The thesis deals with the issue of causal link in disputes over compensation of damage to health with focus on medical care. The thesis consists of five chapters, which are further divided into parts. Chapter One basically describes three of the preconditions of the liability for damage to health: damage, the violation of the legal obligation and fault. This chapter mainly focuses on the violation of the legal obligation and analyses the term lege artis. An informed consent of the patient is also discussed. Chapter Two deals with causal link (causality) as it is fourth and last of the essential preconditions of the liability for damage to health in Czech civil law. Chapter Two consists of two parts, each of them examines various aspects of causality. Chapter Three characterizes some of the relevant institutes of civil proceedings such as burden of proof, standard of proof or free evaluation of evidence. One of the five parts of this chapter points out the importance of the expert evidence in this type of cases. Chapter Four analyses Australian approach to the medical negligence cases with focus on the doctrine of the loss of chance. Chapter Four provides opportunity to partially compare two different legal systems (Czech and Australian). This chapter is divided into seven parts. First five parts...

Fréquente en droit pénal, jamais entreprise en droit civil ou en droit administratif, cette étude révèle l’abondante appréhension juridique de la notion de la provocation. Malgré cette richesse, aucune étude transversale n’a jamais été menée à son propos et cette notion demeure encore indéfinie. Il est pourtant apparu que, non seulement que la conceptualisation de la provocation était rendue souhaitable par son absence d’approche cohérente, mais encore que cette conceptualisation était parfaitement envisageable. A cette fin, une typologie des comportements de provocation, leur nature et leur caractérisation purent être établis. Puis, la dualité de la provocation, résultant de la nécessaire relation d’influence du provocateur sur la personne provoquée, commanda l’étude des manifestations de la provocation sur cette dernière. Il apparut, à cet égard, que la subjectivité du concept de provocation se confrontait fréquemment à l’objectivation croissante des responsabilités et expliquait, au moins en partie, le recul de son appréhension légale, notamment en droit pénal. Dès lors, cette conceptualisation s’est heurtée à de sérieuses difficultés, tant définitionnelles que conceptuelles, de notions afférentes à la provocation et inhérentes à la responsabilité, telles que la culpabilité, la volonté, l’intention, l’imputabilité ou encore la causalité et l’imputation. Sans prétendre à un renouvellement de la théorie de la responsabilité, des clarifications de ces notions se sont avérées un préalable nécessaire au travail de conceptualisation de la provocation et à son application pratique. Enfin, au constat d’une nature éminemment subjective de la provocation, s’est naturellement imposé celui d’un régime spécifique. Le régime de la provocation, à l’instar de sa nature, se révèle dual : il engage ou atténue la responsabilité selon que la personne envisagée est provoquée ou provocateur. Spécifique, dual et subjectif, le régime juridique de la provocation en révèlera l’ampleur et lui assurera une pleine effectivité. / Common in criminal law, never undertaken in civil law or in administrative law, this research shows the wide legal approach of the notion of provocation. Despite this richness, no transverse study has never been done about it. Moreover, this notion remains undefined. Nevertheless, not only the conceptualisation of provocation has been necessary, owing to the absence of coherence regarding its approach, but this conceptualisation was also not perfectly conceivable.To that purpose, the typology of provocation’s behaviours, its nature and characterisation were able to be set up. Then, the duality of provocation, which is the result of the essential influence’s relation of the provoker on the provoked person, required studying expressions of the provocation on the one who is incited. Regarding this matter, it seemed the subjectivity of the concept of provocation often faced with the increasing objectivation of liabilities and explained, at least partially, the decline of its legal approach, in particular in criminal law. Therefore, the conceptualisation of the provocation was confronted to serious difficulties, regarding both the definition and the concept, of notions relating to provocation and inherent in the legal responsibility, such as culpability, will, intention, accountability or the causal link and imputation as well. Without expecting a total renewal of the notions belonging to the theory of liability, a clarification of these ones seems to be a necessary precondition for the conceptualisation of provocation and its practical application. Eventually, to the finding of an eminently subjective nature of provocation, must be added the one of a special legal regime. The regime of provocation, following the example of its nature, turns out to be dual: it involves or reduces the legal responsibility depending on the person charged is the provoked or the provoker. Special, dual and subjective, the legal regime of the provocation will point out its extent and assure it of real efficiency.

