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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Connections, changes, and cubes : unfolding dynamic networks for visual exploration / Connexions, changement et cubes : déplier les réseaux dynamiques pour l’exploration visuelle

Bach, Benjamin 09 May 2014 (has links)
Les réseaux sont des modèles qui nous permettent de comprendre les relations entre éléments du monde réel. Une grande quantité de réseaux sont dynamiques, c'est-à-dire que leur connexité change au cours du temps. Comprendre les changements de connexité signifie comprendre les interactions entre les éléments de systèmes complexes: comment se forment les relations sociales et commerciales, comment sont transmis les signaux entre les régions du cerveau, comment s'organisent les réseaux trophiques après des catastrophes environnementales. Au-delà de ce que nous permettent la technologie et les algorithmes d'analyses, l'homme dispose d'une capacité unique pour comprendre et interpréter des informations : la vision et la cognition. Cette thèse développe et examine des moyens pour explorer les réseaux dynamiques d'une manière interactive et visuelle. Je propose des techniques pour déplier la complexité des réseaux, avec le but de les rendre compréhensibles, de les voir à partir de perspectives différentes, d'examiner leurs composantes. Déplier des réseaux est une métaphore, comme la création des cartes bidimensionelles d'objets tridimensionnels comme la Terre: chaque méthode de projection a comme résultat une carte différente qui permet de voir des relations différentes entre la taille des continents et des océans, des distances, etc. Je propose les techniques de dépliage suivantes, implémentées et évaluées dans des systèmes interactifs : (i) une navigation temporelle qui permet de naviguer plus efficacement entre des différents instants, ainsi qu'un feedback visuel qui permet de mieux comprendre les changements dans les réseaux entre deux instants arbitraires. (ii) Des designs permettant la comparaison directe de deux réseaux avec des liens pondérés. (iii) Un modèle de visualisation pour des réseaux denses avec des liens pondérés, ainsi que (iv) la génération de réseaux synthétiques utilisés pour l'évaluation des visualisations. Afin de mieux créer et évaluer des visualisations, nous (v) proposons une taxonomie de tâche pour décrire des tâches accomplies par des analystes des réseaux. Pour compléter, (vi) nous généralisons l'idée de dépliage pour décrire d'autres genres de données temporelles, représentable dans des cubes espace-temps. Cela concerne la visualisation de vidéos, des données multi-variées, ainsi que la géographique. Une telle généralisation a pour but de fournir une base commune pour échanger des techniques de visualisation et de mieux comprendre l'espace de design pour les réseaux dynamiques. Dans cette optique, nous proposons une taxonomie d'opérations génériques qui nous permet de transformer un cube espace-temps en visualisation bidimensionelle, ainsi qu'une description des formes évoquées par les données dans le cube espace-temps. / Networks are models that help us understanding and thinking about relationships between entities in the real world. Many of these networks are dynamic, i.e. connectivity changes over time. Understanding changes in connectivity means to understand interactions between elements of complex systems; how people create and break up friendship relations, how signals get passed in the brain, how business collaborations evolve, or how food-webs restructure after environmental changes. However, understanding static networks is already difficult, due to size, density, attributes and particular motifs; changes over time very much increase this complexity. Quantification of change is often insufficient, but beyond an analysis that is driven by technology and algorithms, humans dispose a unique capability of understanding and interpreting information in data, based on vision and cognition. This dissertation explores ways to interactively explore dynamic networks by means of visualization. I develop and evaluate techniques to unfold the complexity of dynamic networks, making them understandable by looking at them from different angles, decomposing them into their parts and relating the parts in novel ways. While most techniques for dynamic network visualization rely on one particular type of view on the data, complementary visualizations allow for higher-level exploration and analysis. Covering three aspects Tasks, Visualization Design and Evaluation, I develop and evaluate the following unfolding techniques: (i) temporal navigation between individual time steps of a network and improved animated transitions to better understand changes, (ii) designs for the comparison of weighted graphs, (iii) the Matrix Cube, a space-time cube based on adjacency matrices, allowing to visualize dense dynamic networks by, as well as GraphCuisine, a system to (iv) generate synthetic networks with the primary focus on evaluating visualizations in user studies. In order to inform the design and evaluation of visualizations, we (v) provide a task taxonomy capturing users' tasks when exploring dynamic networks. Finally, (vi) the idea of unfolding networks with Matrix Cubes is generalized to other data sets that can be represented in space-time cubes (videos, geographical data, etc.). Visualizations in these domains can inspire visualizations for dynamic networks, and vice-versa. We propose a taxonomy of operations, describing how 3D space-time cubes are decomposed into a large variety of 2D visualizations. These operations help us exploring the design space for visualizing and interactively unfolding dynamic networks and other spatio-temporal data, as well as may serve users as a mental model of the data.
42

