This research analyses some of the slang expressions with the meaning ‘to die’ found in Dictionary of Modern Slang with regard to metaphor and metonymy and whether they have been active when creating the identified slang expressions. It further examines the frequency of these expressions in a large language corpus, and identifies the processes involved in the most frequent expressions. The main findings show that the domain ‘departure’ is the most frequent domain for metaphorical conceptualizations of dying, which suggests that death, like life, can be viewed as a journey. One can speculate that this metaphorical mapping could go back to religious origin, where death is not seen as the end. Several of the expressions are still used within the English language, and the most frequent expressions in the corpus were metonymic in nature and have developed into idiomatic phrases, which are frozen in form.

Our research dealt with the support for the relatives in their final goodbyes to the deceased. We set ourselves two goals for our work upon the information obtained. The first one was to find out to what extent relatives are enabled to stay at the bed of a dying and deceased person in a hospital. The other goal was to make clear in what manners the final goodbyes are arranged in a hospital. Six research questions were then set: To what extent are relatives enabled to stay at the bed of a dying and deceased person in a hospital? In what setting are relatives given the information on the death? How are patient's belongings handed over to the survivors? How are the final goodbyes to the deceased arranged? How does the hospital staff care about the bereaved? And to what extent are the relatives enabled to speak to a priest or a psychologist? We chose a qualitative research method based on a semi structured interview for the research. The research was held in the České Budějovice Hospital and in the Písek Hospital at the LTC and Anaesthetic departments. 16 nurses participated on the interviews altogether. We found from the performed interviews that nurses allow relatives to stay at the bed of a dying person. They stressed the importance of an agreement and the respect to the run of the department. We also found out that the message of a client's death is usually communicated on the phone. A subsequent talk between a physician and the relatives is only held upon request of the relatives, mostly in the privacy of an office or a surgery. The handover of the belongings by a nurse is not so often held in privacy. The nurse first expresses her sympathy to the relatives after their arrival, then the handover of the belongings against an ID follows, they are checked and formalities are arranged. The only support provided at the handover of the belongings was in the form of reference to a priest or a physician. The handover of the belongings thus resembles a routine where only a minimum of the nurses care of sensitive communication and empathy. The replies of the nurses from the LTC and the Anaesthetic departments differed in the issue of the final goodbyes. At the Anaesthetic department the relatives always have the possibility of the final goodbyes. The final goodbyes are automatically allowed to the family of an organ donor. At the LTC, on the other hand, the bereaved must show active interest in the last goodbyes, which are allowed to them at a room or in a department bathroom. Although there is a final goodbye room at the pathology department of the Písek Hospital, most of the nurses did not know about this possibility or just were not sure. Another situation is in the case of death at presence of the family. In such an instance the relatives may stay at the bed how long they need. Nevertheless, the care focused directly on the client's family was what we missed about the nurses. A rare opinion was that some nurses mentioned a direct form of support, some do realize its absence and would appreciate an improvement, however the rest of the nurses do not consider a direct support for the family necessary or they do not perceive its absence. A priest was the most frequently mentioned profession. Nurses actively offer his services to clients and their families. Cooperation with a hospital priest and the possibility to visit the Space of Silence are very popular in Písek. Contracted priests, who were also praised by most of the nurses, visit the hospital in České Budějovice. There were however two remarks in this relation, that the hospital should have its priest and also a chapel. Cooperation with a hospital psychologist was only mentioned in two cases. A feedback for the head nurses of the named hospitals will be the output of the thesis. The purpose of the work is to offer and to the strengthen support to families and give them the opportunity to say their final goodbyes.

This thesis deals with the phenomenon of death and dying. The paper tries to compare the obtained findings from research conducted in their own home for elderly Welfare Centre Netolice and social assistance Vodnany and results from the literature. The aim of the study was to determine how workers home for the elderly perceive death and dying.