The issue of causality in the suits for damages The subject of this thesis is the issue of causality in disputes relating to compensation for damage to health. Causation is a considerably miscellaneous institute, therefore, this paper deals with various aspects of this topic and its context. The writing focuses on cases in which damage was caused to health through providing health services, as this legal field is characterized by many specifics from other areas of liability. Firstly, the thesis aims at explanation of the concept of causation, its importance and development not only in law but also in other areas of human activity. Subsequently, the attention is focused on the significance of causation in law; after theories of causation are compared, its substantial features are described in comparison to the other elements of liability. Consequently, the work concentrates on processes through which the causal link is determined, on the selection of relevant causes and consequences and the relationship between them in cases involving their plurality. It does not forget to mention the importance of causation in the context of strict liability, particularly in its specific cases relating to the provision of health services. The core of this work is the issue of causation in disputes in which the...

A perícia psicológica tem ocupado lugar de destaque na Justiça do Trabalho, pois vêm aumentando os casos de afastamento no trabalho em decorrência de transtornos mentais. Quando um trabalhador ingressa com uma ação trabalhista, pleiteando o recebimento de uma indenização por ter adquirido uma doença mental no trabalho, o juiz é obrigado, por força de lei, a nomear um perito judicial para fazer a investigação do nexo de causalidade entre a patologia mental e o trabalho. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar como são feitas essas perícias psicológicas, optando-se pela realização de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com peritos judiciais e juízes do trabalho, além de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema. Para a interpretação dos dados, a pesquisa se utilizou da técnica análise de conteúdo que comporta três fases fundamentais: pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados. Os dados revelaram que os juízes do trabalho estão insatisfeitos com a qualidade das perícias psicológicas, pois consideram os laudos deficientes, sem fundamentação, condicionais e inconclusivos. De acordo com os juízes, as perícias psicológicas são produzidas pelos médicos numa espécie de linha de produção, por meio de um único encontro com o reclamante, estando recheadas de textos padronizados e desprovidas de uma análise mais aprofundada da pessoa do trabalhador e do ambiente de trabalho. Os juízes também afirmaram que não existem bons profissionais da área da saúde interessados em realizar a perícia psicológica na Justiça do Trabalho. Já os peritos judiciais disseram que o valor dos honorários periciais é muito baixo, o que inviabiliza que sejam realizadas várias entrevistas com o trabalhador e visitas à empresa, comprometendo a qualidade dos laudos. Para os peritos, os honorários periciais deveriam ser fixados em um montante justo e proporcional ao trabalho a ser desenvolvido, como também serem pagos, ainda que parcialmente, antes do início da investigação pericial. As entrevistas demonstraram que os peritos, tanto médicos quanto psicólogos, têm pouco conhecimento na área da Saúde Mental e Trabalho. Também revelaram que o trabalho pericial está voltado essencialmente para uma análise diagnóstica, ou seja, para a verificação acerca da existência ou não de um transtorno mental no trabalhador, não havendo uma investigação aprofundada das condições de trabalho e da relação destas com a subjetividade do indivíduo. A pesquisa concluiu que para se compreender o vínculo entre o transtorno mental do trabalhador e as condições de trabalho seria necessário que o perito judicial averiguasse como se deu a relação entre a subjetividade do indivíduo e o contexto de trabalho. Caberia ao perito avaliar o limite subjetivo de cada trabalhador para as pressões sofridas no ambiente de trabalho, quais foram suas ações adaptativas e em que momento se operou a ruptura, instalando-se o adoecimento mental. Para isso, seria importante que o perito tivesse formação na área da Saúde Mental e Trabalho a fim de adquirir competências técnicas para melhor investigar como o modo operativo do trabalho afeta os processos subjetivos dos trabalhadores / Psychological expertise has had great importance in Labor Court, since cases of work leave due to mental disorders have increased. When a worker takes legal action against his/her employee, claiming compensation for having acquired mental illness at work, the judge is required, according to the law, to designate a judicial expert to investigate the causal link between the mental pathology and the job. The aim of the present research was to investigate how these psychological inquiries are performed, carrying out individual semi-structured interviews with judicial experts and labor judges, as well as bibliographic research about the subject. Interpretation