This master thesis provides a comprehensive view on duties of members of a Limited Liability Company (LLC) according to Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on commercial corporations and cooperatives (Commercial Corporations Act), which replaced Act No. 513/1991 Coll., Commercial Code. The content of this thesis is composed of five chapters. In the first chapter, the reader is acquainted with general characteristics of the LLC and with essential changes, which impact the LLC as a result of force of Business Corporations Act. The second chapter explains general definitions of rights, duties, and shares that subsequently allows the reader a better understanding of individual duties. The main content of this thesis is distributed between the chapters Duties arisen from act and Duties arisen from the Memorandum of Association. The division of individual duties of members of LLC is based on a categorization of duties established in the third chapter. The fundamental part of this thesis analyzes following individual duties of members of LLC: the deposit duty, the duty of liability of members of LLC, the contributory duty, the duty of fulfillment to reserve fund, the duty to past a fundamental certificate and the duty of loyalty. Furthermore, the rules on conflict of interest, the ban on competition and special duties...

Rights and duties of the owner of the forest This diploma thesis deals with the legal regulation of rights and duties of forest owner and defines the basic terms related to this topic. The thesis consists of seven parts, whereas chapter one is introductory and chapter nine is conclusion. Chapter Two deals with the basic information of the history of the forest legislation. Chapter Three pays attention on the forest in the Czech republic and provides a describtion of different forest types located in our territory. Chapter Four provides legal definitions of basic terminology. Chapter Five mentions the ownership of forest owners and restrictions of their property rights. The main attention is paid to chapter Six and Seven, which include a summary of the most important rights and duties with which the forest ownership is undoubtedly associated. Chapter Eight deals with the liability of forest owner and sanctions, that may be required. The aim of my thesis is to focuse on rights and duties of forest owner within forest inventory etc. The main source of this work is the Forest Act.

This thesis deals with the duties relating to the work performed by an employee, thus duties of an employee following from employment relationship between an employee and an employer. The main focus is on the legal arrangement of such duties and the consequence of breach of such duties in the form of dismissal. The purpose of my research is to compare legal arrangements in the Czech Republic and in the Republic of Ireland and to show the dissimilarities and the similarities between those two countries in such an area of labour law. The primary aim of this work is to bring new and inspiring ideas and possibilities of legal solutions emerging from the comparison in this area. Because it is very practical issue, the most important thing, which must be stressed, is a case-law in both countries. For this reason, another significant goal of this paper is to show how contentious cases can be resolved and what the main characteristics in this type of procedure are before the courts in the country with different law tradition and law background unlike that in the Czech Republic. This work is composed of three parts. The first part of this thesis describes the current legislation in the Czech Republic. It concentrates chiefly on the wording of the Labour Code, but it also provides an account of decision-making of the...

OF DIPLOMA THESIS THE THEORETICAL CONCEPTION OF PRE-CONTRACTUAL AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY Author: René Cienciala Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Department: Department of Legal Theory and Legal Doctrines The purpose of my thesis was to analyse theoretical aspects of precontractual and contractual liability under Czech law. I particularly focused on precontractual liability (also known as culpa in contrahendo) due to its unclear and unresolved theoretical conception among Czech jurisprudence. The thesis consists of eleven chapters including one annex. After short introduction, I briefly analysed the meaning of a general term legal responsibility/ liability in the second chapter, and a historical background including the original Jhering's conception of culpa in contrahendo in the third part of the thesis. The fourth chapter is devoted to defining the scope of precontractual liability and specific precontractual duties and/or obligations during a contract negotiation under both current and revised civil law. I comprehensively analysed underlying principles of a concept of precontractual liability, its general nature and a nature of precontractual relationship in the fifth part of the thesis. I also tried to provide theoretical description and definition of the conception of culpa in...

