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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Adaptive random walks on graphs to sample rare events

Stuhrmann, David Christoph January 2023 (has links)
In this thesis, I study fluctuations and rare events of time-additive observables of discrete-time Markov chains on finite state spaces. The observable of interest is the mean node connectivity visited by a random walk running on instances of an Erdős-Rényi (ER) random graph. I implement and analyze the Adaptive Power Method (APM) which converges to the driven process, a biased random walk defined through a control parameter that simulates trajectories corresponding to rare events of the observable in the original dynamics. The APM demonstrates good convergence and accurately produces the desired quantities from a single trajectory. Due to the bulk-dangling-chain structure in the ER graph, the driven process seems to undergo a dynamical phase transition (DPT) for infinitely large graphs, meaning the behavior of the trajectories changes abruptly as the control parameter is varied. Observations show that the random walk visits two distinct phases, being de-localized in the bulk or localized in the chain. Through two simpler models capturing the bulk-dangling-chain property of the ER graph I study how the DPT occurs as the graph size increases. I observe that the trajectories of the driven process near the transition show intermittent behavior between the two phases. The diverging time scale of the DPT is found to be the average time that the random walk spends in a phase before it transitions to the other one. On the ER graph the trajectories are also intermittent but the form of the time scaling remains open due to computational limits on the graph size.
2

Viscoelastic Interfaces Driven in Disordered Media and Applications to Friction / Interfaces viscoélastiques sous forçage en milieu aléatoire et applications à la friction

Landes, François 10 September 2014 (has links)
De nombreux systèmes complexes soumis à un ajout continu d'énergie réagissent à cet ajout par une accumulation de tension au cours du temps, interrompue par de soudaines libérations d'énergie appelées avalanches. Récemment, il a été remarqué que plusieurs propriétés élémentaires de la dynamique d'avalanche sont issues de processus de relaxation ayant lieu à une échelle microscopique, processus qui sont négligés dans la plupart des modèles. Lors de ma thèse, j'ai étudié deux modèles classiques d'avalanches, modifiés par l'ajout d'une forme de relaxation la plus simple possible. Le premier système est une interface viscoélastique tirée à travers un milieu désordonné. En champ moyen, nous prouvons que l'interface a un comportement périodique caractérisé par une nouvelle échelle temporelle (émergente), avec des avalanches qui touchent l'ensemble du système. Le calcul semi-analytique de la force de friction agissant sur la surface donne des résultats compatibles avec les expériences de friction classique. En dimension finie (2D), les événements touchant l'ensemble du système (trouvés en champ moyen) deviennent localisés, et les simulations numériques donnent des résultats en bon accord avec plusieurs caractéristiques importantes des tremblements de terre, tant qualitativement que quantitativement. Le second système incluant également une forme très simple de relaxation est un modèle jouet d'avalanche : c'est la percolation dirigée. Dans notre étude d'une variante non-markovienne de la percolation dirigée, nous avons observé que la classe d'universalité était modifiée mais seulement partiellement. En particulier, un exposant change de valeur tandis que plusieurs relations d'échelle sont préservées. Cette idée d'une classe d'universalité étendue, obtenue par l'ajout d'une perturbation non-markovienne offre des perspectives prometteuses pour notre premier système. / Many complex systems respond to a continuous input of energy by an accumulation of stress over time, interrupted by sudden energy releases called avalanches. Recently, it has been pointed out that several basic features of avalanche dynamics are induced at the microscopic level by relaxation processes, which are neglected by most models. During my thesis, I studied two well-known models of avalanche dynamics, modified minimally by the inclusion of some forms of relaxation. The first system is that of a viscoelastic interface driven in a disordered medium. In mean-field, we prove that the interface has a periodic behaviour (with a new, emerging time scale), with avalanche events that span the whole system. We compute semi-analytically the friction force acting on this surface, and find that it is compatible with classical friction experiments. In finite dimensions (2D), the mean-field system-sized events become local, and numerical simulations give qualitative and quantitative results in good agreement with several important features of real earthquakes. The second system including a minimal form of relaxation consists in a toy model of avalanches: the Directed Percolation process. In our study of a non-Markovian variant of Directed Percolation, we observed that the universality class was modified but not completely. In particular, in the non-Markov case an exponent changes of value while several scaling relations still hold. This picture of an extended universality class obtained by the addition of a non-Markovian perturbation to the dynamics provides promising prospects for our first system.
3

