It is gradually becoming common knowledge that, natural resources have not been able to make positive impact on economic growth of countries. In that, countries rich in natural resources grow at a slower pace than the resource-poor countries. This occurrence is one of the reasons behind many defections and militant groups against state authority in many resource-rich countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa. Using panel data from 1980 to 2010 on 34 sub- Saharan African countries, this paper examines whether institutionalised authority, which is a proxy for state authority, can change the negative relationship between natural resources and economic growth. The key finding is that, institutionalised authority can alter the negative relationship that exists between natural resources and economic growth. JEL Classification C33, O43, Q28, Q33, Q43, Keywords Natural Resources, Economic growth, Institutionalised Authority, Dutch Disease, sub-Saharan Africa

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Pedrossian Neto.pdf: 1843411 bytes, checksum: 5faac21374fa62c68dc6f21e203d0327 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / This work investigates the causes of the decline in participation of industry in GDP, attributing this phenomenon to a process of de-industrialization or post-industrialization. The research is based on the theoretical model developed by Rowthorn and Wells (1987) and Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1999), with modifications introduced for analyzing Brazilian economy. The econometric models designed to test the hypotheses indicate that, although the factors related to deindustrialization - and, in particular, the under-utilization of production capacity - have contributed to the compression on the industrial GDP, among the explanatory sources of this fall prevails the endogenous growth factors, particularly the role of sector productivity differential in the deterioration of industry relative prices. Thus, the diagnostic of post-industrialization is strengthened / Este trabalho investiga as causas da queda da participação da indústria no PIB brasileiro, atribuindo esse fenômeno a um processo de desindustrialização ou pós-industrialização. A pesquisa tem como referencial teórico o modelo desenvolvido por Rowthorn e Wells (1987) e Rowthorn e Ramaswamy (1999), com modificações introduzidas para análise da economia brasileira. Os modelos econométricos elaborados para testar as hipóteses indicam que, embora os fatores ligados à desindustrialização e, em especial, a sub-utilização da capacidade instalada de produção , tenham contribuído para a compressão relativa do PIB industrial, entre as fontes explicativas desta queda preponderam os fatores endógenos ao crescimento econômico, em particular o papel do diferencial de produtividade setorial na deterioração dos preços relativos industriais. Desta forma, ganha força o diagnóstico de pós-industrialização

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar a contribuição do petróleo no desenvolvimento econômico da Venezuela, entre 1950/2006. Investiga-se por que uma economia rica em petróleo ainda não conseguiu industrializar-se. Seguindo os diferentes períodos governamentais, examinam-se a contribuição das políticas macroeconômicas sobre o desenvolvimento e a questão da doença holandesa e do capitalismo rentístico. Segundo a teoria da base econômica, as regiões crescem em torno de uma base exportadora, exercendo efeitos de encadeamento sobre o setor de mercado interno. A exportação de petróleo impulsiona a economia venezuelana ao comprar insumos e gerar rendas. A intervenção do governo transformou a Venezuela em um dos maiores exportadores de petróleo, cabendo à estatal PDVSA a extração, refino e exportação de petróleo. Contudo, o desenvolvimento da indústria venezuelana ficou prejudicado pelo capitalismo rentístico, paternalismo e populismos governamentais. A renda petrolífera acomodou as classes dirigentes e inibiu a formação do empresariado. Já a doença holandesa parece descartada pela tendência à desvalorização cambial e pela relação positiva entre crescimento das exportações e crescimento do PIB. Reduções dos preços internacionais do petróleo, evasão de divisas, inflação e aumento da dívida pública, entre outros problemas, dificultavam as finanças públicas e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Ao longo do tempo, a Venezuela deixou de investir em projetos de desenvolvimento. Nos últimos anos, sobretudo, o governo tem priorizado os gastos sociais, em detrimento de investimentos produtivos. Os indicadores sociais mostraram melhorias após 2004, mas o crescimento econômico baseia-se no consumo, gerando pressões inflacionárias. Crises internacionais poderão comprometer o desenvolvimento econômico. Sugerem-se políticas de diversificação produtiva: alimentos e matérias-primas (agroindústrias, petroquímicos), diversificação das exportações, investimentos em ferrovias, portos mais ágeis e de menor custo, saneamento básico, agricultura irrigada, construção civil, educação técnica, saúde, previdência social e segurança pública. / The aim of this thesis is to assess the contribution of oil to the economic development of Venezuela between 1950/2006. We try to understand why an oil-rich economy failed to industrialize itself. Following the different periods of government, we examine the contribution of macroeconomic policies to the development of Venezuela and the issues of Dutch disease and rentístico capitalism. According to basic economic theory, regions grow around an export base creating chaining effects throughout the domestic market. In the case of Venezuela oil industrial drives the economy through inputs acquisition and incomes generation. The intervention of the Venezuelan government turned in one of the world s largest exporters of oil, leaving to state owned PDVSA the extraction, refining and export of oil the country. However the industry's development was hampered by the Venezuelan rentístico capitalism, government paternalism and populism. The oil income accommodated the ruling classes and inhibited the formation of entrepreneurial class. On the other hand we can shrug off the Dutch disease hipothesis due to observed currency devaluation and positive relationship between growth in exports and GDP growth. Finally, international oil prices, reductions foreign exchange evasions, inflation and increasing public debt, among other problems, hindered public finances and economic development in the country. Over time, Venezuela has ceased to invest in development projects. In recent years, particularly, the government has prioritized social spending rather than engaging in productive investments. Social indicators have shown improvements after 2004, but economic growth is based on consumption, generating inflationary pressures. International crises can undermine economic development. We suggest some policy diversification: food and raw materials (agribusiness, petrochemicals), exports diversification, investments in railroads, more efficient ports, sanitation, irrigated agriculture, construction, technical education, health, social welfare and public safety.

