Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Paper and Chemical Engineering, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-69).

Η διπλωματική μεταπτυχιακή εργασία ειδίκευσης παρουσιάζει μελέτη σε φωτοευαισθητοποιημένα ηλιακά κύτταρα, τα οποία μετατρέπουν την ηλιακή ακτινοβολία σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια. Στο θεωρητικό μέρος παρουσιάζεται βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση των φωτοβολταϊκών κυττάρων και γίνεται εμβάθυνση στον μηχανισμό λειτουργίας των φωτοευαισθητοποιημένων ηλιακών κυττάρων με χρωστική ουσία (Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, DSSC). Αναλύονται τα υλικά που χρησιμοποιούνται για την σύνθεση του ηλιακού κυττάρου: υποστρώματα από Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO), υμένιο από νανο-κρυσταλλικό διοξείδιο του τιτανίου (TiO2), οργανικές χρωστικές ουσίες, υγρός/στερεός ηλεκτρολύτης ιωδίου και αντιηλεκτρόδιο. Επιπλέον, περιγράφονται πειραματικές διατάξεις από ελληνικά και διεθνή εργαστήρια τα οποία παρουσιάζουν τις νέες εξελίξεις στον τομέα των φωτοευαίσθητων φωτοβολταϊκών. Στο πειραματικό μέρος περιγράφεται η διαδικασία σύνθεσης φωτοευαίσθητων ηλιακών κυττάρων στο εργαστήριο. Γίνεται μελέτη των επιμέρους υλικών και σύνθεση νέων ηλιακών κυττάρων, έτσι ώστε να επιτευχθεί αύξηση της απόδοσης και της σταθερότητας των υποστρωμάτων τους. Σύμφωνα με την θεωρία Shockley–Queisser, η μέγιστη θεωρητική απόδοση ενός ηλιακού κυττάρου φτάνει το 30% και με επόμενες παρόμοιες μεθόδους υπολογίσθηκε ότι μπορεί να φτάσει το 68%. Παρουσιάζονται επιπλέον, πειραματικές διατάξεις με εφαρμογή χαμηλοδιάστατου ημιαγωγού, με σκοπό την αύξηση της απόδοσης και ταυτόχρονα την μείωση του υλικού και του κόστους του φωτοβολταϊκού. Η μελέτη και ο χαρακτηρισμός των επιμέρους υλικών έγινε με την χρήση τεχνικών οργάνων, όπως: XRD, UV, PL, SEM. Η μέτρηση της απόδοσης των ηλιακών κυττάρων πραγματοποιήθηκε σε εσωτερικό σκοτεινό χώρο με προσομοίωση του ηλιακού φωτός με την χρήση του ηλεκτρομέτρου και υπολογίστηκαν οι αποδόσεις των φωτοβολταϊκών κυττάρων. / The present master thesis presents a study on photo-sensitized solar cells, which convert solar radiation into electricity. The theoretical part includes a literature of relevant works on solar cells and a description of the operation mechanism of photo-sensitized solar cells using pigment (Dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSC). The materials used for the fabrication of solar cell were Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) for the substrate, thin film from nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2), organic pigments, liquid/solid iodide electrolyte and counter electrode. In addition, testing devices and cell fabrication procedures, from national and international laboratories covering the developments in the field of photosensitive solar cells, are also included. In the experimental part, the procedure for the synthesis of photo-sensitized solar cells is extensively described. The used materials and the synthesis mode to achieve new cell types with increased efficiencies and substrate stability are presented. According to Shockley-Queisser theory, the theoretically maximum efficiency of solar cell is up to 30%, which in other methods it has been extended to 68%. In the same part, experimental procedures for other semiconductor application are additionally presented, aiming to a reduction in material and cost. The study and the characterization of the used materials were performed by using suitable equipment as XRD, UV, PL and SEM. The solar cell efficiency was measured in a dark room using electrometer and the efficiency were obtained.