Grafos evolutivos na modelagem e análise de redes dinâmicas / Evolving Graphs in the Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Networks

Paulo Henrique Floriano 29 February 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, muitas redes com características dinâmicas estão em funcionamento (por exemplo MANETs, DTNs, redes oportunistas, etc). Neste trabalho, estudamos um modelo para estas redes chamado de Grafos Evolutivos, que permite expressar a dinamicidade das conexões entre nós por meio de uma simples extensão da estrutura comum de grafos. Esta modelagem é utilizada no arcabouço proposto por Casteigts et al. para definir algoritmos distribuídos em redes dinâmicas, que utiliza grafos evolutivos para representar a topologia da rede e renomeação de rótulos para expressar a comunicação entre os nós. Utilizamos esta abordagem para estudar o problema da exclusão mútua distribuída em redes dinâmicas e diversos algoritmos propostos para ele, a fim de definir e validar suas condições necessárias e suficientes de conectividade em redes dinâmicas. Além da formalização de algoritmos, o modelo de grafos evolutivos também pode ser utilizado para analisar redes dinâmicas. Rastros de redes dinâmicas reais são amplamente utilizados na literatura para estudos de algoritmos pois estes geram resultados mais realísticos do que redes simuladas com padrões de movimento. A partir dos detalhes de cada conexão entre nós de um destes rastros, é possível construir um grafo evolutivo, do qual se pode extrair dados como jornadas ótimas entre nós, variação da conectividade no tempo, estabilidade, e periodicidade. Com as informações mencionadas, um pesquisador pode observar com maior precisão as características do rastro, o que facilita na escolha da rede mais apropriada para sua necessidade. Além disso, o conhecimento prévio de tais características de uma rede auxilia no estudo do comportamento de algoritmos executados sobre ela e provém uma validação para suposições geralmente feitas pelos pesquisadores. Para fornecer estas informações, desenvolvemos uma ferramenta Web que analisa rastros de redes dinâmicas e agrega os dados em um formato de fácil visualização. Descrevemos, neste trabalho, a implementação e a utilidade de todos os serviços da ferramenta. / Lately, several networks with dynamic properties (for instance MANETs, DTNs, opportunistic networks, etc) are functioning. In this work, we studied a model for these networks called Evolving Graphs, which allows the expression of the dynamicity of the conections between nodes through a simple extension of the common graph structure. This model is used by the framework proposed by Casteigts et al. to define distributed algorithms in dynamic networks, which uses evolving graphs to represent the network topology and graph relabelling to express the communication between nodes. Using this approach, we study the distributed mutual exclusion problem in dynamic networks and several algorithms proposed to solve it, in order to define and validate their necessary and sufficient connectivity conditions. Apart from the formalization of algorithms, the evolving graphs model can also be used to analyze dynamic networks. Dynamic network traces are widely used in the literature in order to study algorithms, as they generate better results than simulated networks with movement patterns. From the details of every connection between nodes in a trace, it is possible to build an evolving graph, from which a large amount of information can be extracted, such as optimal journeys between nodes, variation of the conectivity over time, stability and periodicity. With the aforementioned information, a researcher might observe the characteristics of a trace more precisely, which facilitates the process of choosing the most appropriate trace for his needs. Furthermore, the early knowledge of such characteristics of a network helps in the study of the behavior of the algorithms exected over it and provides a validation for the assumptions usually made by the researchers. In order to provide this information, we developed a web tool which analyzes dynamic network traces and aggregates the data in an easily readable format. In this work, we describe the implementation and usefulness of every service in the tool.
43

