige, took numerous initiatives not only at an international but also at a regional level. The complexity of the marine pollution problem, due to the diversity of polluting factors and to their diffuse sources, has favored a regional approach. This approach has resulted in the adoption, at a national, regional and international level, of a network of policies, legislative texts, programs and action plans in the field of marine environment protection. It constitutes a stifling body of rules, comprising preventive and repressive measures. The institutional and legal complexity of marine protection hinders, however, the effective protection of the marine environment. ln this context, the international community encourages the implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. At European level, the adoption of the Framework Directive «Strategy for the Marine Environment» favours a consistency between different EU policies as well as an integration of environmental considerations into ail policies related to the sea. Furthermore, the effectiveness of European legislation in the field of the fight again marine pollution, has been reinforced by the adoption of a common framework of liability with regard to the prevention and remedy of environment damage.
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