Les nanostructures d'oxydes métalliques jouent un rôle essentiel dans les cellules photovoltaïques à colorants, puisque ces matériaux permettent la réalisation du contact électrique transparent en face avant et de la photoanode. L'oxyde stannique (SnO2) et l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) ont été employés respectivement, car leurs propriétés optiques, électroniques et structurales sont particulièrement bien adaptées aux cellules solaires à colorant. Le contact électrique transparent, obtenu par pyrolyse d'aérosol, se présente sous forme d'une couche mince de SnO2 dopé par du fluor composée de grains nanométriques. Les propriétés électriques et optiques de ce composant ont été optimisées en vue de son intégration dans des cellules à colorants. Une étude approfondie du transport électronique au sein de la couche a permis de quantifier l'influence des différents mécanismes de diffusion suivant les cas considérés. La photoanode a été réalisée, directement à la surface de la couche mince de SnO2, par dépôt chimique de nanofils de ZnO à partir de précurseurs en phase vapeur. Le diamètre et la densité surfacique des nanofils sont contrôlés respectivement par les conditions de croissance et le degré d'oxydation du substrat. Les photoanodes à base de nanofils ont été intégrées dans des cellules à colorant. La limitation des performances de ces cellules est due à la faible surface développée par le ZnO qui conduit à la fixation d'une trop faible quantité de colorant à la surface de ce dernier. Afin de remédier à ce problème, des nanoparticules de ZnO ont été élaborées par bain chimique à la surface des nanofils. Les cellules solaires à base de structures composites présentent des performances supérieures à celles réalisées à partir de nanofils ou de nanoparticules. Les photoanodes composites permettent d'obtenir à la fois un transport efficace des électrons et de développer une surface importante et de ce fait, elles présentent des performances prometteuses. / Metallic oxide nanostructures play a critical role in dye-sensitized solar cells as front transparent electrodes and photoanodes. The use of stannic oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have been motivated by their particularly suitable structural, electrical and optical properties for dye-sensitized solar cells. Fluorine doped-SnO2 transparent electrodes have been deposited by spray pyrolysis in the form of thin films and consist of nanoscale grains. Their optical and electrical properties have been optimized in order to integrate them into dye-sensitized solar cells. The electron transport has been investigated in details and the influence of each scattering mechanism has quantitatively been assessed. ZnO photoanodes have directly been grown on the SnO2 surface by chemical vapor deposition in the form of nanowires. The nanowire diameter and surface density have been controlled by the growth conditions and the substrate surface oxidation, respectively. The nanowire-based photoanodes have subsequently been integrated into dye-sensitized solar cells. The relatively low efficiency of these cells has been found to be due to the small ZnO surface area, which limits the amount of dye anchored to its surface. In order to circumvent this limitation, ZnO nanoparticles have been deposited on the nanowire surface by chemical bath deposition. The nanocomposite photoanodes lead to the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells with promising efficiency by combining both efficient electron transport and high developed surface area.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The electronic properties of push-pull substituted, zinc(II) (ZnPc), aluminum(III) (AlPc), and ruthenium(II) (RuPc), metal-phthalocyanine derivatives, presenting two electron donating groups (diethylamine) and two electron withdrawing groups (carboxylic) was studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP exchange-correlation functional in the vacuum and under the presence of solvent (DMSO), aiming their application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). For the excited states, the time-dependent approach of DFT (TD-DFT) was applied. In the transition for the excited state it was evidenced a charge transfer from donor to acceptor groups which results in large electronic rearrangement inducing the