Continuous Time Models for Epidemic Processes and Contact Networks

Ahmad, Rehan January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
44

Node Centric Community Detection and Evolutional Prediction in Dynamic Networks

Oluwafolake A Ayano (13161288) 27 July 2022 (has links)
<p>  </p> <p>Advances in technology have led to the availability of data from different platforms such as the web and social media platforms. Much of this data can be represented in the form of a network consisting of a set of nodes connected by edges. The nodes represent the items in the networks while the edges represent the interactions between the nodes. Community detection methods have been used extensively in analyzing these networks. However, community detection in evolving networks has been a significant challenge because of the frequent changes to the networks and the need for real-time analysis. Using Static community detection methods for analyzing dynamic networks will not be appropriate because static methods do not retain a network’s history and cannot provide real-time information about the communities in the network.</p> <p>Existing incremental methods treat changes to the network as a sequence of edge additions and/or removals; however, in many real-world networks, changes occur when a node is added with all its edges connecting simultaneously. </p> <p>For efficient processing of such large networks in a timely manner, there is a need for an adaptive analytical method that can process large networks without recomputing the entire network after its evolution and treat all the edges involved with a node equally. </p> <p>We proposed a node-centric community detection method that incrementally updates the community structure in the network using the already known structure of the network to avoid recomputing the entire network from the scratch and consequently achieve a high-quality community structure. The results from our experiments suggest that our approach is efficient for incremental community detection of node-centric evolving networks. </p>
45

Network Coding in Distributed, Dynamic, and Wireless Environments: Algorithms and Applications

Chaudhry, Mohammad 2011 December 1900 (has links)
The network coding is a new paradigm that has been shown to improve throughput, fault tolerance, and other quality of service parameters in communication networks. The basic idea of the network coding techniques is to relish the "mixing" nature of the information flows, i.e., many algebraic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction etc.) can be performed over the data packets. Whereas traditionally information flows are treated as physical commodities (e.g., cars) over which algebraic operations can not be performed. In this dissertation we answer some of the important open questions related to the network coding. Our work can be divided into four major parts. Firstly, we focus on network code design for the dynamic networks, i.e., the networks with frequently changing topologies and frequently changing sets of users. Examples of such dynamic networks are content distribution networks, peer-to-peer networks, and mobile wireless networks. A change in the network might result in infeasibility of the previously assigned feasible network code, i.e., all the users might not be able to receive their demands. The central problem in the design of a feasible network code is to assign local encoding coefficients for each pair of links in a way that allows every user to decode the required packets. We analyze the problem of maintaining the feasibility of a network code, and provide bounds on the number of modifications required under dynamic settings. We also present distributed algorithms for the network code design, and propose a new path-based assignment of encoding coefficients to construct a feasible network code. Secondly, we investigate the network coding problems in wireless networks. It has been shown that network coding techniques can significantly increase the overall throughput of wireless networks by taking advantage of their broadcast nature. In wireless networks each packet transmitted by a device is broadcasted within a certain area and can be overheard by the neighboring devices. When a device needs to transmit packets, it employs the Index Coding that uses the knowledge of what the device's neighbors have heard in order to reduce the number of transmissions. With the Index Coding, each transmitted packet can be a linear combination of the original packets. The Index Coding problem has been proven to be NP-hard, and NP-hard to approximate. We propose an efficient exact, and several heuristic solutions for the Index Coding problem. Noting that the Index Coding problem is NP-hard to approximate, we look at it from a novel perspective and define the Complementary Index Coding problem, where the objective is to maximize the number of transmissions that are saved by employing coding compared to the solution that does not involve coding. We prove that the Complementary Index Coding problem can be approximated in several cases of practical importance. We investigate both the multiple unicast and multiple multicast scenarios for the Complementary Index Coding problem for computational complexity, and provide polynomial time approximation algorithms. Thirdly, we consider the problem of accessing large data files stored at multiple locations across a content distribution, peer-to-peer, or massive storage network. Parts of the data can be stored in either original form, or encoded form at multiple network locations. Clients access the parts of the data through simultaneous downloads from several servers across the network. For each link used client has to pay some cost. A client might not be able to access a subset of servers simultaneously due to network restrictions e.g., congestion etc. Furthermore, a subset of the servers might contain correlated data, and accessing such a subset might not increase amount of information at the client. We present a novel efficient polynomial-time solution for this problem that leverages the matroid theory. Fourthly, we explore applications of the network coding for congestion mitigation and over flow avoidance in the global routing stage of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) physical design. Smaller and smarter devices have resulted in a significant increase in the density of on-chip components, which has given rise to congestion and over flow as critical issues in on-chip networks. We present novel techniques and algorithms for reducing congestion and minimizing over flows.
46