The diploma thesis deals with the motivation of nurses, which work at palliative care. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The specifics of palliative care, the motivation of nurses, and the process of dying and death are described in the theoretical part. The practical part contains the processing and the evaluation of results gained in the research. Three aims are set in the thesis. The first aim is to determine the purpose, which nurses have for working at palliative care. The second aim is to find out what motives lead nurses to work with terminal patients. The last aim is to point out the disadvantages of providing palliative care. I chose the semi-structured interview for achieving the aims. The interview contains thirty questions. Ten nurses, which work at palliative care, answered the questions. The results support the fact that nurses perceive the palliative care as an important part of health care. According to nurses, the nursing care preserves the dignity of dying patient. It also respects his or her autonomy, individual needs, and their wish. The motivation for working with terminal patients results from previous experience with a hospice facility or from encounter with death in a previous employment. Another motivational factor is the need to care for dying patients or the experience of the death of a close family member. The substantial part of the job is a strong collective, which contributes to the motivation. The meaningful care and the positive reactions of terminal patients and their families are very fulfilling. The negative motivational factors are the physical and psychological exhaustion, another caregivers' sceptical view about the palliative care, or close relationships with the patients and their families.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is death and dying in literature for children and youngsters and it´s usage in Pedagogics of free time. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part´s main aim is the definition of death as a part of life (a brief description of habbits and traditions, including today´s view), psychological perception of death by children of preschool and younger school age and analysis of key topics from chosen works for children and youngsters. The practical part contains a qualitative research (a semi-structured dialog) and a set of methodical sheets from the chosen works, containing their verification in praxis, including reflexion.

The diploma thesis titled " Child palliative care from a child nurse's perspective" responds to the current state of child palliative care in society. The aim of the work was to map childhood palliative care from the viewpoint of child nurses based on theoretical background. The thesis was elaborated as theoretical using the method of synthesis, explanation and comparison. The chapter titled Child Palliative Care has described what child care palliative care is and what it does. In addition, there have been described diseases that can be found in palliative care, as well as principles, levels and forms of child palliative care, pain, dying and death. However, the child's family in palliative care and the nurse's role in this care have not been omitted. In the second chapter entitled Child Palliative Care in the Czech Republic, the current state of child palliative care in our country, obstacles and accessibility were described,. Further, all three conferences that took place in our country and all the hospices that specialize in children and their visions in our country were described in the chapter. In the last chapter entitled Child Palliative Care in the World, the development of the hospice movement in the world, the development and the current state of child palliative care outside the territory of the Czech Republic were described. The work could serve as a comprehensive source of information on child palliative care. It could also serve as a basis for creating articles, new research or new theories.

This thesis works at the discussion on euthanasia in Czech daily press since 1996. The goal of this thesis is summarizing the discussion on euthanasia in selected Czech daily newspapers, classification and sorting out the opinions in the daily press, comparison of opinions in comparison with professional literature. Apart from that, the other goal is to find out the social context in which way the discussion on euthanasia is presented in daily newspapers.

The care of incurable ill seems to be a current topic because of modernization of health care curing today the states and diseases from which people used to die much earlier than today. From this reason, there is more and more incurably ill people and the role of nurse counsellor for the incurably ill is more and more significant. The nurse counsellor´ s task should be especially to be near the incurable ill and their families, to help them to orient themselves in this demanding situation, to provide important information and as the case may be to help them in the provision of more suitable care. Goals C1 have been set for this work ``To find out the idea the laic public has about the care in the situations after having found out that they would have been incurably ill``; C2: ``To find out the care assistant staff opinion on the possibility of utilizing the nurse counsellor in the care of incurably ill``; C3: ``To find out the possibilities of utilizing the nurse counsellor in the care of incurably ill`` and C4: `` To find out who should be the provider of counselling care after the client finds out that he is incurable ill``. Furthermore, hypotheses have been set H1: The counsellor nurse is able to intervene based on the problematic of the care being expressed by laic public in case of finding out an incurable illness``. H2: ``The care assistant staff does not consider the counsellor nurse´s role real because of not specified competences in the relevant legislation``. H3: ``The care assistant staff confuses the educator nurse´s role and the counsellor nurse´s role``. Qualitative-quantitative investigation has been conducted. In the qualitative part, the research set for the interview consisted of 4 nurses from oncological, surgical, out-patient and neurological department and 4 lays. The research set of the research investigation quantitative part consisted of 116 respondents: nurses from the subsequent care, out-patient, surgical, neurological and oncological department at the hospital Nemocnice České Budějovice, a. s. and at the St. J.N.Neumanna hospice in Prachatice; and further 112 respondents-lays. From the evaluated results, it can be concluded that both the nurses and lays are interested in a counsellor nurse whose utilization would be, however, problematic because of not specified competences in the legislation. Further on it is necessary to emphasise the dominant value ensued from the research investigation {--} the family``.

