The poetry of Tang, and the chis of Song are both the greatest literary styles in Chinese literature. Chis was widespread in Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasty and Ten-Kindom preiod, and Song Dynasty. During these periods, the names of chis had been changed and the amount had enlarged as well. Some of chis were used quite often and became the top ten songs. However; some of them only used few times, then disappeared. From those chis, the rise and fall of the dynasties, the news of societies and their cultural orientation were revealed. The relationship of the tune and the content of chis was the source of the authors¡¦ inspiration. Therefore, the relationship of the tune and the content of chis is important. To be the researcher of chis, it is necessary to realize the origin of chis and make a thorough understanding of them. So as to the study of chis. In the dissertation, the researcher started from quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as counted the number of tunes, sorted by ¡§the rules of chis¡¨ of¸U¾ð (Qing Dynasty) and 838 tunes of chis. It was concluded that the authors of chis in Tang Dynasty, Five-Dynasty and Ten-Kindom period and Song Dynasty often used traditional culture and folk tales as metaphor and construct the principles of chis. This dessertation was divided into six parts. Except of introduction and conclusion, there are four chapters which contain one dynasty respectively. Tang Dynasty, Five-Dynasty and Ten-Kindom preiod, and Song Dynasty, were three important periods when chis emerged, expand and mature. The development of chis was discussed in chapter two, three, and four, respectively. By studying initial chis of the authors in these three periods, the relationship of the tune and the content of chis was concluded in chapter five, which is the major point of this dessertation. Hopefully, the relationship among the different authors, various places, and dynasties could be revealed. Therefore, to study ¡§ how did the people at that time handle the tune of chis?¡¨ is very important. The authors of the tonal pattern and rhyme scheme was the tune of chis, which was formed in the court music of Sui Dynasty. In Five-Dynasty and Ten-Kindom preiod, court music, foreign music and folk music combined into chis. This new literature style described the happiness or sadness of the people at that time and sutisfied their emotional needs. The conclusions of this dessertation 1.The relationship of the tune and the content of chis is determined. 2.The tune of chis is related to its content when it initialed. However, the tune and its content were enlarged and changed in Song Dynasty. 3.The sentences in chis were similar to those in poetry. The intertextuality might deserve to be discussed in further study.

published_or_final_version / Fine Arts / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Fine Arts / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

This dissertation examines the aggregate and sectoral implications of the self-selection of workers with different skills into sectors and occupations. The first chapter concerns the low growth rate of labor productivity in services in the United States that accompanied the large expansion of the sector. The slow growth of labor productivity in this sector may be caused by the selection of less productive workers into services as the sector expands. Using panel data for US workers, I document that workers moving into professional services are more productive than an average worker in the sector. On the other hand, workers moving into education, health, and the public sector are less productive than incumbents. I build a generalized quantitative multi-sector Roy model that allows for these rich patterns of selection. Compared to a conventional selection model where new workers arriving at all services sectors are negatively selected by assumption, the estimated model in this paper leads to an effect of selection on labor productivity for professional services that is 14 percentage points higher, and a weaker negative effect for education, health, and public services in the U.S. between 1989 and 2019. Overall, selection leads to little effect on labor productivity in aggregate services, contrasting sharply with the prediction of a conventional selection model. The second chapter, joint with Siddharth George, studies the potential gains in aggregate productivity from mitigating the intergenerational persistence in occupations. Workers are much more likely to enter the occupation of their parents around the world. In this chapter, we develop a measure of this dynastic bias for occupations – the odds ratio of the probability of choosing an occupation conditional on whether one’s father is in that occupation – for over 90 countries with data from 275 censuses or national surveys. At the occupation level, we document that the dynastic bias is increasing in the eliteness of occupation but decreasing in the average years of schooling. At the aggregate level, we document that the dynastic bias first rises and then falls with both GDP per capita and the average years of schooling of an economy. To evaluate the aggregate implication of the dynastic bias on productivity, we build a quantitative Roy model of occupational choice with entry barriers into occupations that depend on whether one’s parent works in that occupation or not. We calibrate the model and perform counterfactual exercises to infer the potential gains in productivity for all economies in our sample. The entry barriers of occupations are set to match the dynastic bias of each occupation. We then remove all entry barriers and solve for the new equilibrium so that workers pursue their occupations entirely based on their comparative advantage without any income penalty. This frictionless counterfactual leads to labor productivity gains at the aggregate level that average at 8.6% for all censuses in our sample. Focusing on the latest censuses of the 51 non-high-income countries with data after 2000, we find that the average potential gains in labor productivity remain considerable at 8.7%, with 20 countries having potential gains above 10%.