Contributions to Modeling, Structural Analysis, and Routing Performance in Dynamic Networks

Nguyen, Anh Dung 18 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse apporte des contributions à la modélisation, compréhension ainsi qu'à la communication efficace d'information dans les réseaux dynamiques peuplant la périphérie de l'Internet. Par réseaux dynamiques, nous signifions les réseaux pouvant être modélisés par des graphes dynamiques dans lesquels noeuds et liens évoluent temporellement. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de mobilité - STEPS - qui permet de capturer un large spectre de comportement de mobilité humains. STEPS mets en oeuvre deux principes fondamentaux de la mobilité humaine : l'attachement préférentiel à une zone de prédilection et l'attraction vers une zone de prédilection. Nous proposons une modélisation markovienne de ce modèle de mobilité. Nous montrons que ce simple modèle paramétrique est capable de capturer les caractéristiques statistiques saillantes de la mobilité humaine comme la distribution des temps d'inter-contacts et de contacts. Dans la deuxième partie, en utilisant STEPS, nous analysons les propriétés comportementales et structurelles fondamentales des réseaux opportunistes. Nous redéfinissons dans le contexte des réseaux dynamiques la notion de structure petit monde et montrons comment une telle structure peut émerger. En particulier, nous montrons que les noeuds fortement dynamiques peuvent jouer le rôle de ponts entre les composants déconnectés, aident à réduire significativement la longueur du chemin caractéristique du réseau et contribuent à l'émergence du phénomène petit-monde dans les réseaux dynamiques. Nous proposons une façon de modéliser ce phénomène sous STEPS. À partir d'un réseau dynamique régulier dans lequel les noeuds limitent leur mobilité à leurs zones préférentielles respectives. Nous recablons ce réseau en injectant progressivement des noeuds nomades se déplaçant entre plusieurs zones. Nous montrons que le pourcentage de tels nœuds nomades est de 10%, le réseau possède une structure petit monde avec un fort taux de clusterisation et un faible longueur du chemin caractéristique. La troisième contribution de cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l'impact du désordre et de l'irrégularité des contacts sur la capacité de communication d'un réseau dynamique. Nous analysons le degré de désordre de réseaux opportunistes réels et montrons que si exploité correctement, celui-ci peut améliorer significativement les performances du routage. Nous introduisons ensuite un modèle permettant de capturer le niveau de désordre d'un réseau dynamique. Nous proposons deux algorithmes simples et efficaces qui exploitent la structure temporelle d'un réseau dynamique pour délivrer les messages avec un bon compromis entre l'usage des ressources et les performances. Les résultats de simulations et analytiques montrent que ce type d'algorithme est plus performant que les approches classiques. Nous mettons également en évidence aussi la structure de réseau pour laquelle ce type d'algorithme atteint ses performances optimum. Basé sur ce résultat théorique nous proposons un nouveau protocole de routage efficace pour les réseaux opportunistes centré sur le contenu. Dans ce protocole, les noeuds maintiennent, via leurs contacts opportunistes, une fonction d'utilité qui résume leur proximité spatio-temporelle par rapport aux autres noeuds. En conséquence, router dans un tel contexte se résume à suivre le gradient de plus grande pente conduisant vers le noeud destination. Cette propriété induit un algorithme de routage simple et efficace qui peut être utilisé aussi bien dans un contexte d'adressage IP que de réseau centré sur les contenus. Les résultats de simulation montrent que ce protocole superforme les protocoles de routage classiques déjà définis pour les réseaux opportunistes. La dernière contribution de cette thèse consiste à mettre en évidence une application potentielle des réseaux dynamiques dans le contexte du " mobile cloud computing ". En utilisant les techniques d'optimisation particulaires, nous montrons que la mobilité peut augmenter considérablement la capacité de calcul des réseaux dynamiques. De plus, nous montrons que la structure dynamique du réseau a un fort impact sur sa capacité de calcul.
47

