IT-forensiker möter många svårigheter i sitt arbete med att inhämta och analysera data. Brottslingar använder mer och mer anti-forensiska metoder för att gömma bevis som kan användas emot dem. En vanligt förekommande anti-forensisk metod är kryptering. För att IT-forensiker skall kunna komma åt den krypterade informationen kan krypteringsnyckeln hittas i minnet på datorn. Vilket gör att datorns minne blir värdefullt att hämta och analysera. Däremot finns det flera anti-forensiska metoder som en förbrytare kan använda för att förhindra att minnet hämtas eller analyseras. Denna studie utför en systematisk litteraturstudie för att identifiera de aktuella anti-forensiska metoder mot minnesanalys och minnesdumpning på Windows system. Flera metoder tas upp där bland annat operativsystemet modifieras eller inbyggda säkerhetsfunktioner på CPUn används för att förhindra att information hämtas eller analyseras från minnet. / IT forensics face many difficulties in their work of obtaining and analyzing data. Criminals are using more and more anti-forensic methods to hide evidence that can be used against them. One common anti-forensic method is encryption. In order for IT forensics to access the encrypted information, the encryption key can be found in the memory of the computer. This makes the computer's memory valuable to retrieved and analyze. However, there are several anti-forensic methods that a criminal can use to prevent the memory from being retrieved or analyzed. This study performs a systematic literature study to identify the current anti-forensic methods against memory analysis and memory dumping on Windows system. Several methods are addressed where, among other things, the operating system is modified or built-in security functions on the CPU are used to prevent information being retrieved or analyzed from memory.

本篇論文主要在探討石化業發展過程中所面臨之傾銷問題，並對我國進口救濟制度完構以予分析。

Customs and foreign trade regulations are made to regulate import and export activities. The majority of these regulations are applied on import procedures. The country of origin and the tariff code become important when determining the tax amount of the merchandise in importation. Anti-dumping duty is defined as a financial penalty, published by the Ministry of Economy, enforced for suspiciously low priced imports in order to protect the local industry from unfair competition. It is accrued according to tariff code and the country of origin. To avoid such an obligation in order to not to pay tax, a tariff code that is different from the original tariff code may be declared on the customs declaration which is called as &quot / Tariff Code Circumvention&quot / . To identify such misdeclarations, a physical examination of the merchandise is required. However, with limited personnel resources, the physical examination of all imported merchandise is not possible. In this study, a data mining framework is developed on Turkish customs database in order to detect &ldquo / Tariff Code Circumvention&rdquo / . For this purpose, four types of products, which are the most circumvented goods in the Turkish customs, have been chosen. First, with the help of Risk Analysis Office, the significant features are identified. Then, Infogain algorithm is used for ranking these features. Finally, KNN algorithm is applied on the Turkish customs database in order to identify the circumvented goods automatically. The results show that the framework is able to find such circumvented goods successfully.

A generic conflict model is developed to analyze international toxic waste disposal issues, and then, to provide feasible strategic resolutions for this serious environmental dispute. With the rapid growth of the global economy, toxic waste traffic from the advanced to developing nations has become a serious side effect of this globalization. The illegal transboundary movement of toxic wastes not only aggravates the burden on the poorer nations, but also negatively impacts the worldwide environment. In this thesis, the ongoing toxic waste disputes are divided into two stages consisting of the dumping prevention and dispute resolution stages. The analyses based on the methodology of Graph Model for Conflict Resolution are used in both stages in order to grasp the structure and implications of the conflict from a strategic viewpoint. The in-depth modeling of the toxic waste dumping disputes, which consist of historical and generic situations, specifies the involved parties and their options. By synthesizing the economic, political and legal factors, the relative preferences for each party can be determined. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the Decision Support System (DSS) GMCR II simplifies the processing of calculations. The analytical research furnishes investigators or other interested parties with possible resolutions for the disputes arising from an international waste dumping event. Sensitivity analyses are also conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different situations that may occur in real-world cases. The case study of the Ivory Coast waste dumping controversy is used to demonstrate how to practically implement the generic multi-stage graph model.

