More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.

L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prix. / The purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Mauricio Vaz Lobo Bittencourt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Ecônomico. Defesa : Curitiba, 26/02/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 81-85 / Resumo: Esse trabalho compreende dois ensaios: um deles se dedica a avaliar os ganhos de bem-estar obtidos pelos agentes brasileiros durante a redução de tarifa para o setor automobilístico nos mandatos de Collor/Franco, e o outro avalia os efeitos sentidos pelas exportações brasileiras quando são mencionadas ou não em uma investigação antidumping. O primeiro é justificado com base em uma avaliação dos benefícios gerados em um breve período de atípico regime tarifário liberalizante, uma ocasião rara desde que o Brasil optou por industrializar-se via substituição de importações. O segundo ensaio se justifica por uma melhor avaliação acerca dos efeitos gerados pela utilização desse mecanismo de proteção comercial relativamente recente, e nesse caso específico, acerca dos efeitos gerados pelo uso do instrumento antidumping por terceiros contra os exportadores brasileiros no período de 1991 a 1994-07. O primeiro ensaio encontrou ganhos significativos para (consumidores + produtores) de 1991 a 1994/07, considerando uma queda nas tarifas a partir do valor em 1990 (em 2014 BRL 21,442 bilhões). No mais, também foi calculado os ganhos que poderiam ter sido gerados caso as tarifas tivesse caído para zero no mesmo período (em 2014 BRL 191,556 bilhões). No que concerne ao segundo ensaio, foi encontrado um efeito relevante sobre as exportações brasileiras quando o país é citado em uma petição, para ambos os casos em que o processo terminou com aplicação de direito definitivo e os casos terminados com aplicação de direito preliminar somente. Aquele gerou uma forte queda nos anos um e quarto após o início do processo, enquanto este gerou uma forte queda no ano um e uma forte recuperação no ano quatro. No mais, foi encontrada uma possível evidência de desvio de comércio na situação em que o Brasil não foi mencionado no processo, com as exportações brasileiras crescendo. Ainda, foi também encontrado que o setor "metais" foi o setor mais afetado em quantidade pelas investigações, e que esse também foi mais afetado pela redução das exportações brasileiras em comparação com outros setores. Palavras-chave: Análise de bem-estar. Indústria automobilística. Antidumping / Abstract: This work comprises two essays: one of them is dedicated to evaluating the welfare gains Brazilian agents obtained during the Collor/Franco reduction of tariffs for the automobile sector during their mandates, and the other one evaluates the effects Brazilian exports face when they are mentioned or not in an antidumping procedure. The former is justified on the grounds of evaluating the benefits arisen in a brief period of atypical liberalized trade regime, which has been a rare occasion since Brazil opted to industrialize via import substitution. The second one is justified by means of better assessing the effects of this relatively new trade policy, in this specific case, as to the effects of other parties’ use of the policy against Brazilian exporters in a period that spans from 1994 to 2015. The first essay found a significant gain for (consumers + producers) from 1991 to 1994/07, considering a fall in tariffs from 1990’s level of tariffs (in 2014 BRL 21.442 billion). In addition, it was calculated the gains that could have been generated if tariffs had fallen to zero in that very period(in 2014 BRL 191.556 billion). As for the second essay, it was found a relevant effect on Brazilian exports when the country is mentioned in a petition, both for the cases where the process ended with the application of definitive measures and the cases where there was the application of provisional measures. The former case generated a strong fall in years one and four after the beginning of the process, whereas the latter one generated a strong fall in year one and a strong recovery in year four. In addition, it was found a possible evidence of trade diversion in the situation where Brazil was not mentioned in the process, with Brazilian exports rising. Furthermore, it was also found that the "metals" sector was the most affected sector in the amount of cases initiated, and that its exports are more strongly affected by antidumping processes than other sectors. Keywords: Welfare analysis. Automobile industry. Antidumping.

Dumping is to unfairly sell goods at a lower price (at foreign market) as compared to their normal value at domestic market of the manufacturing country, thus causing material injury to the local industry of the importing country. Other researchers have explored the global (WTO Agreement) and the European Union’s (EU) Anti-Dumping law mostly with a commercial perspective. At doctoral level EU-China, EU-Japan and EU-Korea trade relations with reference to the application of protective measures have been studied. This dissertation is, however, the very first aimed to examine the application of EU Anti-Dumping law relating to Pakistan. This is a complete health check of EU-Pakistan trade relations with reference to the application of Anti-dumping duties on Pakistan. This study is a combination of doctrinal research and empirical research, whereby it critically evaluates the Commission’s investigation and the judgements of the EU Courts related to Pakistan and thus establish their consistency or inconsistency; it also studies the voting patterns within the Council and the impact of AD duties on Pakistani imports. It is a qualitative exploratory study based upon an inductive approach. Contradictions are found in the calculations of normal value and export price, constructed normal value, the comparison of normal value and export price, the calculation of dumping margin, and the calculation of injury. Suggestions are made as to the extent to which Unions’ anti-dumping rules need to be reviewed to moderate their tilt that unequivocally favours Union manufacturers. Moreover, this dissertation identifies many provisions of the basic regulation, which being too vague offers multiple interpretations, which are thus recommended to be amended. In the empirical part of this research the voting style of EU member states for or against the adoption of AD measures against Pakistan has been studied. Thereafter, the content analysis of stated reasons for specific voting styles reveals that the member states vote on the basis of the findings and conclusions of investigation as done by the Commission, thus trade partner loyalty is not the reason for their voting. Furthermore, application of the ADDs is found to be reason of import decline from Pakistan to the EU.