of the data was performed using the technique of content analysis, which involves three fundamental phases: pre-analysis, material exploration and treatment of results. The data revealed that labor judges are unsatisfied with the quality of psychological inquiries, due to the deficiency of the reports that have no foundation, are conditional and inconclusive. According to the judges, psychological inquiries are performed by doctors in an automatic way, with only a single meeting with the claimant. The reports are filled with standardized texts and without a deeper analysis of the individual and the workplace. The judges also stated that good health professionals are not interested in performing psychological inquiries in the Labor Court. On the other hand, judicial experts have said that their wages are very low, therefore it is not possible to carry out several interviews with the employee and to pay visits to the company, affecting the quality of the reports. For the experts, expert wages should be proportional to the amount of work to be performed, but also be paid, at least partially, before the beginning of the investigation. The interviews showed that the experts, both doctors and psychologists, have scarce knowledge about mental health and work. They also revealed that the work of the experts is focused essentially on a diagnostic analysis, only to verify if the worker has or doesnt have a mental disorder, without a deep investigation of the conditions of work and with the subjectivity of the individual. The research concluded that in order to understand the link between the mental disorder of the worker and his working conditions, it would be necessary that the judicial expert investigate the occurrence of the relationship between the subjectivity of the individual and the work context. It would be the responsibility of the expert to evaluate the subjective limit that each worker has towards the pressure in the work environment, what were his adaptive actions and when the rupture happened, causing mental illness. It would be essential that the expert has specific training in the area of mental health and work in order to acquire technical skills to better evaluate how the operative mode of work affects the subjective processes of the workers

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana Varela Vieira.pdf: 308951 bytes, checksum: c4ac98cbd135b94ddf18df65a54a8c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-13 / This research was supported by Socio-historical Psychology and aimed to: identify the causal link between the mental strain of the bank worker and labor relations; understand the existing relations between the moment of bank merger and the increase of workers who develop mental disorders and investigate the mental illness and the bank worker health care. From the Sociohistorical perspective, we consider the individual and the society, the subjectivity and the objectivity integrated and constituents of a whole, in constant dialectical and transformative relationship. Given this, we decided to develop a qualitative analysis using the Analysis Centers (Aguiar and Ozella, 2006) as a methodological option, to have the opportunity to examine the human and social phenomena in its dynamic process. The subjects of this study were bank employees who became ill and underwent merger process in the institutions where they worked. These subjects were invited to participate in the study at sites previously chosen, and secured ethical procedures, we conducted semi-structured interviews that were recorded. After the interviews were transcribed, grouped into pre-indicators and core indicators, which were analyzed according to the theoretical basis. Some categories were fundamental to the development of the research: subjectivity, work and identity. Because through them we can understand the individual inserted in its totality, belonging to a social environment and representative of his own characteristics, but changeable. The term "Subjective Dimension of Reality", coined by Furtado (2002), "Identity and Metamorphosis", studied by Ciampa (2005) and "Mental Strain" conceptualized by Seligmann-Silva (2011) are the basis for understanding the research. The workers who were interviewed present processes of de-identification caused by mental, physical and subjective strain. Through the research, we identified that there is a causal link between the working conditions lived by them and the mental strain occurred / A presente pesquisa foi fundamentada através da Psicologia Sócio- Histórica e teve como objetivos: identificar o nexo causal entre o desgaste mental do trabalhador bancário e as relações de trabalho; compreender as relações existentes entre o momento de fusão nos bancos e o aumento de trabalhadores que desenvolvem transtornos mentais e investigar o adoecimento mental e o atendimento ao trabalhador bancário. A partir da perspectiva Sócio-Histórica se consideram o indivíduo e a sociedade, a subjetividade e a objetividade integradas e constituintes de um todo, em constante relação dialética e transformadora. Diante disto, optamos por desenvolver uma análise