Uncovering Structure in High-Dimensions: Networks and Multi-task Learning Problems

Kolar, Mladen 01 July 2013 (has links)
Extracting knowledge and providing insights into complex mechanisms underlying noisy high-dimensional data sets is of utmost importance in many scientific domains. Statistical modeling has become ubiquitous in the analysis of high dimensional functional data in search of better understanding of cognition mechanisms, in the exploration of large-scale gene regulatory networks in hope of developing drugs for lethal diseases, and in prediction of volatility in stock market in hope of beating the market. Statistical analysis in these high-dimensional data sets is possible only if an estimation procedure exploits hidden structures underlying data. This thesis develops flexible estimation procedures with provable theoretical guarantees for uncovering unknown hidden structures underlying data generating process. Of particular interest are procedures that can be used on high dimensional data sets where the number of samples n is much smaller than the ambient dimension p. Learning in high-dimensions is difficult due to the curse of dimensionality, however, the special problem structure makes inference possible. Due to its importance for scientific discovery, we put emphasis on consistent structure recovery throughout the thesis. Particular focus is given to two important problems, semi-parametric estimation of networks and feature selection in multi-task learning.
48

Autour des groupes tolérants aux délais dans les flottes mobiles communicantes / On Delay-Tolerant Groups in Communicating Mobile Fleets

Barjon, Matthieu 01 December 2016 (has links)
Parmi les évolutions majeures de l'informatique, nous distinguons l'émergence des technologies mobiles sans fil. Le développement actuel de ces technologies permet de réaliser des communications ad-hoc directes entre de nombreux types d'entités mobiles, comme des véhicules, des robots terrestres ou des drones. Dans un réseau de tels équipements, l'ensemble des liens de communication qui existe à un instant donné dépend des distances entre les entités et la topologie du réseau change continuellement lorsque les entités se déplacent. Les hypothèses habituelles sur la connexité du réseau n'ont pas leur place ici, néanmoins, une autre forme de connexité appelée connexité temporelle est souvent disponible à travers le temps et l'espace. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer des algorithmes pour les flottes d'appareils dans le cas des réseaux tolérant aux délais (DTN). De manière simplifiée, les réseaux tolérants aux délais sont des réseaux pour lesquels certaines parties peuvent se retrouver isolées pendant un moment sans que cela pose problème. Nous nous intéressons, en particulier, au cas où ces appareils sont organisés sous la forme de groupes, et où la notion de groupe elle même survit à ces déconnexions transitoires. Ainsi, une grande partie de la thèse s'articule autour de la notion des groupes tolérant aux délais (groupe DTN). Dans notre cas cet éloignement est limité dans le temps et nous parlons alors de "diamètre temporel borné" au sein du groupe. Le fait de borner le diamètre temporel du groupe lui permet de distinguer entre l'éloignement temporaire d'un noeud et sa perte définitive (crash ou autre). / Among the major developments in computer science, we distinguish the emergence of mobile wireless technologies. The current development of these technologies allows for direct ad-hoc communications between many types of mobile entities, such as vehicles, land robots or drones. In a network of such devices, the set of communication links that exists at a given instant depends upon the distances between the entities. As a result, the topology of the network changes continuously as the entities move. The common assumption on connectivity may not be relevant in this case, but another kind of connectivity called temporal connectivity is often alvailable over time and space. The goal of this thesis has been the development of algorithms for fleets of mobile devices in the case of delay-tolerant networks. In a simpler way, the delay-tolerant networks are networks where some parts can be isolated during a certain time without problems. We are interested, in particular, in the case where the devices are organised as groups, and where the notion of group itself survives to these deconnections. Hence, a big part of this thesis relates to the notion of delay-tolerant groups (DTN groups). In our case, these deconnections are limited in time and we speak of a "bounded temporal diameter" within the group. The fact of limiting the temporal diameter of the group enables it to distinguish between temporary deconnections and final loss (crash or other) of some nodes.
49