Combatants in war inflict untold devastation. They lay waste the environment, destroy cultural heritage, wound, maim, and kill. Most importantly, they kill. These deeds would be, in any other context, paradigmatically unjust. This thesis asks whether they can be justi-fied. There are two possible approaches: first, deny that killing in war is in fact unjust; sec-ond, argue that the injustice is overridden by weightier moral reasons. In Part I, I reject the view that principles of self-defence can render killing in war just. I argue that the most plausible theories of self-defence are hardest to apply in the cha-otic context of war, while the most practicable theories are least philosophically defensible. Moreover, none of them encompasses the inevitable noncombatant deaths that all wars bring. If killing in war is almost always unjust, perhaps we should advocate pacifism. In Part II, I propose an alternative, arguing that these injustices might be all things con-sidered justified. Combatants have morally important relationships: they have deep personal relationships with friends and family, and comrades-in-arms; if they are citizens of just communities, then that relationship is valuable too. I argue that they have associative duties to protect these relationships against the threat posed by war, and that these duties may override the injustices they must commit to avert that threat. After defending a conception of associative duties, I support this conclusion with the following argument. As well as our general duties not to harm, we have general duties to protect. Our general duties to protect sometimes override our general duties not to harm, in particular, in cases of justified humanitarian intervention. Our associative duties to protect, however, are stronger than our general duties to protect. If our associative duties to protect are stronger than our general duties to protect, and our general duties to protect can override our general duties not to harm, then our associative duties to protect should also be able to override our general duties not to harm.

The main objective of the thesis is to identify appropriate approach to evaluation of impacts of the first phase of the ecological tax reform in the Czech Republic, its consequent adaption and application for the particular purpose. The input-output analysis has been found as the most convenient solution for such a sort of analysis. The analysis has been used for the evaluation of impacts on final production prices of each NACE sector resulting from introduction of new taxes on electricity, solid fuels, natural gas and some other kinds of gases in the Czech Republic. Because of unavailability of information about the final impact of taxes on particular objects in the economy, the analysis is conducted on the basis of five incidence assumptions about the impact of taxes on distributors and customers. While the aforementioned analysis is the essential chapter of the thesis, the work starts with a theoretical introduction related to optimal tax theories and theories about possible positive effects of environmental tax implementation. Additionally, energy tax implementation in the Czech Republic and in the European Union is mentioned. Furthermore, an important starting point in finding the most convenient model was to summarize various approaches to modelling energy tax impacts on the economy. Therefore, theoretical description of particular models is provided when history of the models, type of equations and dependences in the model are described. Moreover database requirements and possibilities to use the model for another purpose are discussed. The thesis also comprises of the analysis of pros and cons and additional important characteristics of relevant models together with the summary for which purpose was the particular model used in the Czech Republic. The introduction of energy tax in the Czech republic on the final production prices was proved to be unimportant and with only exceptions (namely the sector of production and distribution of electricity, natural gas and water) an increase in final production prices does not exceed 0,2 % and for a half of all the sectors the increase does not exceed 0,1 %.