O descarte de resíduos químicos é uma prática lesiva ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Nesse trabalho foi realizado levantamento dos impactos socioambientais com base nos registros de descartes de resíduos químicos da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, no período de 2005 a 2013, tomando como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP, em especial as cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos. Dentre os resultados que nortearam o trabalho se destacam a caracterização da prática de descarte de resíduos químicos, sobrepondo a mapas temáticos georreferenciados de rodovias e recursos hídricos. Também por meio de pesquisa dirigida aos principais atores intervenientes dos cenários acidentais,foi possível conhecer os processos atuais de intervenção e de tratamento, aplicados nos descartes de resíduos químicos nas esferas municipais e estaduais. Nesse contexto, o Decreto Estadual nº 59.263/2013, que regulamenta a Lei nº 13.577/2009 sobre a proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas criou o Fundo Estadual para Prevenção e Remediação de Áreas Contaminadas (FEPRAC), destinado à identificação e remediação das áreas órfãs. O FEPRAC apresentase como um instrumento econômico capaz de elidir o perigo nos casos de emergências químicas envolvendo o descarte de resíduos sem a identificação do responsável. / The disposal of chemical waste is a harmful practice to public health and the environment.This work was carried out survey of social and environmental impacts based on the records of illegal dumping of chemical waste of the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State - CETESB, in the period 2005-2013, with reference to the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo - especially cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos. Among the results that guided the work stand out the characterization of the practice of disposal of chemical waste, overlaying the GIS thematic maps of roads and water resources. Also through research aimed at key stakeholders of accident scenarios it was possible to know the current processes of intervention and treatment applied in illegal dumping of chemical waste in the municipal and state levels. In this context, the State Decree Nº 59.263/2013, which regulates Law Nº 13.577/2009 on the protection of soil quality and management of contaminated areas created the State Fund for Prevention and Remediation of Contaminated Sites (FEPRAC) for the identification and remediation of these so-called \"orphan areas. The FEPRAC presents itself as an economic instrument that can eliminate the danger in such cases of chemical emergencies involving illegal dumping of chemical wastes without identifying the responsible.

La investigación que se desarrollará a continuación se concentrará en el análisis de una conducta que está atentado en contra del comercio internacional y, más específicamente, del sistema antidumping; nos referimos a la ejecución creciente de prácticas de elusión de los derechos antidumping. Para poder abordar este tema tendremos que estudiar cuestiones previas, tales como la incidencia de los precios con margen dumping en el país importador y las medidas de defensa comercial que son aplicadas para equilibrar los precios dumping de exportación. / Tesis

Magister Legum - LLM / The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations.1 The WTO agreements uphold certain principles; one such principle is the rule of the most-favoured-nation (MFN) obligation. This obligation requires WTO members, who grant certain favourable treatment to any given country, to grant that same favourable treatment to all other WTO members.2 However, there are several exceptions, three of which include:  actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price);  subsidies and special ‘countervailing’ duties to offset the subsidies; and  emergency measures, to limit imports temporarily - thus designed to ‘safeguard’ domestic industries. These exceptions serve as remedies both against fair - and unfair trade practices. An example of remedies against fair trade practices are safeguards, and examples of remedies against unfair trade practices are dumping and countervailing duties. Anti-dumping actions are trade remedies/mechanisms available to members of the WTO in facilitating the protection of the industries under certain circumstances. The WTO agreement, which sets out the anti-dumping remedy, is the agreement on the implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), also known as the ‘Anti-dumping Agreement’.4 Article VI permits countries to take action against dumping and the ‘Anti-dumping Agreement’ clarifies and expands on Article VI. The two operate together. Dumping is viewed as price discrimination between the domestic and export markets and take place where the export price of a product is lower than the normal value of such product. The normal value is usually determined with reference to the domestic selling price in the exporting country. Adjustments have to be made to the normal value and export price for differences that affect prices at the time that such prices are set, including differences in terms and conditions of sale, taxations, levels of trade and quantities.

While exploring the new forms of pollution in Africa, this study also focuses on the 2006 toxic dumping incident in Cote d’Ivoire viewed by commentators as the biggest scandal of the 21st century. Looks at the incident from a human rights approach considering the linkages between the human rights suffering and the environment and also the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Imeru Tamirat, Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Food regime theory emerged in the 1980s as a tool to delineate the history of the modern food system. Scholars insist that we have arrived at the third and putative corporate food regime that is dominated by a select group of agribusiness corporations. The corporate food regime"s ascent to dominance will be presented here as a product of the realization of neoliberal trade policies at the urging of the World Trade Organization. Initially promising development to fledgling countries, the WTO"s forays into agriculture have amounted to nothing less than a catastrophe for the Global South. The hope that developing countries would be able to trade their way out of debt has long been abandoned, and the gap between the developed and developing world has only been further exacerbated as a result of trade liberalization. Worse yet, the WTO"s Agreement on Agriculture was intentionally littered with loopholes that allow Northern countries to egregiously subsidize crops that are then exported off to Southern markets at artificially low prices, crippling local producers in the process. Through examining import and export flows in the Global South since the trade agreement, this cruel feature of the modern food system will become evident as will the subsequent jump in agribusiness" profits amid the direst of...

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