The purpose of this study is to present the different approaches, which Hegel and Marx have developed regarding the relation between consciousness and life, consistent with their aims. Hegel&rsquo / s aim is to combine all the opposed ideas and beliefs proposed throughout the history of philosophy into a unified whole. Hegel&rsquo / s dialectics which is immanent to life can also explain the opposition between consciousness and life. Self-consciousness, which appears as subjectivity in Hegel&rsquo / s philosophy, at first, treats the life as an object of desire. Later, however, self-consciousness which cannot thus realize itself desires another self-consciousness who will recognize itself, so it relates with an other self-consciousness. This relation is defined as a &ldquo / life and death struggle&rdquo / . At the end of the struggle, there arise new forms of self-consciousnesses, Master and Slave. While the Slave produces for its Master, it relates itself to Life and this relation between Slave and Life brings about Slave as self-consciousness. On the other hand, the aim of Marx is not only to combine the oppositions but also to create a worldly philosophy. To this end, Marx puts economic relations of human beings at the centre of his theory. According to Marx, relations of production condition classes. While one class produces, the other exploits the productions of the former class. In Hegel, the Slave obtains its certainty as self-consciousness while it produces, whereas in Marx, the worker, who produces, is alienated form him/herself in the capitalist mode of production. To sum up, both Hegel and Marx emphasize the mutual relation between consciousness and life, but their divergent aims lead to them constructing this relation with different concepts on different foundations.

Introdução: Em crianças e adolescentes, o Transtorno de Humor Bipolar (THB) é associado a danos devastadores no desenvolvimento. O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH), caracterizado por sintomas de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade também causa prejuízo funcional significativo. O diagnóstico diferencial entre os dois transtornos é puramente clínico e, até o momento, há poucos estudos avaliando diferenças neurobiológicas. Diversas pesquisas sugerem a participação do Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF), cujo papel não foi elucidado em crianças e adolescentes com THB e com TDAH. Apesar das altas taxas de comorbidade entre o THB e o TDAH, de uma pior resposta ao tratamento e de um pior funcionamento psicossocial quando da comorbidade, apenas dois estudos avaliaram a resposta ao tratamento especificamente neste grupo de pacientes. Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avançar no entendimento do papel do BDNF na psicopatologia do THB e do TDAH, visando sua diferenciação. O tratamento da comorbidade com estimulantes tambem foi estudado. Métodos: A transmissão do alelo Val66 do BDNF foi avaliada em famílias de crianças e adolescentes com THB e TDAH, assim como o efeito do gene no nível sérico da proteína do BDNF entre os grupos. Foi realizada a comparação dos níveis séricos entre pacientes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH e TDAH isolado. Um estudo clínico cruzado com estimulantes foi realizado em crianças e adolescentes com THB e TDAH em comorbidade que tinham apresentado remissão dos sintomas de humor com o uso de aripiprazol, mas persistência dos sintomas de TDAH. Os sintomas de mania, depressão, desatenção e hiperatividade foram acompanhados ao longo de quatro semanas de tratamento, duas com placebo ou metilfenidato e duas com o tratamento inverso. Resultados: Na investigação da transmissão do gene do BDNF em crianças e adolescentes não foi detectada diferença significativa na transmissão do alelo Val66. Tampouco foi observada diferença significativa nos níveis séricos da proteína do BDNF entre os pacientes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH, quando comparados aos pacientes com TDAH e controles. No estudo cruzado com crianças e adolescentes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com placebo ou estimulantes na resposta ao tratamento nos sintomas de TDAH. Os sintomas de humor mantiveram-se estáveis a despeito do uso de metilfenidato. Conclusões: Os achados quanto ao gene do BDNF não sugerem sua participação na neurobiologia do THB ou no TDAH, ou que devido à herança poligênica característica dos transtornos mentais, sua participação seja pequena. O achado de diferença significativa entre os níveis séricos do BDNF de crianças e adolescentes com THB+TDAH e TDAH indica que esse tema deve ser mais estudado, e, caso seja também encontrado de forma consistente por outros grupos, possa vir a ser utilizado como marcador biológico na diferenciação diagnóstica entre essas condições. No estudo de tratamento da comorbidade entre THB e TDAH, a ausência de resposta ao metilfenidato nos sintomas de TDAH em pacientes que apresentam a comorbidade reforça a evidência de que há pior resposta ao tratamento neste grupo, dado o elevado tamanho de efeito do metilfenidato no tratamento do TDAH em isolado O estudo de fatores biológicos para um melhor entendimento da psicopatologia e conseqüente diferenciação dos transtornos mentais tem extrema relevância porque a identificação destes fatores pode auxiliar na elaboração de tratamentos mais precisos, urgentemente necessários devido às graves conseqüências do THB e do TDAH nas vidas dos pacientes e de suas famílias. A criação de um programa específico para Crianças e Adolescentes com Transtorno Bipolar (ProCAB) e de uma linha de pesquisa com foco na etiologia e tratamento possibilitam uma constante geração de conhecimento nesta área, onde poucos estudos estão disponíveis. / Introduction: Bipolar Disorder (BD) in children and adolescents is associated to devastating developmental deficits. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, also promotes significant impairment. Differential diagnosis between both conditions is purely clinical – currently, there are scarce investigations on neurobiological differences. Several studies suggest the participation of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in these disorders, whose role has not been elucidated in BD and ADHD in children and adolescents. Despite high comorbidity rates between BD and ADHD, worse psychosocial functioning, and worse response to treatment, only two studies addressed treatment response specifically in this group of patients. Objectives: promote advances in understanding the role of BDNF in the psychopathology of BD and ADHD. The treatment of the comorbidity was also studied. Methods: Transmission of the Val66 allele at the BDNF was assessed in children and adolescents with BD and ADHD, as well as the effect of the gene on the serum levels of BDNF protein in both conditions. BDNF serum levels were compared between patients with BD comorbid with ADHD, and ADHD. A crossover clinical trial with stimulants and placebo was performed with children and adolescents preseting BD and comorbid ADHD. Manic, depressive, inatention and hyperactivity symptoms were assessed along a 4-week treatment, 2 weeks in each treatment arm (placebo or stimulants). Results: There was no significant transmission of the Val66 allele at the BDNF gene in children and adolescents with BD or ADHD. A significant difference in BDNF protein serum levels between BD+ADHD when compared to ADHD alone and controls. In the crossover trial with children and adolescents with BD and comorbid ADHD, we did not observe differences between the placebo and stimulant treatment groups in the response of ADHD symptoms. Mood symptoms remained stable despite the use of methylphenidate. Conclusions: our results regarding the BDNF gene do not suggest its participation in the neurobiology of BD or ADHD, or that due to the polygenic characteristic of mental disorders, that this gene confers a only a small risk, undetectable in our sample. The finding of a significant difference in BDNF serum levels between BD comorbid with ADHD, and ADHD alone warrants further investigation, and in case replication studies with larger samples from other groups are positive, BDNF serum levels might be used as a biological marker in the diagnostic difference between these conditions. In the investigation of the treatment of the comorbidity between BD and ADHD, the absence of different responses between placebo and methylphenidate in ADHD symptoms strengthens the evidence that there is a worse response to treatment in this group, given the large effect size of methylphenidate response in the treatment of ADHD alone. The quest for biological markers for a better understanding of the psychopathology and subsequent differentiation of mental disorders is extremely relevant. The identification of these factors may facilitate the creation of more accurate treatment regimens, urgently needed due to the severe developmental consequences of BD and ADHD in the patients’ and families’ lives. In this sense, the creation of a specific outpatient program for children and adolescent BD (ProCAB), a research line with focus on risk factors and treatment, will enable a Constant generation of knowledge in this área, where scarce data is available.

Introdução: Em crianças e adolescentes, o Transtorno de Humor Bipolar (THB) é associado a danos devastadores no desenvolvimento. O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH), caracterizado por sintomas de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade também causa prejuízo funcional significativo. O diagnóstico diferencial entre os dois transtornos é puramente clínico e, até o momento, há poucos estudos avaliando diferenças neurobiológicas. Diversas pesquisas sugerem a participação do Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF), cujo papel não foi elucidado em crianças e adolescentes com THB e com TDAH. Apesar das altas taxas de comorbidade entre o THB e o TDAH, de uma pior resposta ao tratamento e de um pior funcionamento psicossocial quando da comorbidade, apenas dois estudos avaliaram a resposta ao tratamento especificamente neste grupo de pacientes. Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avançar no entendimento do papel do BDNF na psicopatologia do THB e do TDAH, visando sua diferenciação. O tratamento da comorbidade com estimulantes tambem foi estudado. Métodos: A transmissão do alelo Val66 do BDNF foi avaliada em famílias de crianças e adolescentes com THB e TDAH, assim como o efeito do gene no nível sérico da proteína do BDNF entre os grupos. Foi realizada a comparação dos níveis séricos entre pacientes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH e TDAH isolado. Um estudo clínico cruzado com estimulantes foi realizado em crianças e adolescentes com THB e TDAH em comorbidade que tinham apresentado remissão dos sintomas de humor com o uso de aripiprazol, mas persistência dos sintomas de TDAH. Os sintomas de mania, depressão, desatenção e hiperatividade foram acompanhados ao longo de quatro semanas de tratamento, duas com placebo ou metilfenidato e duas com o tratamento inverso. Resultados: Na investigação da transmissão do gene do BDNF em crianças e adolescentes não foi detectada diferença significativa na transmissão do alelo Val66. Tampouco foi observada diferença significativa nos níveis séricos da proteína do BDNF entre os pacientes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH, quando comparados aos pacientes com TDAH e controles. No estudo cruzado com crianças e adolescentes com THB em comorbidade com TDAH, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com placebo ou estimulantes na resposta ao tratamento nos sintomas de TDAH. Os sintomas de humor mantiveram-se estáveis a despeito do uso de metilfenidato. Conclusões: Os achados quanto ao gene do BDNF não sugerem sua participação na neurobiologia do THB ou no TDAH, ou que devido à herança poligênica característica dos transtornos mentais, sua participação seja pequena. O achado de diferença significativa entre os níveis séricos do BDNF de crianças e adolescentes com THB+TDAH e TDAH indica que esse tema deve ser mais estudado, e, caso seja também encontrado de forma consistente por outros grupos, possa vir a ser utilizado como marcador biológico na diferenciação diagnóstica entre essas condições. No estudo de tratamento da comorbidade entre THB e TDAH, a ausência de resposta ao metilfenidato nos sintomas de TDAH em pacientes que apresentam a comorbidade reforça a evidência de que há pior resposta ao tratamento neste grupo, dado o elevado tamanho de efeito do metilfenidato no tratamento do TDAH em isolado O estudo de fatores biológicos para um melhor entendimento da psicopatologia e conseqüente diferenciação dos transtornos mentais tem extrema relevância porque a identificação destes fatores pode auxiliar na elaboração de tratamentos mais precisos, urgentemente necessários devido às graves conseqüências do THB e do TDAH nas vidas dos pacientes e de suas famílias. A criação de um programa específico para Crianças e Adolescentes com Transtorno Bipolar (ProCAB) e de uma linha de pesquisa com foco na etiologia e tratamento possibilitam uma constante geração de conhecimento nesta área, onde poucos estudos estão disponíveis. / Introduction: Bipolar Disorder (BD) in children and adolescents is associated to devastating developmental deficits. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, also promotes significant impairment. Differential diagnosis between both conditions is purely clinical – currently, there are scarce investigations on neurobiological differences. Several studies suggest the participation of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in these disorders, whose role has not been elucidated in BD and ADHD in children and adolescents. Despite high comorbidity rates between BD and ADHD, worse psychosocial functioning, and worse response to treatment, only two studies addressed treatment response specifically in this group of patients. Objectives: promote advances in understanding the role of BDNF in the psychopathology of BD and ADHD. The treatment of the comorbidity was also studied. Methods: Transmission of the Val66 allele at the BDNF was assessed in children and adolescents with BD and ADHD, as well as the effect of the gene on the serum levels of BDNF protein in both conditions. BDNF serum levels were compared between patients with BD comorbid with ADHD, and ADHD. A crossover clinical trial with stimulants and placebo was performed with children and adolescents preseting BD and comorbid ADHD. Manic, depressive, inatention and hyperactivity symptoms were assessed along a 4-week treatment, 2 weeks in each treatment arm (placebo or stimulants). Results: There was no significant transmission of the Val66 allele at the BDNF gene in children and adolescents with BD or ADHD. A significant difference in BDNF protein serum levels between BD+ADHD when compared to ADHD alone and controls. In the crossover trial with children and adolescents with BD and comorbid ADHD, we did not observe differences between the placebo and stimulant treatment groups in the response of ADHD symptoms. Mood symptoms remained stable despite the use of methylphenidate. Conclusions: our results regarding the BDNF gene do not suggest its participation in the neurobiology of BD or ADHD, or that due to the polygenic characteristic of mental disorders, that this gene confers a only a small risk, undetectable in our sample. The finding of a significant difference in BDNF serum levels between BD comorbid with ADHD, and ADHD alone warrants further investigation, and in case replication studies with larger samples from other groups are positive, BDNF serum levels might be used as a biological marker in the diagnostic difference between these conditions. In the investigation of the treatment of the comorbidity between BD and ADHD, the absence of different responses between placebo and methylphenidate in ADHD symptoms strengthens the evidence that there is a worse response to treatment in this group, given the large effect size of methylphenidate response in the treatment of ADHD alone. The quest for biological markers for a better understanding of the psychopathology and subsequent differentiation of mental disorders is extremely relevant. The identification of these factors may facilitate the creation of more accurate treatment regimens, urgently needed due to the severe developmental consequences of BD and ADHD in the patients’ and families’ lives. In this sense, the creation of a specific outpatient program for children and adolescent BD (ProCAB), a research line with focus on risk factors and treatment, will enable a Constant generation of knowledge in this área, where scarce data is available.

O presente trabalho ocupa-se no desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional de gerenciamento da informação para auxiliar os estudos científicos sobre o sistema nervoso de chagásicos crônicos não-cardíacos. O objetivo é desenvolver o sistema requerido, pelo pressuposto de praticidade nas análises decorrentes da investigação. O método utilizado para desenvolver este sistema computacional, dedicado ao gerenciamento das informações da pesquisa sobre as alterações neurológicas de seus sujeitos, foi; compor o arquétipo de metas e a matriz de levantamento de requisitos das variantes do sistema; listar os atributos, domínios e qualificações das suas variáveis; elaborar o quadro de escolha de equipamentos e aplicativos necessários para sua implantação física e lógica e; implantá-lo mediante uma modelagem de base de dados, e uma programação lógica de algoritmos. Como resultado o sistema foi desenvolvido. A discussão de análise é; a saber, que a informatização pode tornar mais eficaz as operações de cadastro, consulta e validação de campo, além da formatação e exportação de tabelas pré-tratadas para análises estatísticas, atuando assim como uma ferramenta do método científico. Ora, a argumentação lógica é que a confiabilidade das informações computacionalmente registradas é aumentada porque o erro humano é diminuído na maioria dos processamentos. Como discussão de cerramento, estudos dotados de razoável volume de variáveis e sujeitos de pesquisa são mais bem geridos caso possuam um sistema dedicado ao gerenciamento de suas informações. / This is the development of a computer information management system to support scientific studies about the nervous system of non-cardiac chronic chagasic patients. The goal is to develop the required system, by assumption of the convenience in the analysis of research results. The method used to develop this computer system, dedicated to information management of research about the neurological disorders of their human subject research, were; compose the archetypal matrix of targets and requirements elicitation of the system variants; list the attributes, qualifications and domains of its variables; draw up the choice framework of equipment and required applications for its physical and logic implementation, and; deploying it through a data modeling, an adapted entity-relationship diagram and programmable logic algorithms. As a result the required system was developed. The analytical discussion is that the computerization makes the data processing faster and safer. The more practical information management processes are: the operations of registration, queries and fields\' validations, as well as the advanced and basic queries of records, in addition to table formatting and exporting of pre-treated for statistical analysis. The logical argument is that the reliability of the recorded computationally information is increased because is insured that bias of human error is absent from most of the steps, including several the data processing operations. As end discussion, scientific studies with reasonable amount of variables and research subjects are better managed if they have a dedicated system to managing their information.

Project documentation in stage construction of the new building a four-storey residential building in,, Bystřice nad Pernštejnem " with establishment of the veterinary ambulance, and 7 bulit garages located in Bystřice Pernštejnem. Block of flats has 8 units. The building is designed as a regular block with projecting first Above ground floor south, north and east. The cladding is made from blocks SENDWIX system with external plastic contact insulation and window construction with triple glazing. The building has a flat roof. Conceptually, the building was designed as a passive house with the class of heat transmission through the building envelope A-very economical.

Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) techniques have been proposed to meet the needs for higher data rates and lower delays in future wireless communication systems. The downlink capacity of multiuser MIMO systems is achieved when the system transmits to several users simultaneously. Frequently, many more users request service than the transmitter can simultaneously support. Thus, the transmitter requires a scheduling algorithm for the users, which must balance the goals of increasing throughput, reducing multiuser interference, lowering delays, ensuring fairness and quality of service (QoS), etc. In this thesis, we investigate the application of genetic algorithms (GAs) to perform scheduling in multiuser MIMO systems. GAs are a fast, suboptimal, low-complexity method of solving optimization problems, such as the maximization of a scheduling metric, and can handle arbitrary functions and QoS constraints. We first examine a system that transmits using capacity-achieving dirty paper coding (DPC). Our proposed GA structure both selects users and determines their encoding order for DPC, which affects the rates they receive. Our GA can also schedule users independently on different carriers of a multi-carrier system. We demonstrate that the GA performance is close to that of an optimal exhaustive search, but at a greatly reduced complexity. We further show that the GA convergence time can be significantly reduced by tuning the values of its parameters. While DPC is capacity-achieving, it is also very complex. Thus, we also investigate GA scheduling with two linear precoding schemes, block diagonalization and successive zero-forcing. We compare the complexity and performance of the GA with "greedy" scheduling algorithms, and find the GA is more complex, but performs better at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and smaller user pool sizes. Both algorithms are near-optimal, yet much less complex than an exhaustive search. We also propose hybrid greedy-genetic algorithms to gain benefits from both types of algorithms. Lastly, we propose an improved method of optimizing the transmit covariance matrices for successive zero-forcing. Our algorithm significantly improves upon the performance of the existing method at medium to high SNRs, and, unlike the existing method, can maximize a weighted sum rate, which is important for fairness and QoS considerations. / Communications

The homo and hetero dimerisation of two spectroscopically different chromophores were studied, namely: 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diazas-indacene (g-BODIPY) and its 5-styryl-derivative (r-BODIPY). Various spectroscopic properties of the r-BODIPY in different common solvents were determined. It was shown that g- and r-BODIPY in the ground state can form homo- as well as hetero dimers. We demonstrate that the ganglioside GM1 in lipid bilayers of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) exhibits a non-uniform lateral distribution, which is an argument in favour of self-aggregation of GM1 being an intrinsic property of the GM1. This was concluded from energy transfer/migration studies of BODIPY-labelled gangliosides. An algorithm is presented that quantitatively accounts for donor–donor energy migration (DDEM) among fluorophore-labelled proteins forming regular non-covalent polymers. The DDEM algorithm is based on Monte Carlo (MC) and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations and applies to the calculation of fluorescence depolarisation data, such as the fluorescence anisotropy. Thereby local orientations, as well as reorienting motions of the fluorescent groups are considered in the absence and presence of DDEM among them. A new method, in which a genetic algorithm (GA) was combined with BD and MC simulations, was developed to analyse fluorescence depolarisation data collected by the time-correlated single photon counting technique. It was applied to study g-BODIPY-labelled filamentous actin (F-actin). The technique registered the local order and reorienting motions of the fluorophores, which were covalently coupled to cysteine 374 (C374) in actin and interacted by means of electronic energy migration within the polymer. Analyses of F-actin samples composed of different fractions of labelled actin molecules revealed the known helical organiszation of F-actin, and demonstrated the usefulness of this technique for structure determination of complex protein polymers. The distance from the filament axis to the fluorophore was found to be considerably less than expected from the proposed position of C374 at a high filament radius. In addition, polymerisation experiments with BODIPY-actin suggest a 25-fold more efficient signal for filament formation than pyrene-actin.

No description available.

The diploma thesis deals with the project of transport solution for new buildings of BD Panorama Boskovice. The project documentation elaborates the design of the road, sidewalks and parking spaces to the proposed 4 apartment buildings in Boskovice The work corresponds to the extent of the design documentation for construction (PDPS).

This thesis is focused on subject of image compression using wavelet transform. The first part of this document provides reader with information about image compression, presents well known contemporary algorithms and looks into details of wavelet compression and following encoding schemes. Both JPEG and JPEG 2000 standards are introduced. Second part of this document analyzes and describes implementation of image compression tool including inovations and optimalizations. The third part is dedicated to comparison and evaluation of achievements.