bathochromism when adding DMSO (a polar solvent). This electronic transfer is directed to the acceptor groups (benzoic groups), mainly in RuPc molecule, which enables bigger probability in the electronic injection into the semiconductor s conduction band. HOMO s energy to the ZnPc and AlPc are sufficiently below the redox potential of the electrolyte and LUMO s energy, in all compounds, is above the conduction band of the oxide. Those push-pull molecules present panchromism, important for the application of these compounds in DSSC since they can absorb photons in a large range of energies. NBO analysis suggests that the ruthenium presents strong coordination with the nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle, which allows a larger participation of this metal in the electronic transition. The ionization energy and electron affinity were calculated aiming to quantify the energetic barrier in the electron gain / loss. / As propriedades eletrônicas de derivados de ftalocianinas metaladas push-pull de zinco(II) (FtZn), alumínio(III) (FtAl) e rutênio(II) (FtRu) apresentando dois grupos doadores de elétrons (N,N-dietilanilina) e dois grupos retiradores de elétrons (ácido benzóico), foram estudadas usando a teoria do funcional de densidade (DFT) com o funcional híbrido B3LYP na presença do solvente (DMSO) e no vácuo, visando sua aplicação em células solares sensibilizadas por corante (CSSC). Para a descrição dos estados excitados usou-se a extensão dependente do tempo da DFT (TD-DFT). Na transição para o estado excitado destes compostos há uma transferência de carga dos grupos doadores para os grupos aceptores, que resulta em rearranjo eletrônico induzindo o efeito batocrômico observado com a adição de DMSO. Essa transferência eletrônica está direcionada para o grupo aceptor (grupo benzóico), principalmente na FtRu, que possibilita uma maior probabilidade na injeção eletrônica na banda de condução do semicondutor. A energia do HOMO para a FtZn e FtAl estão suficientemente abaixo do potencial redox do eletrólito e o LUMO, em todos os compostos, está acima da banda de condução do TiO2. Essas moléculas push-pull apresentam pancromismo, importante para a aplicação destes compostos em CSSC uma vez que podem absorver fótons de diferentes energias. Análises NBO sugerem que o rutênio apresenta forte coordenação com os nitrogênios do macrociclo que possibilita grande participação deste metal nestas transições eletrônicas. As energias de ionização e eletroafinidades foram calculadas com o objetivo de quantificar a barreira energética no ganho/perda de um elétron. / Mestre em Química

Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, deux axes d’études ont été développés. Ils consistent d’une part à la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux complexes de bore, visant à être utilisés dans des cellules solaires organiques, ainsi qu’au développement de plateformes d’empilement π, permettant la modulation des propriétés structurales de semi-conducteurs organiques. Ainsi, le rendement de conversion énergétique de cellules solaires utilisant un BODIPY a été amélioré par l’addition de triazatruxènes sur ses positions β-pyrroliques. Le motif BOPHY, complexe di-nucléaire de bore, a été fonctionnalisé puis étudié optoélectroniquement. Le premier exemple d’utilisation d’un BOPHY dans une cellule solaire organique a également été effectué. Deux familles de BODIPYs ont été préparées en vue d’une utilisation dans des cellules solaires à colorant. Leur utilisation au sein d’une même structure a permis d’établir un nouveau record de conversion pour une telle utilisation d’un BODIPY. / During this thesis, boron complexes and π-stacking mediator planar moieties have been synthetized for photovoltaic applications. Thanks to the use of triazatruxene units on β-pyrrolic positions of a BODIPY core, the solar cells photoconversion efficiency has been increased. The BOPHY moiety, a di-nuclear boron complex, has been functionalized and optoelectronically studied. The first example of the use of BOPHY in organic solar cells has been performed. Two families of BODIPYs have also been prepared to be used in dye-sensitized solar cells. A new record of photoconversion efficiency for BODIPY based solar cells has been reached using a co-adsorption of two dyes having complementary absorptions within a unique solar cell.

Semiconductor nanostructures have attracted considerable research interest due to their unique physical and chemical properties at nanoscale which open new frontiers for applications in electronics and sensing. Zinc oxide nanostructures with a wide range of applications, especially in optoelectronic devices and bio sensing, have been the focus of research over the past few decades. However ZnO nanostructures have failed to penetrate the market as they were expected to, a few years ago. The two main reasons widely recognized as bottleneck for ZnO nanostructures are (1) Synthesis technique which is fast, economical, and environmentally benign which would allow the growth on arbitrary substrates and (2) Difficulty in producing stable p-type doping. The main objective of this research work is to address these two bottlenecks and find a solution that is inexpensive, environmentally benign and CMOS compatible. To achieve this, we developed a Sonochemical method to synthesize 1D ZnO Nanorods, core-shell nanorods, 2D nanowalls and nanoflakes on arbitrary substrates which is a rapid, inexpensive, CMOS compatible and environmentally benign method and allows us to grow ZnO nanostructures on any arbitrary substrate at ambient conditions while most other popular methods used are either very slow or involve extreme conditions such as high temperatures and low pressure. A stable, reproducible p-type doping in ZnO is one of the most sought out application in the field of optoelectronics. Here in this project, we doped ZnO nanostructures using sonochemical method to achieve a stable and reproducible doping in ZnO. We have fabricated a homogeneous ZnO radial p-n junction by growing a p-type shell around an n-type core in a controlled way using the sonochemical synthesis method to realize ZnO homogeneous core-shell radial p-n junction for UV detection. ZnO has a wide range of applications from sensing to energy harvesting. In this work, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of an electrochemical immunosensor using ZnO nanoflakes to detect Cortisol and compare their performance with that of ZnO nanorods. We have explored the use of ZnO nanorods in energy harvesting in the form of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) and Perovskite Solar Cells.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étudephoto-physique de chromophores donneur-π-accepteur utilisés dans les cellules solaires àcolorant. Après photo-excitation, ces moléculessubissent des processus de transfert de chargeintramoléculaire (ICT), de solvatation etd’injection de charges qui se déroulent dans ledomaine temporel de la picoseconde. Or touterelaxation énergétique de l’état excité diminue lacinétique de l’injection de charges.Des mesures de spectroscopie stationnaire et defluorescence résolue en temps (de la femto- à lananoseconde) ont permis de résoudre ladynamique de relaxation de ces colorants ensolution, sur films mésoporeux et en cellulescomplètes.Les dynamiques de relaxation spectrale etd’inhibition de l’intensité de fluorescence del’état excité ont pu être caractériséesindépendamment et mettent en évidence unchangement d’état électronique à l’état excité.Les trois colorants étudiés évoluent vers un étatà transfert de charge (état CT). Un tel étatinteragit fortement avec son environnement.Afin d’étudier l’injection de charge dans lesoxydes mésoporeux semi-conducteurs, unmontage expérimental de fluorescence résolue entemps destiné à l’étude de systèmes opaques etdiffusifs a été réalisé et est décrit dans cette thèse.Ce montage possède une résolution temporelled’environ 300 fs.Les résultats mettent en évidence la présenced’une compétition entre l’injection de charges etla relaxation de l’état excité dans les cellulescomplètes. / This thesis deals with thephotophysical study of donor-π-acceptorchromophores used in dye sensitized solar cells.After photo-excitation, these molecules undergointramolecular charge transfer (ICT), solvationand charge injection processes that take place inthe picosecond time domain. However, anyenergetic relaxation of the excited statedecreases the injection kinetics.Steady-state spectroscopy and time-resolvedfluorescence measurements (from the femto- tothe nanosecond) were used to solve therelaxation dynamics of these dyes in solution, onmesoporous films and in complete cells.The spectral relaxation and fluorescencequenching dynamics of the excited state couldbe characterized independently and highlight anelectronic relaxation at the excited state. Thethree dyes studied evolve towards a chargetransfer state (CT state). Such a state is in stronginteraction with its environment.To study charge injection in semiconductormesoporous oxides, a time-resolvedfluorescence set-up for the study of opaque anddiffusive systems has been implemented and isdescribed in this thesis. It provides a timeresolution of about 300 fs.The results demonstrate the existence of acompetition between the injection of chargesand the relaxation of the excited state in thecomplete cells

PhD (Physics) / Department of Physics / Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted rapid interest over the recent years with prospect of emerging as a viable alternative to conventional silicon based solar cells. The photoanode of DSSCs comprises of dye molecules anchored to the surface of semiconductors such as TiO2. However, the major drawback of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is its wide band gap (3.0 eV to 3.2 eV) which limits its photocatalytic activities to the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Understanding the interaction of dye molecules with the surfaces of TiO2 is crucial for optimizing light-harvesting, photoconversion function and photocurrent densities in DSSCs. The three polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase, brookite and rutile. The optical properties of brookite semiconductor have not been much studied although brookite has been reported to have good photocatalytic properties. In this work, Density functional theory (DFT) computational approach was used through various computational softwares which are CASTEP, GAUSSIAN, GAUSSUM, GPAW, ASE, and AVOGADRO with B3LYP, LANL2DZ, PBE, and GGA functional to explore the photocatalytic properties of the typical ruthenium N3 complex, polyenediphenyl-aniline dye moiety, croconate dye molecules and three modelled surfaces of brookite which are (TiO2)5, (TiO2)8 and (TiO2) 68 for application in DSSCs. We also studied the absorption of the corresponding dye molecules on the three surfaces of brookite TiO2. Our findings showed strong binding ability, good electronic coupling, efficient charge separation, spontaneous electron injection and good spectral properties upon adsorption of the dye molecules to brookite TiO2 semiconductor clusters. Our findings on the optical absorption spectra of ruthenium N3 dye, croconate dye and polyenediphenyl-aniline dye molecule absorbed on (TiO2)5 and (TiO2)8 brookite cluster shows bathocromatic shift of the absorption maxima to higher wavelength and improve optical response of TiO2 brookite cluster. A red spectra shift and absorption over a wide range of the solar spectrum in the visible and near infra-red region of the solar spectrum was achieved upon absorption of the ruthenium N3 complex and polyenediphenyl-aniline dye molecules on (TiO2)5 and (TiO2)8 brookite cluster. The results generally suggest that the absorption of dye molecules on TiO2 brookite cluster improves its spectra responsivity in the UV region and makes it possible to absorb over the whole spectrum range, that is, the UV, visible and near infra – red region of the solar spectrum. Our findings also showed good electron injection kinetics from the dye to TiO2 brookite clusters, which suggests higher photocurrents density and open circuit voltage in DSSCs. / NRF

This research focused on the development of new metal triimine complexes of Pt(II), Pd(II), and Ni(II) for use in three types of molecular electronic devices: dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Inorganic complexes combine many advantages of their chemical and photophysical properties and are processable on inexpensive and large area substrates for various optoelectronic applications. For DSSCs, a series of platinum (II) triimine complexes were synthesized and evaluated as dyes for nanocrystalline oxide semiconductors. Pt (II) forms four coordinate square planar complexes with various co-ligands and counterions and leads to spanning absorption across a wide range in the UV-Vis-NIR regions. When those compounds were applied to the oxide semiconductors, they led to photocurrent generation thus verifying the concept of their utility in solar cells. In the OLEDs project, a novel pyridyl-triazolate Pt(II) complex, Pt(ptp)2 was synthesized and generated breakthrough OLEDs. In the solution state, the electronic absorption and emission of the square planar structure results in metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and an aggregation band. Tunable photoluminescence and electroluminescence colors from blue to red wavelengths have been attained upon using Pt(ptp)2 under different experimental conditions and OLED architectures. In taking advantage of these binary characteristics for both monomer and excimer emissions, cool and warm white OLEDs suitable for solid-state lighting have been fabricated. The OFETs project represented an extension of the study of pyridyl-triazolate d8 metal complexes due to their electron-transporting behavior and n-type properties. A prescreening step by using thermogravimetric calorimetry has demonstrated the stability of all three M(ptp)2 and M(ptp)2(py)2 compounds and their amenability to sublimation. Preliminary current-voltage measurements from simple diodes has achieved unidirectional current from a Pt(ptp)2 neat layer and demonstrated its n-type semiconducting behavior.

本論文は，色素増感型太陽電池(DSSC)に一般的に用いられる酸化チタン(TiO2)粒子(P25)および光電変換効率が比較的に高いとされるTiO2ナノ粒子について，薄膜作製および増感色素の吸着に電気泳動法を使用することを提案し，DSSCの光電変換効率の向上を目指して研究を行い，得られた成果を生かすことでDSSCの光電変換効率のさらなる向上，さらには量産性の大幅な向上の可能性を示したものである。 / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University