События, вызванные распространением пандемии COVID-19 нашли отражение во всех сферах жизни общества, а также в языке и коммуникативных явлениях, которые представлены в публицистическом дискурсе. Специфика публицистического дискурса накладывает отпечаток на использование оценочной лексики – эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов. Публицистический дискурс как сфера функционирования эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов способствует формированию общественной мысли, оказывает воздействие на аудиторию с использованием языковых средств. Наиболее выразительными языковыми средствами, способными произвести как положительный, нейтральный или негативный эффект, являются эвфемизмы и дисфемизмы. Актуальность исследования определяется возросшим интересом к изучению оценочной лексики в немецкоязычном публицистическом дискурсе по теме коронавируса. Изучение языковых явлений, эвфемии и дисфемии, представляется перспективным в связи их функционированием в публицистическом дискурсе. В работе определены сферы функционирования эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, предпринята попытка сформулировать рекомендации по переводу оценочной лексики для сохранения семантических, стилистических и прагматических особенностей эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов. В первой главе рассмотрены подходы к определению эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, классификации и способы образования, что позволяет считать их членами лингвистической дихотомии. Во второй главе проанализированы семантические, стилистические и прагматические особенности эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, представлены рекомендации по переводу эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов с учетом выявленных особенностей. / The events caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are reflected in all spheres of society, as well as in the language and communicative phenomena that are presented in the journalistic discourse. The specificity of journalistic discourse leaves an imprint on the use of evaluative vocabulary – euphemisms and dysphemisms. Journalistic discourse as a sphere of functioning of euphemisms and dysphemisms contributes to the formation of public thought has an impact on the audience using linguistic means. The most expressive language means capable of producing both a positive, neutral or negative effect are euphemisms and dysphemisms. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased interest in the study of evaluative vocabulary in the German-language journalistic discourse on the topic of coronavirus. The study of linguistic phenomena, euphemia and dysphemia, seems promising in connection with their functioning in journalistic discourse. The paper defines the spheres of functioning of euphemisms and dysphemisms, attempts to formulate recommendations for the translation of evaluative vocabulary to preserve semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of euphemisms and dysphemisms. In the first chapter, approaches to the definition of euphemisms and dysphemisms, classifications and methods of education are considered, which allows them to be considered members of a linguistic dichotomy. In the second chapter analyzes the semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of euphemisms and dysphemisms, provides recommendations for the translation of euphemisms and dysphemisms, taking into account the identified features.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению гармонизации речевого общения. При возникновении сложностей в речевом общении, когда взаимодействие адресата и адресанта переходит в зону конфликтной коммуникации, функцию гармонизации речи нередко выполняет метаязыковая рефлексия. Цель диссертации – выявление метаязыковых операторов, гармонизирующих общение, указывающих на единицы, которые способствуют либо смягчению, либо огрублению информации. / Master thesis is devoted to the study of harmonization of verbal communication. If you experience difficulties in speech communication, when the interaction of the addressee and the addresser transferred to the zone of conflict communication, the function of harmonization of speech often performs metalinguistic reflection. The purpose of the thesis is to identify metalinguistic statements that harmonize the communication and indicate units, which contribute to either mitigation, or hard information.

Диссертация посвящена идентификации стратегий эвфемизации/дисфемизации при освещении конфликта в Нагорном Карабахе англоязычными СМИ. Показано, что обе стратегии в равной степени связаны с цитированием участников Второй Карабахской войны (Азербайджана и Армении). Осуществлена попытка идентифицировать «медийное поведение» конфликтующих сторон, не желающих брать на себя ответственность за эскалацию конфликта, но готовых отстаивать свои права на спорную территорию. / The paper is devoted to the identification of euphemization/dysphemization strategies in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as covered by the English-language media. It is shown that both strategies are equally related to quoting the participants of the Second Karabakh War (Azerbaijan and Armenia). An attempt was made to identify the «media behavior» of the conflicting parties, who do not want to take responsibility for the escalation of the conflict, but are ready to defend their territorial rights.

Tout discours obéit à la règle de l’interdit, l’euphémisme représente un moyen de détournement par excellence, permettant d’éviter « les paroles de mauvais augure » pour dire « des paroles de bon augure ». Il joue le rôle d’un « déodorant du langage » comme le disent Jamet et Jobert. Bref, l’euphémisme est à l’opposé d’un langage âpre, le dysphémisme. L’intérêt de ce dernier, n’est pas la rupture avec les associations du mot tabou, mais bien au contraire, dans le fait qu’il s’efforce de les évoquer avec plus d’intensité. Pourtant, l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme, loin de se réduire à des procédés banals qui font l’objet d’une simple substitution lexicale du terme interdit, sont avant tout des phénomènes éminemment énonciatifs dont la valeur dépend du contexte. Ainsi, l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme n’existe pas en lui-même, mais en fonction de sa situation de communication et de sa reconnaissance par le récepteur. Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse pragma-linguistique de l’euphémisme et du dysphémisme en langue espagnole. Notre objectif majeur est d’interroger le processus d’euphémisation et le processus dysphémique : d’un côté, selon une approche sémantico-lexicale qui se limite à une substitution du tabou par le biais des procédures linguistiques euphémiques ou dysphémiques, et de l’autre, selon une approche pragmatique, par laquelle le signe tabou acquiert sa valeur en fonction de son entourage contextuel, et dans laquelle l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme sont considérés comme des actes de langage. Nous voulons par ce choix illustrer qu’au plan discursif l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme sont l’objet d’une visée communicative différente de celle du plan proprement linguistique ou sémantique. / Any discourse obeys the rule of prohibition; the euphemism is a means of diversion by excellence, to avoid "ominous words" to mean "auspicious words." It acts as a "deodorant language" as Jamet and Jobert say. In short, the euphemism is the opposite of a harsh language, the dysphemism. The advantage of the latter, is not breaking with the associations of the taboo word, but rather is that it strives to evoke with greater intensity. Yet the euphemism and dysphemism, far from being reduced to mundane processes that are the subject of a simple lexical substitution of the prohibited term, they are above all eminently enunciative phenomena whose value depends on the context. Thus, the euphemism or dysphemism does not exist in itself, but according to the communication situation and its recognition by the receiver. Our thinking is part of a pragma-linguistic analysis of the Spanish language of euphemism and dysphemism. Our major objective is to question the process of both euphemism and dysphemism: on one side, according to a semantic-lexical approach that is limited to a substitution of the taboo through linguistic procedures of euphemism or dysphemism, and on the other side, according to a pragmatic approach in which the taboo sign acquires its value based on its contextual surroundings, and in which the euphemism or dysphemism are considered acts of language. We want to illustrate that by this choice at the discursive plan the euphemism and the dysphemism are subject to different communicative focus than the strictly linguistic or semantic plan.

Text in Afrikaans / An account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans / An account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)