Automatic classification of dynamic graphs / Classification automatique de graphes dynamiques

Neggaz, Mohammed Yessin 24 October 2016 (has links)
Les réseaux dynamiques sont constitués d’entités établissant des contacts les unes avec les autres dans le temps. Un défi majeur dans les réseaux dynamiques est de prédire les modèles de mobilité et de décider si l’évolution de la topologie satisfait aux exigences du succès d’un algorithme donné. Les types de dynamique résultant de ces réseaux sont variés en échelle et en nature. Par exemple,certains de ces réseaux restent connexes tout le temps; d’autres sont toujours déconnectés mais offrent toujours une sorte de connexité dans le temps et dans l’espace(connexité temporelle); d’autres sont connexes de manière récurrente, périodique,etc. Tous ces contextes peuvent être représentés sous forme de classes de graphes dynamiques correspondant à des conditions nécessaires et/ou suffisantes pour des problèmes ou algorithmes distribués donnés. Étant donné un graphe dynamique,une question naturelle est de savoir à quelles classes appartient ce graphe. Dans ce travail, nous apportons une contribution à l’automatisation de la classification de graphes dynamiques. Nous proposons des stratégies pour tester l’appartenance d’un graphe dynamique à une classe donnée et nous définissons un cadre générique pour le test de propriétés dans les graphes dynamiques. Nous explorons également le cas où aucune propriété sur le graphe n’est garantie, à travers l’étude du problème de maintien d’une forêt d’arbres couvrants dans un graphe dynamique. / Dynamic networks consist of entities making contact over time with one another. A major challenge in dynamic networks is to predict mobility patterns and decide whether the evolution of the topology satisfies requirements for the successof a given algorithm. The types of dynamics resulting from these networks are varied in scale and nature. For instance, some of these networks remain connected at all times; others are always disconnected but still offer some kind of connectivity over time and space (temporal connectivity); others are recurrently connected,periodic, etc. All of these contexts can be represented as dynamic graph classes corresponding to necessary or sufficient conditions for given distributed problems or algorithms. Given a dynamic graph, a natural question to ask is to which of the classes this graph belongs. In this work we provide a contribution to the automation of dynamic graphs classification. We provide strategies for testing membership of a dynamic graph to a given class and a generic framework to test properties in dynamic graphs. We also attempt to understand what can still be done in a context where no property on the graph is guaranteed through the distributed problem of maintaining a spanning forest in highly dynamic graphs.
50

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on State Transformations That Preserve the Causal Structure of LTI Dynamical Networks

Leung, Chi Ho 01 May 2019 (has links)
Linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamic networks are described by their dynamical structure function, and generally, they have many possible state space realizations. This work characterizes the necessary and sufficient conditions on a state transformation that preserves the dynamical structure function, thereby generating the entire set of realizations of a given order for a specific dynamic network.

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