qualitativa, utilizando a Análise de Núcleos (Aguiar e Ozella, 2006) como opção metodológica, por esta oferecer a possibilidade de analisar os fenômenos humanos e sociais em seu processo dinâmico. Os sujeitos dessa pesquisa foram trabalhadores bancários que adoeceram e passaram por processo de fusão nas instituições que possuíam vínculo. Estes sujeitos foram convidados a participar da pesquisa, em locais previamente escolhidos, e garantidos os procedimentos éticos, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas que foram gravadas. Depois, as entrevistas foram transcritas, agrupadas em pré - indicadores, indicadores e núcleos, que foram analisados de acordo com a base teórica. Algumas categorias foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa: subjetividade, trabalho e identidade, pois, através delas, pode-se compreender o indivíduo inserido em sua totalidade, pertencente a um meio social e representante de características próprias, mas mutáveis. Os Termos Dimensão Subjetiva da Realidade , cunhado por Furtado (2002), Identidade como Metamorfose , estudado por Ciampa (2005) e Desgaste Mental conceituado por Seligmann-Silva (2011) são a base para a compreensão da pesquisa. Os trabalhadores entrevistados apresentam processos de desidentidade causados por desgaste mental, físico e subjetivo. Através da pesquisa, pudemos identificar que existe nexo causal entre as condições de trabalho por eles vivida e o desgaste mental ocorrido

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-23T12:48:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dimitrius Boatini_.pdf: 1175657 bytes, checksum: 8cf2ab094f0559a8e82d1b550209f300 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T12:48:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dimitrius Boatini_.pdf: 1175657 bytes, checksum: 8cf2ab094f0559a8e82d1b550209f300 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Nenhuma / O trabalho estuda o tão polêmico conceito de ativismo judicial, sujeito a inúmeras definições, mas aqui entendido como a ingerência do poder judiciário nas áreas de competências precípuas dos poderes legislativo e executivo, em conjunção com a responsabilidade civil do estado por omissão inconstitucional no que tange aos direitos fundamentais, em especial, no que diz respeito a um dos principais desdobramentos da nova responsabilidade civil; o nexo causal presumido. Para isso um primeiro capítulo será dedicado em estudar de maneira central em relação à responsabilidade civil, não somente em seu contexto histórico e tradicional, mas com todos os desdobramentos da atualidade que surgem como uma complexidade a mais tão somente passível de ser resolvida com a via do ativismo judicial. O segundo capítulo envolverá todas as conceituações, críticas e argumentos a favor do ativismo judicial, bem como a definição de seu conceito para efeitos deste trabalho; além da análise dos mais diversos casos práticos da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Se evidencia uma necessidade de ativismo judicial para a satisfação dos direitos fundamentais, amparado por ampla doutrina, porém, com uma série de parâmetros que possibilitem que o mesmo seja utilizado de maneira adequada; como a diferenciação entre o juízo de probabilidade do nexo causal presumido e a teoria do risco integral, utilização da teoria da causa eficiente em detrimento da mais tradicional teoria da causa direta e imediata utilizada pelo Judiciário nacional, e o maior auto-comedimento do Judiciário nos casos envolvendo um confronto de direitos fundamentais. / The essay is about the controversial figure of Judicial Activism, that is defined under a wide array of concepts, but here will be treated as the judiciary acting on the legislative and executive competencies, in conjunction with the civil responsibility of the state for unconstitutional omissions on the fundamental rights, especially with the one of the most relevant new consequences from the civil responsibility in its new figure, the assumed causal link. For this to happen, the first chapter will study the civil responsibility in a deep and thoughful manner, not only on its traditional and historical scope, but also with the contemporary events that unfold and change the law in a way that only judicial activism can bring an answer to it. The second chapter will bring all the concepts and positions about the judicial activism, besides define what is the concept that this essay will use. The essay ends with the idea that the judicial activism is necessary for the fulfilling of the fundamental rights, such as numerous authors had already advocated, but theres a wide array of guidelines created for it to be used in an adequated manner, like, being able to differentiate the probability judgement from the assumed causal link theory from the full risk theory from the state, the use of the theory of the efficient cause instead of the direct and immediate cause, and a bigger use of the judiciary self-restraint when the case in question brings a clash from fundamental rights.

L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prix. / The purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application.

Alors que le contentieux des produits de santé n'a jamais été aussi fourni, l'application du régime spécial de responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux issu de la directive européenne du 25 juillet 1985, entraîne l'émergence d'un certain nombre d'incertitudes qui affectent directement le sort des demandes en réparation. Les incertitudes matérielles ont, pour la plupart reçu un traitement efficace par l'action conjuguée de la jurisprudence et du législateur. Si les outils juridiques traditionnels, tels que les présomptions ou la causalité alternative, ont permis de résoudre une partie non négligeable de ces incertitudes, les juges se sont également attachés à développer des outils nouveaux comme la balance bénéfice/risque ou encore la répartition de l'obligation à la dette selon les parts de marché. Cependant, si le développement de ces outils juridiques, plus adaptés aux spécificités des produits de santé, a permis d'apporter une solution efficace aux incertitudes matérielles, le traitement de l'incertitude scientifique, fondé sur les présomptions du fait de l'homme, n'apporte, toujours pas, de solutions satisfaisantes. L'étude du traitement des incertitudes dans le contentieux des produits de santé défectueux permet d'apprécier les acquis mais également les limites atteintes par l'utilisation de certains outils mis à la disposition des juges et qui se révèlent parfois inadaptés. L'intervention du législateur et la prise en compte des spécificités des produits de santé, permettraient de développer un système d'indemnisation adapté qui interviendrait de façon subsidiaire en cas d'échec de la voie contentieuse. / At a time when healthcare-product litigation is attaining record heights, the implementation into French law of the special liability regime for defective products, which derives from the European Council Directive of 25 July 1985, has led to the emergence of several grey areas of uncertainty which have a direct impact on the outcome of claims for compensation. Areas of material uncertainty have, for the most part, been effectively dealt with through the combined application of case law and the intervention of the legislator. While classic legal tools such as presumption and alternative causality provide a means to resolve a non-negligible part of these uncertainties, judges have also endeavoured to develop new tools, such as risk/utility test and market-share liability. Still, although the development of these legal tools - better suited as they are to the specific features of healthcare products - provide an effective solution to resolving areas of material uncertainty, the treatment of scientific uncertainty, which is based on presumptions of fact, does not always provide satisfactory solutions. The study of the legal treatment of uncertainty in healthcare-product litigation provides a means to assess the benefits but also the limitations of certain tools that are now available to judges but which at times prove inadequate. Intervention on the part of the legislator, while at the same time taking into account the specific features of healthcare products, could lead to the development of a suitable compensation system that could afford relief when litigation fails.

Le coauteur est traditionnellement défini en droit pénal comme l’individu qui, agissant avec un autre, réunit sur sa tête l’ensemble des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Pourtant, il est permis de douter de la pertinence de cette affirmation tant la jurisprudence comme la doctrine en dévoient le sens.En réalité, loin d’être cantonnée à une simple juxtaposition d’actions, la coaction doit être appréhendée comme un mode à part entière de participation à l’infraction. En effet, elle apparaît comme un titre d’imputation à mi-chemin entre l’action et la complicité, auxquelles elle emprunte certains caractères. Autrement dit, elle se révèle être un mode de participation à sa propre infraction. Surtout, son particularisme est assuré par l’interdépendance unissant les coauteurs : parce que chacun s’associe à son alter ego, tous sont placés sur un pied d’égalité. Ces différents éléments, qui se retrouvent dans sa notion et dans son régime, permettent ainsi d’affirmer la spécificité de la coaction tout en renforçant la cohérence entre les différents modes de participation criminelle. / In criminal law, the co-perpetrator is classically presented as an individual who, acting jointly with another, gathers all the constitutive elements of the offence. However, one may harbor doubts concerning the relevance of this assertion since both case law and legal scholars denature its meaning.Actually, far from being limited to a mere juxtaposition of perpetrations, co-perpetration must be understood as a full mode of participation in the offence. Indeed, it appears as a form of imputation halfway between perpetration and complicity, from which it borrows some characteristics. In other words, it proves to be a mode of participation in one’s own offence. Above all, its particularism is provided by the interdependence between the co-perpetrators : because each of them joins forces with his alter ego, all are placed on an equal footing. These elements, which are found both in it’s concept and in it’s regime, demonstrate thereby the specificity of co-perpetration while strengthening the coherence of the different modes of criminal participation.