Die Funktionalisierung von tetra-PEG Makromolekülen mit fotoreaktiven Gruppen und die anschließende Umsetzung zu Hydrogelen durch fotochemische Vernetzung werden beschrieben. Die Funktionalisierung der Makromoleküle wird mittels UV-Vis- und NMR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen, während der Verlauf der Vernetzung über die dynamische Lichtstreuung und IR-Spektroskopie betrachtet wird. Die hergestellten Hydrogele werden hinsichtlich des Sol-Anteils und der Quelleigenschaften untersucht. Über den Umsatz wird die Konzentration der Netzketten theoretisch berechnet. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Charakterisierung der Hydrogele hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Über den Speichermodul wird die Konzentration der Netzketten experimentell bestimmt. Mittels dynamischer Lichtstreuung werden die kooperativen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Maschenweiten der Hydrogele bestimmt.

The light scattering methods were used for characterization of properties and formation of networks of different dimension, based on N-vinylcaprolactam (VCL). Formation of PVCL microgels in presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer was studied. Size of resulting microgels strongly depends on the temperature and heating rate: interparticle aggregation was observed during slow heating and intraparticle collapse during fast heating. Angular dependence of measured diffusion coefficient on the angle of observation was studied for the microgel in the swollen, shrunken and aggregated states. Thermo-sensitive microgels based on N-vinylcaprolactam and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate were prepared under surfactant free conditions. The presence of internal part with low thermo-sensitivity and highly thermo-sensitive outer part of the particle (the core-shell structure of microgel) was deduced from static and dynamic light scattering experiments. Results obtained from combined SLS and DLS show the change of conformation from "swollen" soft sphere to compact shrunken "hard sphere". Thermo-sensitive microgel based on N-vinylcaprolactam and N-vinylpyrrolidone was used for investigation of the internal modes in microgel dispersion in the wide range of qRg values. Two internal motions and translation diffusion were observed in the asymptotic range. Angular dependence of the normalized diffusion coefficient showed power law behavior in this range. The experimentally determined value of exponent n = 0.96 was in good agreement with the value predicted for ZIMM limit for polymer chains with hydrodynamic interaction. The reduced first cumulant Ã*(q) reached a constant value in the range of large qRg values. Appearance of plateau value indicates ZIMM limit of hydrodynamic interaction but experimental value was much lower than the theoretically predicted plateau value for linear chains in good solution. 3,3?-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) was used as a cross-linker of VCL in solution by radical polymerization. The network formation was investigated by dynamic light scattering. It was shown, that monitoring of the light scattered intensity in all cases is quite sensitive to detect the gelation threshold even in the presence of very low amount of cross-linker. The power law of time correlation function at the gel point is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for critical gelation. The exponent calculated from power law depends on cross-linker concentration and can be attributed to the degree of branching. Critical exponents obtained at the gel point by DLS and rheology for hydrogel system based on VCL and hydroxyethyl methacrylate were compared. The theoretically predicted equality of exponents from these methods was found as not valid at least for this studied system.

No description available.

Die Struktur von Netzwerken wird durch die Wahl der Netzwerkaufbaureaktion, der Ausgangsmoleküle und der Reaktionsbedingungen bestimmt. Es ist schwierig, wenn nicht gar unmöglich, geeignete Reaktionsparameter zu finden, die zum Aufbau homogener Netzwerkstrukturen führen. Die unterschiedliche Reaktivität der Ausgangsmoleküle resultiert in Unregelmäßigkeiten innerhalb der Netzwerkstruktur, z. B. durch inhomogene Verteilung der Vernetzungspunkte. Als Maß für die Heterogenität eines Netzwerkes kann die Streuintensität herangezogen werden. Diese besteht bei Netzwerken aus einem dynamischen und einem statischen Teil. In stark heterogenen Netzwerken überwiegt die statische Komponente der Streuintensität, die dynamischen Beiträge sind gering. Bei homogeneren Strukturen überwiegt die dynamische Komponente. Deshalb kann der Beitrag dynamischer Konzentrationsfluktuationen zur Gesamtstreuintensität als Maß für den Grad der Heterogenität dienen. Die meisten Netzwerke werden durch radikalische Copolymerisation von Monomeren und Vernetzern synthetisiert. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Reaktivitäten sind die entstehenden Strukturen stark heterogen. Die Verwendung anderer Mechanismen zum Netzwerkaufbau bietet eine Möglichkeit, homogenere Netzwerke zu erhalten. Vor allem die Vernetzung polymerer Ketten, ausgehend von einer homogenen halbverdünnten Lösung, ist eine strategisch interessante Variante. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die systematische Untersuchung des Einflusses der chemischen Zusammensetzung, der Netzwerkaufbaureaktion, der Polymerkonzentration und der Netzwerkdichte auf die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften (kooperative Diffusionskoeffizienten Dcoop) und die Netzwerkstruktur (Heterogenität) unterschiedlicher Netzwerksysteme. Am Beispiel von Polyacrylsäure (PAS) Netzwerken (radikalische Vernetzung) und Poly(styrol-co-maleinsäureanhydrid) (PScoMSA) Netzwerken (Vernetzung polymerer Lösungen) wurden zwei Netzwerksysteme untersucht, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Aufbaureaktion unterscheiden. Mittels klassischer Netzwerkanalyse können diese Systeme sehr gut charakterisiert werden. Die kooperativen Diffusionskoeffizienten sowie die Netzwerkheterogenität wurden durch dynamische Lichtstreuung bestimmt.

This diploma thesis deals with the conformation and molecular organization of humic acids in aqueous solutions. Humic substances have heterogeneous and polydisperse nature, therefore their secondary chemical structure has not yet been defined properly, neither has their conformational arrangement. The conformation of humic substances in the solutions is mainly stabilized by weak disperse forces, such as Van der Waals, -, CH- interactions and hydrogen bonds. Humic substances in the solutions tend to form aggregates that are held together mostly by the intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. Concentration series of humic acids were prepared in three different mediums of constant ionic strength: NaOH and NaCl (prepared either by neutralization NaOH by HCl or direct dilution by solution of NaCl). Several analytical methods have been used to determine conformation and molecular organization of humic acids: potentiometric determination of pH, direct conductometry, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, density measurement, dynamic light scattering, laser Doppler velocimetry and high resolution ultrasound spectrometry. It was confirmed that the conformation and molecular organization of humic acids in aqueous solutions depend not only on pH of medium, but they also depend on chemical nature and concentration with the same pH. Results showed that hydrodynamic diameter of particles is significantly increasing in NaCl medium prepared by neutralization NaOH by HCl, particularly at low concentrations, which corresponds to higher values of zeta potential obtained. Concentration dependencies of ultrasonic velocity and compressibility also indicate the changes in conformation and molecular organization corresponding with results from other methods used.

Presented diploma thesis is focused on testing encapsulation methods of enzymes and probiotic bacteria. In the theoretical part a summary of different encapsulation techniques used in food industry is given. Further, materials for encapsulation, above all polysaccharides are presented. Next, some procedures of encapsulation of biopolymers and microorganisms – mainly enzymes and probiotic cultures are discussed. In the experimental part methods for preparation of several types of particles based on polysaccharides and liposomes are introduced. Particles were used for encapsulation of selected hydrolytic enzymes and probiotic strains Bifidobacterium breve a Lactobacillus acidophilus. The encapsulation effectiveness was evaluated by analysis of total proteins and enzyme activities. Particles sizes and their stability in water, in selected model foods and model body fluids were observed, too. According to results obtained in this work it was found that encapsulation of enzymes into polysaccharide particles were succesfull in all types of particles (encapsulation effectivness was more than 50 %). Polysaccharide particles showed a very good stability in body fluids as well as in model foods. As the most suitable materials for enzymes encapsulation chitosan and liposomes were found. Polysaccharide particles were used also for the encapsulation of microorganisms. The stability of particles with lactic acid bacteria was similar to particles containig enzymes, very good stability was verified aslo in model foods and model body fluids. Encapsulation enables long-term stabilization of biologically active compounds as well as posibility of their transport and controlled releasing in gastrointestinal tract. Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria could preserve their viability and long-term survival until the product expiration date. Thus, encapsulation is one of the most promissing procedures for production of foods and food suplements of great quality and high additional value.

No description available.

Bakterier som är resistenta mot antibiotika har de senaste åren blivit ett stort hot mot mänskligheten. Att utveckla nya antibiotikaläkemedel är väldigt tidskrävande samt kommer med en dyr prislapp. Det är några av anledningarna att forskare har inriktat sig på antimikrobiella peptider (AMPs) som ett alternativ till traditionella antibiotika. Dessa peptider finns i alla levande organismer och uppvisar en snabb och ospecifik mekanism. Vidare så är de mindre benägna att utveckla resistens hos bakterierna. Däremot så har dessa AMPar visat sig ha låg stabilitet och en del toxiska biverkningar. Olika typer av nanobärare kan användas för att överkomma dessa kommakortanden. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla en optimerad nanobärare för AMPen AP114. Peptiden har blivit inkluderad i nanostrukturerade lipidbärare (NLC) samt liposomer. Dessa har producerats med smält emulsifieringsmetod och lösningsinjektion metoden. De fysikalkemiska karaktäristik hos olika blanka samt AP115 laddade nanoformuleringar har analyserats samt jämförts. Resultaten indikerade att liposomformuleringarna hade den lägsta partikelstorleken och storleksfördelning men en kontrollerad in vitro frisättning av peptiden över 48 timmar. Generellt, så indikerar de preliminära resultaten en potential nanoformulering för peptiden AP114. / In the past few years, bacterial resistance to antibiotics has posed a major threat to humankind. Development of substitutes for traditional antibiotics is a highly time consuming and expensive venture. For this reason, researchers are focusing on using antimicrobial peptides (AMP) as an alternate. These peptides are found in all living organisms and exhibit a fast and non-targeted mechanism of action. Besides, they are less susceptible to microbial resistance. However, these therapeutic peptides are not stable and have toxic side effects. To overcome these limitations, drug delivery systems have been explored. In this study, the aim was to develop an optimized drug delivery system for AP114. The peptide has been encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and liposomes, produced by melt emulsification method and solvent injection method, respectively. The physicochemical characterization of different blank and AP114 loaded nanoformulations were analyzed and compared. The results indicated the liposome samples to have the lowest particle size distribution and polydispersity, with a controlled in vitro release of the peptide over 48 hours. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest a promising potential for the formulation of a nanocarrier for AP114 peptide.

<p>This work studies the effect of dopamine (DA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on lipid membranes using a number of complementary experimental methods. These methods include Dynamic Light Scattering to measure electrostatic surface potentials, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to measure the degree of lipid acyl chain order, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance to measure changes in membrane viscosity, and X-ray diffuse scattering to measure structural and material parameters of lipid bilayers. It is shown that both DA and ATP have a measurable affinity to the lipid-water interface even in the absence of specialized biological receptors. These results are important for understanding the function of DA and ATP in cellular processes.</p>

Noble metal nanoparticles such as gold and silver are of interest because of the unique electro-optical properties (e.g., localized surface plasmon resonance [LSPR]) that originate from the collective behavior of their surface electrons. These nanoparticles are commonly developed and used for biomedical and industrial application. A recent report has predicted that the global market for gold nanoparticles will be over 12.7 tons by year 2020. However, these surface-functionalized nanoparticles can be potential environmental persistent contaminants post-use due to their high colloidal stability in the aquatic systems. Despite, the environmental risks associated with these nanoparticles, just a few studies have investigated the effect of nanofeature factors such as size and shape on the overall fate/transport and organismal uptake of these nanomaterials in the aquatic matrices. This study presents a comprehensive approach to evaluate the colloidal stability, fate/transport, and organismal uptake of these nanoparticles while factoring in the size and shape related properties. We demonstrate the importance and effect of anisotropicity of a gold nanoparticle on the colloidal behavior and interaction with ecologically susceptible aquatic biota. We also show how readily available characterization techniques can be utilized to monitor and assess the fate/transport of this class of nanoparticles. We further describe and investigate the relationship between the aspect ratio (AR) of these elongated gold nanoparticles with clearance mechanisms and rates from the aquatic suspension columns including aggregation, deposition, and biopurification. We illustrate how a fresh water filter-feeder bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, can be used as a model organism to study the size and shape-selective biofiltration and nanotoxicity of elongated gold nanoparticles. The results suggest that biofiltration by C. fluminea increases with an increase in the size and AR of gold nanoparticle. We develop a simple nanotoxicity assay to investigate the short-term exposure nanotoxicity of gold nanoparticles to C. fluminea. The toxicity results indicate that for the tested concentration and exposure period that gold nanoparticles were not acutely toxic (i.e., not lethal). However, gold nanoparticles significantly inhibited the activities of some antioxidant enzymes in gill and digestive gland tissues. These inhibitions could directly affect the resistance of these organisms to a secondary stressor (temperature, pathogens, hypoxia etc.) and threaten organismal health. / Ph. D.