A generic conflict model is developed to analyze international toxic waste disposal issues, and then, to provide feasible strategic resolutions for this serious environmental dispute. With the rapid growth of the global economy, toxic waste traffic from the advanced to developing nations has become a serious side effect of this globalization. The illegal transboundary movement of toxic wastes not only aggravates the burden on the poorer nations, but also negatively impacts the worldwide environment. In this thesis, the ongoing toxic waste disputes are divided into two stages consisting of the dumping prevention and dispute resolution stages. The analyses based on the methodology of Graph Model for Conflict Resolution are used in both stages in order to grasp the structure and implications of the conflict from a strategic viewpoint. The in-depth modeling of the toxic waste dumping disputes, which consist of historical and generic situations, specifies the involved parties and their options. By synthesizing the economic, political and legal factors, the relative preferences for each party can be determined. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the Decision Support System (DSS) GMCR II simplifies the processing of calculations. The analytical research furnishes investigators or other interested parties with possible resolutions for the disputes arising from an international waste dumping event. Sensitivity analyses are also conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different situations that may occur in real-world cases. The case study of the Ivory Coast waste dumping controversy is used to demonstrate how to practically implement the generic multi-stage graph model.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-362).

On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into by and between Mexico, Canada and the United States, came into force. Chapter 19 of NAFTA addresses the Review and Dispute Settlement in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Matters. Furthermore, article 1904 of NAFTA, addresses issues related to the Review of Final Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations. The said article stipulates that an involved Party may request that a panel review, based on the administrative record, a final antidumping or countervailing duty determination of a competent investigating authority of an importing Party. The object of such review is to determine whether the determination was in accordance with the antidumping or countervailing duty law of the importing Party. In order to review such determination, the panel shall apply the standard of review set out in Annex 1911 of NAFTA, and the general legal principles that a court of the importing Party otherwise would apply to review a determination of the competent investigating authority. / Since these kinds of regulations are quite new in the Mexican legal system, the interpretation of the standard of review, has raised a lot of discussion among several panelists, governmental authorities and authors. Therefore, this paper will focus on the application and interpretation of the standard of review under NAFTA chapter 19, mainly by Mexican authorities.

隨著WTO爭端解決機構近年來的實踐，許多制度性問題紛紛浮現，特別是WTO爭端解決小組或上訴機構在反傾銷爭端中審查基準實踐上所引發之爭議。批評者主要認為上訴機構於反傾銷規範之法律解釋上不當適用解釋規則，並未遵循反傾銷協定第17.6(ii)條之規範。另外，上訴機構實質上近乎重新審理被訴會員之法律見解，似乎違反第17.6(ii)條之規範意旨。本文嘗試整理相關經由WTO上訴機構裁決之反傾銷爭端，觀察及彙整第17.6(ii)條於現行運作中之實踐情形，並檢視上述兩項爭議之正反意見。經分析後發現，上述兩項爭議皆涉及不同之政策考量與WTO組織間的互動。易言之，除爭端解決機構對於協定條文之法律解釋外，偏重與選擇不同之政策考量做為正當性基礎，將決定著審查基準之面貌。在進一步分析並檢討在反傾銷制度下可能影響審查基準之政策價值後，本文認為WTO爭端解決機制為維繫其準司法機關之正當性與確保經由多邊架構所帶來之合作利益，有統一法律解釋與重新審理被控訴會員之法律解釋之必要。另外，反傾銷協定第17.6(ii)條審查基準之解釋上，不宜採取其立法來源—美國法Chevron doctrine—之規範內涵。同時，為避免反傾銷制度遭濫用成為貿易保護政策之工具，應賦予WTO爭端解決機構於審理反傾銷爭端時較為自主之法律解釋權力。然而，基於適度尊重WTO會員主權之考量與司法自制之要求，本文建議，WTO爭端解決機構在審理反傾銷案件時，除須正確地援引並靈活運用國際法上習慣解釋規則外，更需適度參照第17.6(ii)條之立法目的，藉由嚴格適用WTO協定，以充實其所採取審查基準之正當性基礎。 / With practices of WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the institutional issues on Standards of Review have emerged, especially on WTO Anti-dumping disputes. Contestations are focus on whether Appellate Body has mal-applied rules of interpretations on Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) as to go beyond Article 17.6(ii). Moreover, Critics query whether Appellate Body De Novo reviewed member’s legal interpretations as to disregard purpose of Article 17.6(ii). By examining relevant anti-dumping penal and appellate body reports, current modes of practices on ADA Article 17.6(ii) are concluded, and probed to its different critiques. Further, issues of such are result from policy considerations of Standards of Review under Anti-Dumping System. In other words, apart from penal and appellate body’s interpretations on ADA, different policy ends will influence current practices of Standards of Review. Consequently, the article checks on and assays on relevant policy justifications of deferential standards of review under anti-dumping system. Concluded, for retaining its institution justifications and ensuring the cooperation gains under multilateral approach, WTO dispute settlement institutes have the necessities in de novo review and leveling legal interpretations. Moreover, due to the different characters, the Chevron mode interpretations on standards of review is without analogy to ADA article 17.6(ii); meanwhile, for preventing distorting antidumping measures as trade protection tools, WTO dispute settlement institutes should have much room on discretion of reviewing members’ ADA legal interpretations. However, in respecting WTO Member’s sovereignty and the requiring of judicial restraint, when taking the standards of review on examining anti-dumping disputes, WTO dispute settlement institutes would strictly and nimbly retain customary rules of interpretation of public international law with considering purposes of ADA article 17.6(ii).