As inquietações por estudar esta temática apreendendo quais significados atribuem os enfermeiros ao cuidar do paciente idoso, hospitalizado, em fase terminal, surgiu a partir de experiências pessoais. Minha inquietação aumentou com a prática profissional, notando que, o pessoal que atendia aos idosos, em fase terminal, em sua maioria, era auxiliar de enfermagem, sem nenhuma formação específca para este cuidado. Assim, ao surgir a oportunidade de ingressar no doutorado em enfermagem, emergiu, novamente, a inquietação que há muitos anos vinha se instalando: O quê significa para a enfermeira o cuidado do idoso, em seu encontro com a morte, no mundo hospitalar? Desta forma, a proposta foi possibilitar que suas experiências, manifestadas por meio do discurso verbal e não verbal, pudessem aproximar-me do mundo que elas habitam nos hospitais e saber quais significados atribuem a esta experiência para propor um novo pensar sobre este cuidado. Tratou-se de um estudo conduzido segundo uma abordagem qualitativa, pertinente às questões muito particulares de um objeto cuja natureza não pode ser quantificada. A investigação foi desenvolvida com enfermeiros que trabalham nos hospitais públicos, na cidade de Celaya, Guanajuato, pelo fato de atenderem à maioria da população idosa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de 12 entrevistas, conduzidas segundo a abordagem fenomenológica, a partir de uma questão norteadora proposta aos enfermeiros. Durante a investigação, pude apreender que, para eles, a vivência do cuidado do paciente, enquanto profissionais de enfermagem, envolve vários aspectos como as especificidades da pessoa da qual se cuida, como suas características físicas, emocionais, sociais e espirituais. Foi descrito ainda como sendo o ato de ajudar o paciente a morrer. No entanto, muitas vezes, procuram realizá-lo de forma a protelar a morte, como um impulso para conservar a vida daquele que está morrendo. Esse cuidado é proporcionado em um mundo concreto - geralmente, o hospital - e é um desafio manifestado pelos enfermeiros de forma a permitir o respeito às decisões do paciente e de sua família. Da mesma forma, as políticas das instituições de saúde pública necessitam serem revistas para que o familiar possa permanecer próximo do idoso em fase terminal, pois é seu direito morrer em companhia dos seus, de forma a ter uma morte digna. Reconhece-se, cada vez mais, que este cuidado é uma especialidade de enfermagem que requer conhecimentos e capacidades profissionais específicos e uma determinada estrutura de carreira profissional. / The restlessness for studying this theme, and learn about the meanings that nurses assign to caring for dying older patients, aroused from personal experiences. My restlessness increased with professional practice, and I noticed that the majority of the staff who cared for older, terminal patients were auxiliary nurses, with no specific training for this particular health care practice. Hence, when I ran across the opportunity to enter the nursing doctorate program, this restlessness, which had been present for many years, emerged once again: What does it mean, for nurses, to care for older individuals, as they face death, in the hospital environment? Therefore, the purpose was to permit that their experiences, reported both verbally and non-verbally, could bring me closer to the world they inhabit in the hospitals, and learn about the meanings that they assign to this experience. That way, I would be able to propose a new thought concerning this care. This study used a qualitative approach, pertinent to the very specific issues of an object whose nature cannot be quantified. The research was developed with nurses working in public hospitals in the city of Celaya, Guanajuato, because they care for the majority of the elderly population. Data collection occurred through 12 interviews, conducted according to the phenomenological approach, based on a guiding question directed to nurses. During the research, I learned that, for the nurses, the experience of caring for the patients involves various aspects like the specificities of the person being cared for, as well as his or her physical, emotional, social, and spiritual characteristics. Nurses also reported that their work was the act of helping the patient to die. However, nurses often seek to, through their work, postpone death, as an impulse to preserve the life of who is dying. This care is provided in a concrete world - usually the hospital - and nurses state that it is a challenge to respect patients\' and their family\'s decisions. Similarly, public health institution policies should be reviewed so as to permit relatives to stay close to terminal patients, since it is their right to die in the company of their loved ones, as a way of having a dignified death. It has been more and more recognized that his care is a nursing specialty that requires specific professional knowledge and skills, besides a particular professional career structure.