Os institutos jurídicos têm estreita relação com sua base econômica. Nos contratos de seguro essa afirmação é de fundamental importância, sendo o contrato a face jurídica de uma complexa operação econômica. O desenvolvimento do instituto levou ao reconhecimento da essencialidade da empresarialidade do seguro. Há acentuada controvérsia na doutrina acerca da natureza comutativa ou aleatória do contrato de seguro. O ponto central desta dissertação é no sentido de que o Código Civil de 2002 adotou a garantia como a prestação principal do segurador, o que importa no reconhecimento de sua natureza comutativa. O mesmo Código reconheceu a empresarialidade como elemento essencial do contrato. A comutatividade permite o exame das obrigações e deveres a cargo das partes num contexto de equilíbrio. O trabalho finalmente propõe que a interpretação e aplicação do contrato de seguro observem o caráter comutativo e a base técnica do negócio. / Legal institutions have a close relationship with their economic fundaments. In the insurance contract, this statement is of great importance as it is the legal face of a complex economic operation. The development of the institution has led to the acknowledgment of the entrepreneurial side of the insurance as an essential attribute of the contract. There is a strong dispute on the nature of the contract, if it is an aleatory contract or a certain contract. The main point of this essay is in the sense that the Civil Code of 2002 has adopted the guarantee as the main obligation of the insurer, which represents the acknowledgement of its nature of a certain contract. This nature of the contract permits the examination of the obligations and duties of the parties in a context of equilibrium. The essay finally proposes that the interpretation and construction of the insurance contract observe both the character of a certain contract and its technical fundaments.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele de Lima de Oliveira.pdf: 577155 bytes, checksum: 55c80b307d6969e1be25f73ed0b6d90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-02 / The corporations have the big challenge to overcome the competitiveness of the market and to be subject to the restructuring process of the corporate organization. The range of this restructuring process directly reflects on the management of the company, which has the main objective of achieving profits, observing institutional, legal and social rules in order to demonstrate its real effectiveness. This dissertation has the objective of pointing out the most important aspects of the duties and responsibilities of the managers in charge of this challenge. This dissertation first presents the historical evolution of the corporations, as much in Europe as in Brazil, followed by the study of the social bodies, specially the Board of Directors and Management Board to demonstrate the Administrative System of the corporations. Afterwards, this dissertation points out the duties of the administrators focused on diligence, ethics, exercise of power, loyalty and information duty. The responsibility of the managers in civil sphere is foreseen, including the ultra vires acts, the issue regarding the joint liability among their members and the social and individual acts which they are subject to, considering that they may use the good faith principles as an exclusion of responsibility. It also has a brief explanation regarding the responsibility of the manager in the administrative sphere of the Stock Exchange Commission (CVM) and his responsibility concerning tax aspects. This theme was chosen due to the importance of the honest, ethic and moral conduct of the managers before the company and the society. The purpose of this dissertation is to expose the true quality of the manager of a company in regard to the compliance of the legal and institutional rules in order to achieve the main social objective in benefit of the ones that integrate the company, as much as internally as externally / As sociedades anônimas têm desafio de superar a competitividade do mercado e se sujeitar à reestruturação da organização empresarial. O alcance dessa reestruturação reflete diretamente na administração da companhia, que tem a função de atingir a lucratividade, observando as regras institucionais, legais e sociais para demonstrar sua real competência. Esta dissertação visa apontar os aspectos mais importantes dos deveres e responsabilidades dos administradores encarregados deste desafio. Inicialmente, é apresentada a evolução histórica das companhias tanto na Europa como no Brasil, seguindo-se para o estudo dos órgãos sociais, em especial o Conselho de Administração e a Diretoria, demonstrando-se o sistema de administração das sociedades anônimas. Passa-se então a apontar os deveres dos administradores, centrados na diligência, na ética, no exercício do poder, na lealdade e no dever de informação. É abordada a responsabilidade dos administradores na esfera civil, incluindo os atos praticados ultra vires; a questão das solidariedade entre seus membros e as ações sociais e individuais a que estão sujeitos, podendo se valerem da boa-fé como excludente de responsabilidade. Também é feita breve ponderação sobre a responsabilidade destes administradores na esfera administrativa da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, bem como no âmbito tributário. Trata-se de um tema escolhido pela significância que a conduta honesta, ética e moral dos administradores têm perante a companhia e à sociedade em que está inserida. O objetivo é expor a verdadeira qualidade dos administradores, no que tange ao acatamento de suas regras legais e institucionais, para atingir seu principal objetivo social, em benefício dos que a compõe, interna e externamente

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o earn-out nos contratos de compra e venda de participações societárias. Em específico, esse mecanismo é estudado na sua perspectiva prática e teórica a fim de compreender a sua função e causa, tendo em vista a sua execução no Direito brasileiro. O interesse pelo earn-out justifica-se diante o seu crescente uso em operações de fusões e aquisições na prática negocial brasileira. Esse recente movimento, por um lado, demonstra a grande utilidade do earn-out como instrumento para aproximar as expectativas das partes quanto ao valor correspondente ao preço da empresa-alvo; por outro lado, a utilização inadequada e não adaptada ao Ordenamento revela que o earn-out pode ser um mecanismo indesejado, diante do seu grande potencial de litigiosidade. Nesse contexto, duas foram as perspectivas abordadas no trabalho: a uma, analisa-se o ambiente em que inserto o earn-out, sendo que para cumprir com esse objetivo estuda-se, por um lado, a compra e venda de empresas como um processo e, por outro, as peculiaridades do contrato de compra e venda de participações societárias; a duas, analisa-se o earn-out “aplicado”, isto é, as motivações práticas para utilizar o mecanismo, bem como os melhores mercados em que sua utilização é recomendável. Em decorrência dessas perspectivas, a análise do earnout demonstra sua grande utilidade e eficiência para as partes vendedora e compradora de participações societárias que não chegam a um consenso sobre o preço do objeto do contrato de compra e venda. Contudo, verifica-se que a sua aplicação pode causar problemas de ordem contratual e societária, especialmente quando uma das consequências do mecanismo é manter o vendedor na empresa-alvo para o atingimento das metas do earn-out. Diante dos problemas verificados no âmbito da prática estadunidense e no Brasil, a parte final do trabalho enfrenta as questões que envolvem a execução do earn-out e as dificuldades para a verificação das condições ajustadas pelas partes como metas. Nesse sentido, são estudadas a posição das partes antes e depois da operação, assim como a potencial violação a deveres fiduciários pelos administradores da sociedade-alvo. Ao final, apresentam-se possíveis soluções no âmbito da prática contratual para evitar que a utilização do earn-out seja problemática, e, quando os conflitos já foram instaurados, analisa-se a aplicação de regras interpretativas ao earn-out no Direito brasileiro. / This essay deals with the earn-out in stock purchase agreements. Specifically, the objective is to understand the mechanism, its function and causa, regarding its enforcement in the Brazilian Law. The reason to study the earn-out is justified by its increasingly use in the Brazilian market, which brings two consequences: by one side, it is clear that the earn-out is useful as an instrument to match the expectations of the parties concerning the value that represents the price of the target; on the other hand, the improper and inappropriate use of the earn-out in the Brazilian legal system may turn the mechanism into an unwanted clause, due to its great potential of lawsuits and legal conflicts. In this sense, two perspectives were approached in this research: first, it is analyzed the context in which the earn-out is utilized, for that matter it is studied the mergers and acquisitions as a whole, and the particularities of the stock purchase agreement; second, it is analyzed what is the earn-out as a clause, its legal nature and framework, function and causa, and motivations to use the mechanism, as well as the best markets in which its use is recommended. As an outcome, the results founded are that, although the earn-out may be a useful and efficient tool for the parties, its enforcement could cause contractual and corporate legal problems, since one of the main features of the mechanism is to maintain the seller working for the target in order to achieve the goals agreed as precedent conditions of the earn-out. Considering the problems that arise from the American and, in some cases, Brazilian practice the last part of the essay deals with questions that involve the enforcement of the earn-out and the difficulties to verify the precedent conditions agreed by the parties as goals. In order to achieve this objective, it is studied the position of the parties before and after the deal, as well the possibility of breach of the fiduciary duties by the board and directors of the target; consequently, the intention is to solve the conflicts using the contractual interpretation of the contracts concluded between business and corporate affairs and its repercussions to the stock purchase agreements. In the end of this paper, it is presented possible solutions to avoid the problematic use of the earnout; however, when the conflicts are already set by the parties, it is pondered about the interpretation of the earn-out in the Brazilian Law.