<p>Numerous studies have confirmed a statistically significant negative relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth. This has been labeled “The Resource Curse”. In this paper we try to explain why Botswana, a country heavily dependent on its diamond industry, has managed to generate sustainable growth. Economists have advanced several explanations for the negative impact of natural resources on long-term growth. This paper focuses on the following important problems: First, a boom in a natural resource can pull resources away from other sectors of the economy, thus harming their international competitiveness, a phenomenon called the Dutch disease. Second, abundance in natural resources may lead to poor institutional quality in many countries. Thanks to conservative fiscal policies and accumulation of foreign reserves the local currency did not appreciate during the boom, and Botswana avoided the most severe symptoms of the Dutch disease. Historical tradition of democratic procedures and sound institutions at the time of diamond discovery has contributed to a high institutional quality in Botswana.</p>

According to the Dutch Disease core model a boom in natural resources will eventually lead to a shift of production between sectors: from tradable goods to non-tradable goods. The authors found it interesting to research if United Arab Emirates has been a subject to any of the effects caused by the disease, due to the oil boom during the 1970s and the huge development that has appeared in the country. If the United Arab Emirates would be a vic-tim of the disease the decline in exports of the natural resource will result in a decline in the non-oil tradable goods which will affect the country negatively. Furthermore, the disease can also make it more difficult for the country to deal with the problem of high inflation. A time series covering the period 1975-2005 is used to analyse if the United Arab Emirates has experienced symptoms of the disease. Results show that the country has experienced some symptoms of the Dutch Disease during the period 1975-198 since changes in the price of oil caused tradables to shift to the non-tradable sector. Another sign of the disease is the high inflation rate Unite Arab Emirates experienced during the selected period, how-ever high inflation rate could be caused by other factors as well. Furthermore, the larger in-crease in the non-tradable sector compared to the tradable sector is also an indication of the disease in the country. According to these findings the authors can conclude that United Arab Emirates has experienced symptoms of the disease, however, it cannot be concluded that it has been a victim of the disease.

<p>According to the Dutch Disease core model a boom in natural resources will eventually lead to a shift of production between sectors: from tradable goods to non-tradable goods. The authors found it interesting to research if United Arab Emirates has been a subject to any of the effects caused by the disease, due to the oil boom during the 1970s and the huge development that has appeared in the country. If the United Arab Emirates would be a vic-tim of the disease the decline in exports of the natural resource will result in a decline in the non-oil tradable goods which will affect the country negatively. Furthermore, the disease can also make it more difficult for the country to deal with the problem of high inflation. A time series covering the period 1975-2005 is used to analyse if the United Arab Emirates has experienced symptoms of the disease. Results show that the country has experienced some symptoms of the Dutch Disease during the period 1975-198 since changes in the price of oil caused tradables to shift to the non-tradable sector. Another sign of the disease is the high inflation rate Unite Arab Emirates experienced during the selected period, how-ever high inflation rate could be caused by other factors as well. Furthermore, the larger in-crease in the non-tradable sector compared to the tradable sector is also an indication of the disease in the country. According to these findings the authors can conclude that United Arab Emirates has experienced symptoms of the disease, however, it cannot be concluded that it has been a victim of the disease.</p>

Some oil-rich countries suffer from a resource curse, a paradoxical situation in which a country with oil wealth has poor economic growth and social development. A country can escape the resource curse by selecting appropriate policies. Governments are responsible for utilizing the right policies and managing the natural resource revenue effectively to benefit their nation. In this report, various economic, political, and social measurements are used to examine the fall into the resource curse by Nigeria, Iraq, and Brazil for a period of time, and the scape of Norway from the resource curse. The report also evaluates the current circumstances of Iraq to determine which direction the resource curse will take. Several recommendations are presented to direct Iraq out of the resource curse. / text

Numerous studies have confirmed a statistically significant negative relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth. This has been labeled “The Resource Curse”. In this paper we try to explain why Botswana, a country heavily dependent on its diamond industry, has managed to generate sustainable growth. Economists have advanced several explanations for the negative impact of natural resources on long-term growth. This paper focuses on the following important problems: First, a boom in a natural resource can pull resources away from other sectors of the economy, thus harming their international competitiveness, a phenomenon called the Dutch disease. Second, abundance in natural resources may lead to poor institutional quality in many countries. Thanks to conservative fiscal policies and accumulation of foreign reserves the local currency did not appreciate during the boom, and Botswana avoided the most severe symptoms of the Dutch disease. Historical tradition of democratic procedures and sound institutions at the time of diamond discovery has contributed to a high institutional quality in Botswana.

Univ., Diss--Bochum, 2002.

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar a contribuição do petróleo no desenvolvimento econômico da Venezuela, entre 1950/2006. Investiga-se por que uma economia rica em petróleo ainda não conseguiu industrializar-se. Seguindo os diferentes períodos governamentais, examinam-se a contribuição das políticas macroeconômicas sobre o desenvolvimento e a questão da doença holandesa e do capitalismo rentístico. Segundo a teoria da base econômica, as regiões crescem em torno de uma base exportadora, exercendo efeitos de encadeamento sobre o setor de mercado interno. A exportação de petróleo impulsiona a economia venezuelana ao comprar insumos e gerar rendas. A intervenção do governo transformou a Venezuela em um dos maiores exportadores de petróleo, cabendo à estatal PDVSA a extração, refino e exportação de petróleo. Contudo, o desenvolvimento da indústria venezuelana ficou prejudicado pelo capitalismo rentístico, paternalismo e populismos governamentais. A renda petrolífera acomodou as classes dirigentes e inibiu a formação do empresariado. Já a doença holandesa parece descartada pela tendência à desvalorização cambial e pela relação positiva entre crescimento das exportações e crescimento do PIB. Reduções dos preços internacionais do petróleo, evasão de divisas, inflação e aumento da dívida pública, entre outros problemas, dificultavam as finanças públicas e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Ao longo do tempo, a Venezuela deixou de investir em projetos de desenvolvimento. Nos últimos anos, sobretudo, o governo tem priorizado os gastos sociais, em detrimento de investimentos produtivos. Os indicadores sociais mostraram melhorias após 2004, mas o crescimento econômico baseia-se no consumo, gerando pressões inflacionárias. Crises internacionais poderão comprometer o desenvolvimento econômico. Sugerem-se políticas de diversificação produtiva: alimentos e matérias-primas (agroindústrias, petroquímicos), diversificação das exportações, investimentos em ferrovias, portos mais ágeis e de menor custo, saneamento básico, agricultura irrigada, construção civil, educação técnica, saúde, previdência social e segurança pública. / The aim of this thesis is to assess the contribution of oil to the economic development of Venezuela between 1950/2006. We try to understand why an oil-rich economy failed to industrialize itself. Following the different periods of government, we examine the contribution of macroeconomic policies to the development of Venezuela and the issues of Dutch disease and rentístico capitalism. According to basic economic theory, regions grow around an export base creating chaining effects throughout the domestic market. In the case of Venezuela oil industrial drives the economy through inputs acquisition and incomes generation. The intervention of the Venezuelan government turned in one of the world s largest exporters of oil, leaving to state owned PDVSA the extraction, refining and export of oil the country. However the industry's development was hampered by the Venezuelan rentístico capitalism, government paternalism and populism. The oil income accommodated the ruling classes and inhibited the formation of entrepreneurial class. On the other hand we can shrug off the Dutch disease hipothesis due to observed currency devaluation and positive relationship between growth in exports and GDP growth. Finally, international oil prices, reductions foreign exchange evasions, inflation and increasing public debt, among other problems, hindered public finances and economic development in the country. Over time, Venezuela has ceased to invest in development projects. In recent years, particularly, the government has prioritized social spending rather than engaging in productive investments. Social indicators have shown improvements after 2004, but economic growth is based on consumption, generating inflationary pressures. International crises can undermine economic development. We suggest some policy diversification: food and raw materials (agribusiness, petrochemicals), exports diversification, investments in railroads, more efficient ports, sanitation, irrigated agriculture, construction, technical education, health, social welfare and public safety.