Orientador: Tullo Vigevani / Banca: Christian Lohbauer / Banca: Marcelo Passini Mariano / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar o funcionamento da dinâmica política dos Estados Unidos no processo de tomada de decisões de política externa comercial no contencioso do suco de laranja na Organização Mundial do Comércio ocorrido entre 2009 e 2011, visando compreender como tal dinâmica influenciou o embate internacional. A utilização pelos EUA da metodologia já condenada pelo regime internacional de comércio para o cálculo de direitos antidumping sobre o produto brasileiro denota que, embora o segmento citricultor não articule cadeias produtivas na economia nacional, sua importância no Estado da Flórida e a importância estratégica deste Estado na dinâmica política interna estadunidense são suficientes para que o setor consiga superar as preferências de livre comércio das indústrias, garantindo proteção. Desta forma, mostraremos como os interesses dos citricultores da Flórida se organizaram e manipularam um conjunto de informações buscando influenciar tanto as instituições responsáveis pela formulação da política externa comercial quanto a dinâmica política estadunidense na defesa de suas demandas / Abstract: The goal of this work is to analyze the operation of politic dynamic in United States in the foreign commercial politics decision-making process in the orange juice contentious in the World Trade Organization (WTO) occurred between 2009 and 2011, for to comprehension how this dynamic had influenced the international dispute. The use of methodology already sentenced for the international trade regime to calculate antidumping duties about the Brazilian product by USA, replaced temporarily for application of phytosanitary measure, it shows that, although citrus sector don't articulate national productive chains with meningful economic, your importance within Florida State and the Florida strategic importance within politic dynamic in USA are enough that the sector get overcome the preferences of industy's free market, and guaranteeing protection. So, seek to demonstrate how Florida citrus growers organize and operate a set of information seeking to influence both policy makers and the USA politic dynamic in order to defend of their interests / Mestre

Submitted by Jeferson Lana (jeferson.lana@gvmail.br) on 2017-08-30T17:26:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-08-30T17:28:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T12:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Nesta tese, proponho que o tempo pode ser entendido como uma variável de desempenho das estratégias políticas corporativas – CPS. O racional por trás dessa proposição é que, ao se envolver com a esfera política via doações às campanhas eleitorais como forma de conexão política, as empresas obtêm, entre outros efeitos, maior velocidade nas respostas de processos que envolvam decisões governamentais. A celeridade é vista como uma consequência ao alinhamento político entre empresa e governo. A partir de uma base de dados que contempla todas as decisões de medidas antidumping solicitadas pelas empresas brasileiras entre 2001 e 2017, duas hipóteses testaram os efeitos das CPS no tempo de decisão de tais medidas. Para os testes, foi utilizada regressão linear multivariada com coeficientes robustos e tratamento das variáveis a partir dos conceitos do design de regressão descontínua. Os resultados apontam que as conexões políticas aumentam a celeridade das decisões sobre as medidas de antidumping. Os resultados sugerem ainda que quanto maiores as capacidades políticas das firmas, medidas pela constância do envolvimento político, menor será o tempo de espera pela decisão final das medidas citadas. Assim, esta tese contribui para a evolução da área de CPS ao trazer uma nova face relevante ao debate dos efeitos das conexões políticas: o tempo. Se tempo é dinheiro, a celeridade das decisões governamentais pode ser o pote de ouro da vez. / In this thesis, I propose that time can be understood as a performance variable of corporate political strategies - CPS. The rationale behind this proposition is that, by engaging with the political are through campaign donations as a form of political connection, firms obtain, among other effects, greater speed in the responses of processes involving governmental decisions. Speed is seen as a consequence of political alignment between business and government. Based on a database that includes all the decisions of antidumping measures requested by the Brazilian companies between 2001 and 2017, two hypotheses tested the effects of the CPS in the time of decision of such measures. For the tests, multivariate linear regression with robust coefficients and treatment of the variables were used from the concepts of the regression discontinuity design. The results show that political connections increase the speed of decisions on antidumping measures. The results also suggest that the greater the political capacities of the firms, measured by the constancy of the political involvement, the shorter the waiting time for the final decision of the mentioned measures. Thus, this thesis contributes to the evolution of the CPS area by bringing a new relevant face to the debate on the effects of political connections: time. If time is money, the speed of government decisions may be the new golden pot of our time.