Sendo a violência e a preocupação com a segurança temas amplamente discutidos atualmente, seja por meio da imprensa ou de produção científica, a atuação profissional de policiais militares torna-se fator de preocupação e estudo, quer no âmbito da prevenção e repressão aos crimes, quer pelos desdobramentos que suas ações são capazes de provocar. Dentro deste contexto, de violência e risco, o presente estudo pretende traçar algumas considerações acerca da atuação do policial militar, que desempenha suas funções em ocorrências de alto risco, tendo como objetivo realizar um levantamento da produção científica com temática relacionada à atividade do policial militar, bem como verificar e detalhar a incidência de estudos cujo tema relaciona-se ao trabalho do policial como precipitador de sofrimento psíquico e implicações na saúde mental do trabalhador. A partir dos dados obtidos, foram feitas considerações a respeito do panorama geral das pesquisas que tem os policiais militares como sujeitos, bem como dos temas prevalecentes na produção científica nacional. Pôde-se constatar que, apesar do significativo aumento na produção científica nacional relacionada ao tema a partir do ano 2000, o que converge com a crescente preocupação a respeito da temática da violência como questão de saúde pública, quando se analisa a produção científica formal e acessível à comunidade acadêmica (em bases de dados comuns às pesquisas de nível universitário), os resultados ainda são diminutos se comparados à relevância do tema. Levanta-se como hipótese para tal fato a dificuldade em coletar dados qualitativos no âmbito policial, dadas as questões de hierarquia e protocolos pertinentes à organização da polícia como instituição, bem como certa resistência, calcada em estereótipos relativos à polícia como um todo, em enxergar o profissional de segurança pública como um cidadão, tão frágil e suscetível ao sofrimento quanto qualquer outro. / Once subjects like violence and worry about security are widely discussed nowadays, either by the press or scientific production, the knowledge about the military policemen activity become a very important factor, in the scope of prevention and criminal repression, or by the implication that their actions can cause. Within this context, the current study intends to make some considerations about the policeman activity, who very often works in very dangerous situations, making a scientific production survey, emphasizing the public security professional\'s activity. The purpose of this study was to check the incidence of works whose subject has to do with the policeman profession as responsible for the psychic suffering, as well as the implication in the worker\'s mental health. From the data obtained, we made considerations regarding the general view of the researches that have the military policemen as subjects, as well as the predominant topics in the national scientific production. We noticed that, in spite of the meaningful increase in the scientific production related to the subject from the year 2000, which is in accordance to the increasing worry about the violence as a matter of public health, when we analyze the formal and accessible scientific production to the academic community (in common databases regarding the university researches), the results referring to the qualitative researches are still small if we compare them to the subject relevance. We discuss the institutional and emotional factors which can be established as complicators at the time we gather the qualitative data among policemen, as well as the difficulty to see the public security professional as a citizen, so weak and susceptible to the suffering as any other.