Etude de l'effet de l'anisotropie magnétique sur la phase dynamique et sur la phase géométrique des bits quantiques de spins électroniques d'ions de métaux de transition Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+ isolés et des complexes d'ions Fe3+ dans l'oxyde de zinc monocristallin / Study of the effect of the magnetic anisotropy on the dynamic phase and on the geometric phase qubits of electron spins of transition metals isolated ions Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, and Iron Complexes (Fe3+/Cs+ and Fe3+/Na+) in the zinc oxide single crystal

Benzid, Khalif 24 February 2016 (has links)
Nous avons étudié, par RPE impulsionnelle, la cohérence quantique et des spins électroniques des ions de transition Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, et des complexes Fe3+/Cs+ et Fe3+/Na+, tous présents dans le ZnO monocristallin. Nous avons trouvé que l’anisotropie magnétique peut altérer la cohérence de la phase dynamique des qubits des spins électroniques. Nous avons mesuré une faible décohérence pour les spins d’ions Mn2+et Fe3+ dans ZnO, qui ont tous deux une faible anisotropie magnétique uniaxiale, tandis que les ions Co2+ isolés avec une très forte anisotropie magnétique uniaxiale, une décohérence rapide a été mis en évidence. Nous avons trouvé que les spins électroniques des complexes de type Fe3+/Cs+, ayant un tenseur d’anisotropie magnétique plus complexe que la simple anisotropie uniaxiale des ions Fe3+ isolés, possèdent presque le même temps de décohérence. Par la méthode des perturbations, nous avons mis en évidence théoriquement un terme supplémentaire à la phase habituelle de Berry, dû à l’anisotropie magnétique et qui existe dans tout système ayant un spin S>1/2. / We studied by pulsed EPR (p-EPR), the quantum coherence of electronic spins qubits of isolated transition metal ions of Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+ and Fe3+/Cs+ as well as Fe3+/Na+ complexes, all found as traces in mono-crystalline ZnO. Indeed, we experimentally demonstrated that the magnetic anisotropy can alter the coherence of the dynamic phase of electronic spins qubits. We found a small decoherence for Mn2+ and Fe3+, spins having a small uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, and on the contrary, we found a very strong decoherence for Co2+ spins having a very strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. We found that the electronic spins of the Fe3+/Cs+ complex, having a more complex tensor magnetic anisotropy compared to the simplest uniaxial one of isolated Fe3+ spins in ZnO, have almost the same coherence time. By the perturbation method, we have found theoretically an additional term to the usual geometric Berry phase, due to the magnetic anisotropy which exists in any system having a spin S>1/2.
4

Investigations on the influence of pore structure and wettability on multiphase flow in porous medium using x-ray computed tomography: Application to underground CO2 storage and EOR

Zulfiqar, Bilal 28 May 2024 (has links)
Capillary trapping plays a central role in the geological storage of CO2, oil recovery, and water soil infiltration. The key aim of this study is to investigate the impact of surface properties (wettability, roughness, heterogeneous mineral composition) on the dynamics of quasi-static fluid displacement process and capillary trapping efficiency in porous medium. We concluded that for homogeneous wet smooth glass beads surfaces, a transition in fluid displacement pattern occurs from a compact (for θ < 90°; imbibition process) to a fractal front-pattern (for θ > 90°; drainage process) leading to a crossover in capillary trapping efficiency from zero to maximum. The impact of surface roughness on capillary trapping efficiency was also studied, and an opposite trends in terms of wettability dependency was observed. Rough natural sands surfaces depicts a non-monotonous wettability dependency, i.e. a transition from maximal trapping (for θ < 90°) to no-trapping occurs (at θ = 90°), followed by an increase to medium trapping (for θ > 90°). For a fractional-wet media, the percolating cluster of hydrophobic sediments (connected hydrophobic pathways) characterize the fluid displacement pattern and trapping efficiency.

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