published_or_final_version / Fine Arts / Master / Master of Philosophy

余雪霞. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1987. / Reprint of manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-284). / Yu Xuexia. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1987. / 撮要 --- p.I / 序言 --- p.IIII / 目錄 / Chapter 第一章 --- 總論唐代壁畫的重要性及唐墓壁畫概況 / Chapter 第一節 --- 唐代背景概述 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 唐代壁畫之功用 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三節 --- 唐代墓葬之分佈及墓葬形制與壁畫內容、佈局之關係 --- p.13 / 注釋 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二章 --- 從唐代墓葬壁畫看唐代繪畫之特色──人物畫和山水畫 / Chapter 第一節 --- 前言──唐代繪畫之分科 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二節 --- 人物畫──兼論《樹下人物 圖》 --- p.37 / Chapter 一 --- 綺羅人物 --- p.39 / Chapter 二 --- 步卒屬吏與男僕 --- p.53 / Chapter 三 --- 樹下人物圖與墓主肖像 --- p.59 / Chapter 甲 --- 樹下人物圖之源起 --- p.60 / Chapter 乙 --- 唐墓中的樹下人物圖 --- p.83 / Chapter 丙 --- 樹下人物圖之藝術特色 --- p.82 / Chapter 第三節 --- 山水畫 --- p.88 / 注釋 --- p.112 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從唐代墓葬壁畫看唐代繪畫之特色──花鳥畫和界畫 / Chapter 第一節 --- 花鳥畫 / Chapter 一 --- 前言 --- p.125 / Chapter 二 --- 花卉翎毛 --- p.135 / Chapter 三 --- 鞍馬走獸 --- p.162 / Chapter 四 --- 小結 --- p.170 / Chapter 第二節 --- 界畫 --- p.172 / 注釋 --- p.191 / Chapter 第四章 --- 唐代繪畫之風格分析 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從唐代墓葬壁畫總論唐畫之風格 --- p.201 / Chapter 第二節 --- 由唐代墓葬壁畫看唐代 之畫評 --- p.210 / 注釋 --- p.235 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結論 --- p.239 / 附表一 --- p.243 / 附表二 --- p.244 / 附表三 --- p.245 / 附表四 --- p.246 / 附表五 --- p.247 / 參考書目 --- p.248 / 附圖 --- p.285

La présente thèse vise à déterminer les ressorts de l’ascension sociale des Cibiel, entre 1754 et 1914, organisée durant quatre générations sur un mode collectif, au cours de laquelle ils passent du colportage local entre montagne du Cantal et plaines, au négoce et à la finance au niveau national puis international : ils édifient, à partir du textile et du Sud-ouest, un empire financier et industriel dans tous les domaines de la Révolution industrielle – transports, secteur minier et métallurgique et dérivés, modernisation urbaine – complété par un patrimoine foncier de premier ordre. L’analyse de cette mutation progressive permet de comprendre quelles sont les stratégies et les logiques mises en œuvre par les différents « acteurs » de la famille, mettant en synergie jeux communs et jeux individuels pour conquérir un pouvoir économique et sociopolitique majeur au sein des réseaux d’élites, à partir d’un réseau familial insolite implanté dans une logique de comptoirs à l’image de celui des Rothschild. La mobilisation de la méthodologie d’analyse des réseaux et de la sociologie des organisations, notamment la théorie de « l’acteur stratégique » de Michel Crozier et Erhard Friedberg, pour étudier la dynamique des Cibiel, permet de mesurer à quelles conditions « l’union fait la force ». Alors que la succession d’un « acteur-clé » aux trois premières générations joue un rôle moteur pour le collectif familial, la rupture introduite par une « stratégie d’affrontement » intrafamiliale à la dernière génération marque la fin de la « bonne fortune » prodigieuse de la famille Cibiel et de sa success story singulière. / The present thesis aims at determining the origins and forces of the social climbing of the French family Cibiel, between 1754 and 1914, through four generations. Within these 160 years, the family rose from local peddling to international trade and finance. Starting from textile trading in the Southwest of France, the Cibiels gradually built a financial and industrial empire which stretched over all the fields impacted by the Industrial Revolution — transports, mining, metallurgy, urban modernizing —, and accumulated a considerable estate. The analysis of this gradual transformation enables the understanding of the strategies and logics implemented by the various "players" of the family. They forged synergistic common games and individual games to conquer a major economic and socio-political power within elite networks. Their social climbing hinges on an unusual family network, that developed itself through a counters approach, similar to the Rothschilds network. The network analysis and the sociology of organizations methodologies have been used, particularly the "strategic player" theory of Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, to study the Cibiels’ dynamics. They support the assessment of what makes unity a strength. The emergence of a "key player" at each of the first three generations plays a leading role in the family collective. With the break introduced by an intrafamilial "confrontational strategy" at the last generation came the end of the prodigious "good fortune" of the Cibiel family and of its singular success story.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts