Analyses of the nature and structure of scientific theories have predominantly focused on formalisation. The Received View of scientific theories considers theories as axiomatised sets of sentences. In Hilbert-style formalisation theories are considered formal axiomatic calculi to which interpretation is supplied by a set of correspondence rules. The Received View has long been abandoned. The Semantic View of scientific theories also considers theories as formal systems. In the Semantic conception, a theory is identified with the class of intended models of the formal language, if the theory were to be given such linguistic form. The proponents of the Semantic View, however, hold that this class of models can be directly defined without recourse to a formal language. Just like its predecessor, the Semantic View is also not free of untenable implications. The uniting feature of the arguments m this work is the topic of theoretical representation of phenomena. The Semantic View implies that theoretical representation conies about by the use of some model, which belongs to the class that constitutes the theory. However, this is not what we see when we scrutinise the features of actual representation models in physics. In this work particular emphasis is given to how representation models are constructed in Classical Mechanics and Nuclear Physics and what conceptual resources are used in their construction. The characteristics that these models demonstrate instruct us that to regard them as families of theoretical models, as the Semantic View purports, is to obscure how they are constructed, what is used for their construction, how they function and how they relate to the theory. For instance, representation models are devices that frequently postulate physical mechanisms for which the theory does not provide explanations. Thus it seems more appropriate to claim that these representation devices mediate between theory and experiment, and at the same time possess a partial independence from theory. Furthermore, when we focus our attention to the ways by which representation models are constructed we discern that they are the result of the processes of abstraction and concretisation. These processes are operative in theoretical representation and they demand our attention if we are to explicate how theories represent phenomena in their domains.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Paderborn, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [231]-235) and index.

Essän är en mind-map av konstverket I see no God up here (2018)

Min essä är en mind-map av konstverket, I see no God up here (2018)

This thesis examines and compares the theological views of Dr. John Owen (1616-1683), the Puritan pastor and theologian, and John Wesley (1703-1791), the evangelist and founder of Methodism. The area of enquiry is confined to the subjects of Atonement and Justification, matters which occasioned protracted doctrinal debate during the period under review. Since Owen and Wesley represent the Calvinist and Arminian interpretations of the controversy, their viewpoints express what became a permanent religious rift within British evangelical Protestantism. The analysis will also consider the viability of the theological via media represented by Richard Baxter (1615- 1691) and Archbishop Tillotson (1630-1694). The discussion also takes account of the theology of the Protestant Reformers, in an attempt to assess the doctrinal modifications which took place during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the factors, both theological and philosophical, which brought them about. The analysis 'seeks both to assess the various aspects of the debate within the context of historical theology, and to evaluate them according to the criteria of Biblical exegesis. By adopting such a method, an attempt is made to present a coherent alternative to the conflicting judgements of John Owen and John Wesley.

This explorative, qualitative study examines the attitude of Black people of Hammanskraal towards Afrikaans. The role that Afrikaans plays in this attitude was looked at. Qualitative research methodology was employed. Mixed method approach was also used. The findings of this study revealed that respondents’ attitude towards Afrikaans was generally negative. Possible reasons are the severe impact of apartheid policies on Black people and the negative attitude of the Boeremag towards them. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Afrikaans / PhD / Unrestricted

Cities hold a varied collection of individuals and provide unique adjacencies for those who live, work, and play in their urban fabrics. The relationship between the city and the individual has many facets, and this project is an exploration of one aspect of that relationship. What we do, and the way we do things, can be influenced by what we see and visually connect with as we move about the city. This thesis thus explores the simple notion of having a view. A view being the gateway into understanding a city, and connecting to it. It is a means to reference one's self to the city. The experience of a view takes on varied scales, and the fundamental initiative in this project has been the exploration of a private view out to a public vista. / Master of Architecture

A typical steel plant includes iron-making, steel-making and rolling mills from the upstream to the downstream. The rolling mill can be extended and segmented as hot strip mill and cold strip mill in a large scale steel plant. A steel plant contains lots of automation control systems and process information systems to pursuit process efficiency and production optimization. The control systems and information systems are segmented based on physical model in ANSI/ISA-88 standard, and ranged up the enterprise-wide and down to each process. It is impossible to construct only a stand-alone Manufacturing Execution System (MES) to cope with the very complicated Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) environment. An adequate MES should interface information systems in the plant seamlessly, and eliminate the duplicated pattern functions which exist elsewhere. To build up an MES model for a steel plant, it is essential to gather all MES-related structure elements in the information systems as the first step, and conceive additional MES¡¦ structure elements as the second step. The first step makes our approach different from the traditional stand-alone MES system development methodology. In this thesis, the MES is decomposed from the view points of ¡¥Structure View¡¦ and ¡¥Behavior View¡¦ to obtain Structure Elements and Behaviors. The MES can be fully described based on Structure Elements and Behaviors. Our modeling approach defines a ¡¥Steel Plant MES Architecture Description Language¡¦ in the beginning, and fabricates a ¡¥Steel Plant MES Reference Model¡¦ then. ¡¥Steel Plant MES Reference Model¡¦ includes a set of Architecture Hierarchy Diagram, Structure Element Diagram, Structure Element Service Diagram, Structure Element Link Diagram, Structure Behavior Coalescence Diagram, and Sequence Diagram. This reference model has been introduced to set up a companywide integrated MES in a brand new steel plant to validate the model.

No description available.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether differences exist in: (1) orthodontists’ aesthetic analysis of treatment need from profile and frontal view photos of the same patient; (2) orthodontists’ proposed treatment type and their aesthetic analysis of treatment need from the frontal view, and (3) orthodontists’ treatment plans when given a frontal photo versus no frontal photo. A survey questionnaire was designed to test the utility of the frontal view in orthodontic treatment planning. Materials And Methods: The survey was dispersed through the Schulman Orthodontic Group utilizing SurveyMonkey. Part 1 of the survey implemented a Likert scale rating of the aesthetics of 5 patients’ frontal and profile photos. In part 2, SurveyMonkey randomly allocated participants into two groups. Survey-takers could proceed through any of the 20 customized pathways of the survey depending on their proposed treatment plans. Groups 1 and 2 were presented the same example patients; Group 1 was presented all diagnostic information and asked to formulate a treatment plan and Group 2 was given all diagnostic information minus the frontal view and asked to formulate a treatment plan, and subsequently presented with the frontal view photos to determine whether the newly revealed diagnostics changed their proposed treatment. Results: Data collection included seventy-three completed surveys from the Schulman Group composed of 140 orthodontists. A paired sample T-Test revealed significant differences in orthodontists’ analyses of need for treatment based on facial aesthetics from the frontal and profile view in all patients (p≤0.05). A Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA test revealed no differences in proposed treatment type and orthodontists’ assessment of need for treatment based on facial view photos (p>0.05). A chi-squared analysis revealed no differences exist between treatment type proposed when a frontal view photo was provided versus not provided in 3 of 5 patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: Despite being heavily weighted from an aesthetic analysis of treatment need, the frontal view photo failed to affect significant differences in proposed treatment intervention and type. A stronger emphasis should be placed on information gained from the frontal view photos such as smile arc, buccal corridors, and incisor display, which are not being adequately considered in orthodontic treatment planning. / Oral Biology